Backhoe Loader

Hydraulic Schematics

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

 Hydraulic Component Finder

Components to locate:
1. 3 mode steer valve
2. Auxiliary valve block
3. Priority valve
4. Anti-cavitation valve
5. Filler / breather
6. Oil cooler
7. Pump
8. Test points
9. Steer orbital
10. Front steer ram
11. Rear steer ram
12. Dipper spool
13. Loader lift spool
14. MRV
15. Unloader
16. Slew ARV
17. Pilot operated check valves
Hydraulic Pump Flow

BACKHOE LOADER UPDATE

 Tier 2

BACKHOE LOADER UPDATE

Suction
Pump 1
Pump 2

Unloader
Section

3CX / 4CX MAIN SCHEMATIC

Suction Pump 1 Pump 2
 ECO Machine
Manual Control

BACKHOE LOADER UPDATE

ECO Machine Layout
 ECO Machine Layout

Suction

Pump 1

Pump 2

Pump 3
 ECO Machine Layout

Suction Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 3

 Pump 3 input

BACKHOE LOADER UPDATE

 Pump 3 Input

Suction Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 3

 Return to schematic
PUMP 3 DIVERTER VALVE
 Pump 3 Electrical
Control

BACKHOE LOADER UPDATE

12V
Earth below 900
Engine speed within
or above
and 1800limits
1800 rpm rpm

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
12V
Earth
below 900
Engine speed within
or above
and 1800limits
1800 rpm rpm

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
ECO
 Pump Flow Comparison old m/c against ecoDig

160

140

Old m/c Flow

120
Hydraulic Flow l/min

ecoDig Flow
100

80

400 rpm
60

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Engine Speed r.p.m.
 Eco Mode

• Select ‘Eco’ mode and 3 pumps will be used.

• Only when the operator is within the rpm band of 900 to 1,700rpm.
• This acts to reduce fuel consumption.
RPM range Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 3 (engine)

< 900   X

1300 – 1800 (Increasing)   

1800 - Tickover (900)   
1800 - 1900   X
A ft er transition Period of 10 secs

> 1900   X
 Lo Mode When Excavating

• Select ‘Lo’ mode and pumps 2 & 3 will be in use while excavating.

Operation Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 3 (engine)

Excavating X  
 Lo Mode When Loading

• Select ‘Lo’ mode and pumps 2 & 3 will be in use when in neutral
• When pushing into a stockpile, only pump 2 will be used. This is computer
controlled and is based on the position of the FNR lever.

Operation Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 3 (engine)

Loading (Neutral) X  
Loading (FNR selected) X  X
 Eco Mode When Roading

• If ‘Eco’ mode and 4 th gear is selected, only pump 2 will be in use. This is
computer controlled and is based on the position of the FNR lever.
• This, together with JCB Torquelock, improves fuel economy

Operation Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 3 (engine)

Roading (4th gear selected) X  X
 Spool Operation

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

Spool Selection
Spool Selection
Spool Selection
 Operating a Service

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

Main Relief Valve Operation
Main Relief Valve Operation
Main Relief Valve Operation

?
Auxiliary Relief Valve Operation

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

Auxiliary Relief Valve Operation

Click here to see effects

Auxiliary Relief Valve Operation

What
What isWhere
happens onis the
required the ARVside
to rod fitted?
prevent of the ram?
cavitation?

Click here to see effects

Three possible functions of an ARV
1. To protect services that are in neutral, from external forces through
accidental damage or the geometry of the machine

2. To prevent cavitation

3. ?

AUXILIARY RELIEF VALVE OPERATION

 Auxiliary Relief Valve Operation

250bar

130bar

??
250bar
130bar
Three possible functions of an ARV
1. To protect services that are in neutral, from external forces through
accidental damage or the geometry of the machine

2. To prevent cavitation

3. They can be used to control auxiliary services at a lower pressure than the
MRV to protect attachments and payload

So what do we mean by geometry?

AUXILIARY RELIEF VALVE OPERATION

Unloader Operation
 Unloader Valve Operation - Normal

Test Point P2 +3 Inlet

P1 Inlet Spool is forced to the right

 Unloader Valve Operation - Pressure

Test Point P2 + 3 Inlet

P1 Inlet Spoolisisforced
Spool forcedtotothe
theright
left
 Unloader Valve Operation - Solenoid

Test Point P2 +3 Inlet

P1 Inlet Spoolisisforced
Spool forcedtotothe
theright
left
Unloader Electrical Operation

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

Hydraulic Speed Control (HSC) Electrical Circuits

UNLOADER ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

HYD ECO Solenoid NOT ENERGISED

ECO SWITCH P1 remains in circuit
Hydraulic Speed Control (HSC) Electrical Circuits

UNLOADER ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

HYD ECO Solenoid ENERGISED

ECO SWITCH P1 dumped to tank
Hydraulic Speed Control (HSC) Electrical Circuits

UNLOADER ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

HYD LOW Solenoid ENERGISED

ECO SWITCH P1 dumped to tank
Hydraulic Speed Control (HSC) Electrical Circuits

UNLOADER ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

HYD LOW Solenoid ENERGISED

ECO SWITCH P1 dumped to tank
Hydraulic Speed Control (HSC) Electrical Circuits

UNLOADER ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

HYD LOW Solenoid DE-ENERGISED

ECO SWITCH P1 remains in circuit
 Hydraulic Speed Control (HSC) Electrical Circuits

UNLOADER ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

HYD ECO Solenoid ENERGISED

ECO SWITCH P1 dumped to tank

4th Gear Selected

(Powershift only)
 Hydraulic Tank

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

Hydraulic Tank
Hydraulic Tank
Hydraulic Tank
 Stabiliser Leg Circuit

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

STABILISER LEG CIRCUIT
 Ram Creep Testing

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

 Feed From Excavator Block P2+3

Feed To Unloader

Feed From P1

Return To Tank
Feed To Hammer

Return From Hammer

 Steering & Brake
Circuit

BACKHOE LOADER UPDATE

 Power Brakes

 Old generation – controled back-off

 New generation – positive back-off.
 With power brake system the take up has been
increased from 0.8mm per brake set to 1mm
minimum. (1mm to 2.5mm allowable). This
reduces drag.
Steering & Brake Circuit - Standby
Steering & Brake Circuit - Standby
 Steering Selected

BACKHOE LOADER UPDATE

Steering & Brake Circuit – Steering Operated
Steering & Brake Circuit – Brakes Operated
Brake Valve Operation

BACKHOE LOADER UPDATE

Power Brake Circuit – Single Pedal Operation
To Right-Hand Brake Piston

To Left-Hand Brake Piston

Power Brake Circuit – Brake Pedals Locked
To Right-Hand Brake Piston

To Left-Hand Brake Piston

Power Brake Circuit – Brake Imbalanced
To Right-Hand Brake Piston

To Left-Hand Brake Piston

Power Brake Circuit – Brake Back-Off
To Right-Hand Brake Piston

To Left-Hand Brake Piston

 Brake valve

RUPTURE PLUG
Steer Priority/Brake Charge Valve

Test point location

 Steer Mode Valve

BACKHOE LOADER INTRODUCTION

Two Wheel Steer

Left Turn

R L
Two Wheel Steer

Right Turn

R L
Four Wheel Steer

Left Turn

R L
Crab Steer

Right Turn

R L