Lecture 2 Introduction To C PDF

Introduction to C++
Learning a
programming
language is
like learning
to become a
chef.
UST – Faculty of Engineering Lecture 2: Introduction to C++ Ma. Madecheen S. Pangaliman, ECE
Basics of Programming
PROGRAMMING a set of rules, symbols and

LANGUAGE special words
tells which statements (instructions)

are legal or accepted by the
SYNTAX RULES
programming language and which
are not.
determines the meaning of

SEMANTIC RULES
the instructions
The C++ Language
a general purpose programming language

with a bias towards systems programming that1:
is a better C
supports data abstraction
supports generic and object oriented

programming
case sensitive
1Bjarne Stroustrup, designer of C++
A C++ Program
Pre-processor directive –
instructs the compiler to
locate the file that contains
allows you to use cout and
codepoint
Entry for the
for <iostream>
the library
application
endl without the prefix std::
when program execution
Opening starts.
curly brace
Used to end a function or

methodcurly
Closing when a value is
brace
expected to be sent back to
a caller
A C++ Program
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Processing a C++ Program
SOURCE CODE / SOURCE PROGRAM

- A program written in a high-level language, created in the
text editor.
Note: the program must be saved in the text file that has the
extension .cpp
PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES
- statements that begin with the symbol #
- processed by preprocessor program
COMPILER OBJECT PROGRAM

- Checks the source program for
- The machine language
syntax errors and translates the
version of the high-level
program into the equivalent
language program
machine language
LINKER
- A program that combines the LOADER
object program with other - Loads the executable
programs in the library, and is program into main
used in the program to create memory for execution.
the executable code.
C++ Tokens
Smallest individual unit of a

TOKEN program written in any
language
SPECIAL SYMBOLS WORD SYMBOLS IDENTIFIERS
consists of letters, digits,

Consists of mathematical
Also known as reserved
and the underscore
symbols, punctuation words
marks or keywords; these
character (_ ) and must
or two characters regarded
words cannot be redefined
begin with a letter or
as a single symbol within any program
underscore
Special Symbols
MATH
SYMBOLS
PUNCTUATION
MARKS
two
characters
regarded as
a single
symbol
Reserved Words
Identifiers
LEGAL ILLEGAL
There can be no
space between
Employee and Salary
first Employee Salary
Exclamation mark
conversion Hello! cannot be used in an
identifier
payrate one+two The symbol + cannot

be used in an identifier
counter1 2nd
Identifier cannot begin
with a digit
C++ Data Types
A set of values together with

Data Type
a set of operations
SIMPLE STRUCTURED POINTERS
user defined data types

fundamental data type in
each data item which iscreate
a special types
C++ because it becomes a
collection of other
of data
variables that can hold
building block for the
Items (ex: arrays)the address of primitive
structured data type
data types
Simple Data Types
which is a data type that deals with

INTEGRAL integers, or numbers without a
decimal part
which is a data type that deals with

FLOATING-POINT decimal numbers
ENUMERATION which is a user-defined data type
Integral Data Types
Deals with integers wherein positive

integers do not need a + sign in front of
INT them and no commas are used within
an integer
Used to manipulate logical Boolean

BOOL expressions.
It is the smallest integral data type

CHAR and is used to represent characters
(letters, digits, special symbols).
Integral Data Types
Storage
Data Type Values
(in bytes)
(signed) -128 to 127
char 1
(unsigned) 0 to 255
bool 1 true and false
(signed) -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

Int 4
(unsigned) 0 to 4,294,967,295
(signed) -32,768 to 32,767
short 2
(unsigned) 0 to 65, 535
(signed) -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long 4
(unsigned) 0 to 4,294,967,295
Floating-Point Data Types
FLOATING-POINT A form of scientific notation that

C++ uses to represent real
NOTATION
numbers
- single precision
FLOAT - maximum number of significant
digits (decimal places) is 6 or 7.
- double precision
DOUBLE - maximum number of significant
digits (decimal places) is 15.
Precision – maximum number of significant digits
Arithmetic Operators
In the division 5 / 2,
the quotient is 2
and the remainder
is 1. Therefore, 5 / 2
with the integral
operands
evaluates to the
quotient, which is
2.
Arithmetic Operators
Order of Precedence
Higher level of
precedence
Tip: Use parenthesis to clarify the order of precedence
Example:
3*7–6+2*5/4+6
Order of Precedence
Example:
3*7–6+2*5/4+6
Solution:
= (((3 * 7) – 6) + ((2 * 5) / 4)) + 6
= ((21 – 6) + (10 / 4)) + 6 This is integer division
= ((21 – 6) + 2) + 6
= (15 + 2) + 6
= 17 + 6
= 23
Expressions
INTEGRAL If all operands (numbers) in an

EXPRESSION expression are integers
If all operands (numbers) in an

FLOATING-POINT or
expression are floating-point
DECIMAL EXPRESSION
numbers
Expressions that has operands of

MIXED EXPRESSION
different types
Expressions
RULES TO APPLY IN EVALUATING A MIXED EXPRESSION:
1. When evaluating an operator:

a. If the operator has the same types of operands, (both
are integer or both are floating numbers) the operator
is evaluated according to the type of the operands.
b. If the operator has the same types of operands (that is,

either both integers or both floating-point numbers),
during the calculation, integer is changed to a floating
number with 0 as its decimal part.
2. The entire expression is evaluated according to the order

of precedence
Expressions
Casting
occurs when a value of one data

IMPLICIT TYPE
type is automatically changed to
COERCION
another data type
- Also known as type conversion or

type casting
CAST OPERATOR
- Explicit type conversion to avoid
implicit type coercion
FORM:
static_cast<dataTypeName> (expression)
Casting
String
a sequence of zero or more

STRING characters and is enclosed in a
double quotation marks
NOTE: In determining the length of the string, include
any spaces in the count.
Constants and Variables
A memory location whose content

NAMED is not allowed to change during
CONSTANT program execution.
EXAMPLES:
Assignment Statement
FORM:
Assignment operator
QUESTION:
How are we going to code the following?
num1 = 4 If x, y, z are int variables,

num2 = 9 How is the value being
sale = 20 transferred in the
first = D expression: x = y = z?
str = It is a sunny day.
Input (Read) Statement
Putting data into variables from the standard input device
FORM:
Stream extraction Optional part (if you are

Common input operator to use two variables)
FINGER EXERCISE:
Create a program that will input the following:
• First Name, Last Name
• Age Note: one value per line
can be entered during
• Weight
program execution
Output Statement
FORM:
Common Stream insertion Optional part (if you are

Output operator to use two expressions)
Two rules in generating the output:
1. The expression is evaluated and its value is printed at the current

insertion point on the output device.
2. A manipulator is used to format the output. The simplest

manipulator is endl (the last character is the letter el), which causes
the insertion point to move to the beginning of the next line.
Escape Sequences
Preprocessor Directives
FORM:
Library
Common Header Files:
 iostream – contains the descriptions of the functions needed to

perform input/output (I/O)
 cmath – contains the descriptions of some very useful

mathematical functions, such as power, absolute, and sine
 iomanip - contains the specifications of many useful functions

and manipulators that help you format your output in a specific
manner
Creating a C++ Program
Statements:
DECLARATION used to declare things, such as

STATEMENTS variables
perform calculations, manipulate

EXECUTABLE
data, create output, accept input,
STATEMENTS
and so on
Program Style and Form
Syntax
Use of Blanks
Use of Semicolons, Brackets and Commas
Semantics
Naming Identifiers
Program Style and Form
executable statements that inform

PROMPT LINES
the user what to do
ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT
End of Lecture.
THANK YOU!

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Introduction to C++

PROGRAMMING a set of rules, symbols and

tells which statements (instructions)

determines the meaning of

a general purpose programming language

supports data abstraction

supports generic and object oriented

Used to end a function or

SOURCE CODE / SOURCE PROGRAM

COMPILER OBJECT PROGRAM

Smallest individual unit of a

SPECIAL SYMBOLS WORD SYMBOLS IDENTIFIERS

consists of letters, digits,

payrate one+two The symbol + cannot

A set of values together with

SIMPLE STRUCTURED POINTERS

user defined data types

which is a data type that deals with

which is a data type that deals with

ENUMERATION which is a user-defined data type

Deals with integers wherein positive

Used to manipulate logical Boolean

It is the smallest integral data type

bool 1 true and false

(signed) -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

FLOATING-POINT A form of scientific notation that

Tip: Use parenthesis to clarify the order of precedence

= (((3 * 7) – 6) + ((2 * 5) / 4)) + 6

= ((21 – 6) + (10 / 4)) + 6 This is integer division

INTEGRAL If all operands (numbers) in an

If all operands (numbers) in an

Expressions that has operands of

RULES TO APPLY IN EVALUATING A MIXED EXPRESSION:

1. When evaluating an operator:

b. If the operator has the same types of operands (that is,

2. The entire expression is evaluated according to the order

occurs when a value of one data

- Also known as type conversion or

a sequence of zero or more

A memory location whose content

num1 = 4 If x, y, z are int variables,

Putting data into variables from the standard input device

Stream extraction Optional part (if you are

Common Stream insertion Optional part (if you are

Two rules in generating the output:

1. The expression is evaluated and its value is printed at the current

2. A manipulator is used to format the output. The simplest

Common Header Files:

 iostream – contains the descriptions of the functions needed to

 cmath – contains the descriptions of some very useful

 iomanip - contains the specifications of many useful functions

DECLARATION used to declare things, such as

perform calculations, manipulate

Use of Semicolons, Brackets and Commas

executable statements that inform

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