600 C H A P T E R 16 LINE AND SURFACE INTEGRALS (LT CHAPTER 17)


4. Let C, D, and E be the oriented curves in Figure 16 and let F = ∇V be a gradient vector field such that F · ds = 4.
C
What are the values of the following integrals?
 
(a) F · ds (b) F · ds
D E

y
Q
C
D

E
P
x
FIGURE 16

solution Since F is a gradient vector field the integrals over closed paths are zero. Therefore, by the equivalent
conditions for path independence we have:
 
(a) D F · ds = C F · ds = 4
  
(b) E F · ds = −C F · ds = − C F · ds = −4

Exercises 
1. Let V (x, y, z) = xy sin(yz) and F = ∇V . Evaluate F · ds, where c is any path from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, π).
c
solution By the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields, we have:

∇V · ds = V (1, 1, π) − V (0, 0, 0) = 1 · 1 sin π − 0 = 0
c

In Exercises 3–6, verify that F = ∇V and  evaluate the line integral of F over the given path.
Let F = x −1 z, y −1 z, log(xy) .
3. F 3, 6y,
(a)= Verify = ∇V
that VF(x,
 = 3x +
y, z), where V (x, ; z) =
3y 2y, = (t, 2t −1 ) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 4
z ln(xy).
c(t)
 t 2t 2 
(b) Evaluate
solution F · ds,ofwhere
The gradient c(t)+=3ye2 ,is:e , t for 1 ≤ t ≤ 3.
V = 3x
c  
(c) Evaluate F · ds for any path c from ∂V1 ∂V
∇V P= = ( 2 ,, 4, 2) to=Q3,=6y
(2,= 3) contained in the region x > 0, y > 0.
2, F
c ∂x ∂y
(d) Why is it necessary to specify that the path lie in the region where x and y are positive?
Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields, we have:
    
1 1 9
F · ds = V (c(4)) − V (c(1)) = V 4, − V (1, 2) = 3 · 4 + 3 · − (3 · 1 + 3 · 4) = −
c 2 4 4

5. F = yez i + xez j + xyezk, V (x, y, z) = xyez ; c(t) = (t 2 , t 3 , t − 1) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2

F = cos y, −x sin y , V (x, y) = x cos y; upper half of the unit circle centered at the origin, oriented counter-
clockwiseWe verify that F is the gradient of V :
solution
 
∂V ∂V ∂V  
∇V = , , = yez , xez , xyez = F
∂x ∂y ∂z

We use the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vectors with the initial point c(1) = (1, 1, 0) and terminal point c(2) =
(4, 8, 1), to obtain:

F · ds = V (4, 8, 1) − V (1, 1, 0) = 32e − 1
c

In Exercises 7–16,
z find a potential function for F or determine that F is not conservative.
F = i + j + ln xk, V (x, y, z) = y + z ln x;
x
z, 1,(xx− 4)2 + y 2 = 1 in the clockwise direction
7. F =circle
solution We check whether the vector field F = z, 1, x satisfies the cross partials condition:

∂F1 ∂
= (z) = 0
∂y ∂y ∂F1 ∂F2
⇒ =
∂F2 ∂ ∂y ∂x
= (1) = 0
∂x ∂x

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 S E C T I O N 16.3 Conservative Vector Fields (LT SECTION 17.3) 601

∂F2 ∂
= (1) = 0
∂z ∂z ∂F2 ∂F3
⇒ =
∂F3 ∂ ∂z ∂y
= (x) = 0
∂y ∂y
∂F3 ∂
= (x) = 1
∂x ∂x ∂F3 ∂F1
⇒ =
∂F1 ∂ ∂x ∂z
= (z) = 1
∂z ∂z
F satisfies the cross partials condition everywhere. Hence, F is conservative. We find a potential function V (x, y, z).
Step 1. Use the condition ∂V ∂x = F1 . V is an antiderivative of F1 = z when y and z are fixed, therefore:

V (x, y, z) = z dx = zx + g(y, z) (1)

Step 2. Use the condition ∂V

∂y = F2 . By (1) we have:

∂
(zx + g(y, z)) = 1
∂y
gy (y, z) = 1

Integrating with respect to y, while holding z fixed, gives:


g(y, z) = 1 dy = y + h(z)

We substitute in (1) to obtain:

V (x, y, z) = zx + y + h(z) (2)

Step 3. Use the condition ∂V

∂z = F3 . Using (2) we get:

∂
(zx + y + h(z)) = x
∂z
x + h
(z) = x
h
(z) = 0 ⇒ h(z) = c

Substituting in (2) gives the following potential functions:

V (x, y, z) = zx + y + c.

One of the potential functions is obtained by choosing c = 0:

V (x, y, z) = zx + y

9. F =Fy=2 ixj
++ z z
yk + e )j + ye k
(2xy
solution We examine whether F satisfies the cross partials condition:

∂F1 ∂  2
= y = 2y
∂y ∂y ∂F1 ∂F2
⇒ =
∂F2 ∂   ∂y ∂x
= 2xy + ez = 2y
∂x ∂x
∂F2 ∂  
= 2xy + ez = ez
∂z ∂z ∂F2 ∂F3
⇒ =
∂F3 ∂  z ∂z ∂y
= ye = ez
∂y ∂y
∂F3 ∂  z
= ye = 0
∂x ∂x ∂F3 ∂F1
⇒ =
∂F1 ∂  2 ∂x ∂z
= y =0
∂z ∂z
We see that F satisfies the cross partials condition everywhere, hence F is conservative. We find a potential function
for F.

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602 C H A P T E R 16 LINE AND SURFACE INTEGRALS (LT CHAPTER 17)

Step 1. Use the condition ∂V 2

∂x = F1 . V is an antiderivative of F1 = y when y and z are fixed. Hence:

V (x, y, z) = y 2 dx = y 2 x + g(y, z) (1)

Step 2. Use the condition ∂V

∂y = F2 . By (1) we have:
∂  2 
y x + g(y, z) = 2xy + ez
∂y
2yx + gy (y, z) = 2xy + ez ⇒ gy (y, z) = ez
We integrate with respect to y, holding z fixed:

g(y, z) = ez dy = ez y + h(z)

Substituting in (1) gives:

V (x, y, z) = y 2 x + ez y + h(z) (2)
Step 3. Use the condition ∂V
∂z = F3 . By (2), we get:
∂  2 
y x + ez y + h(z) = yez
∂z
ez y + h
(z) = yez ⇒ h
(z) = 0
Therefore h(z) = c. Substituting in (2) we get:
V (x, y, z) = y 2 x + ez y + c
The potential function corresponding to c = 0 is:
V (x, y, z) = y 2 x + ez y.
 
11. F = cos(xz),
 
sin(yz), xy sin z
3
F = y, x, z 2
solution Since ∂F ∂ ∂F3 ∂ ∂F2 ∂F3
∂z = ∂z (sin(yz)) = y cos(yz) and ∂y = ∂y (xy sin z) = x sin z, we have ∂z  = ∂y . The cross
partials condition is not satisfied, therefore the vector field is not conservative.
 
13. F = z sec 2 x, z, y + tan x 
F = cos z, 2y, −x sin z
solution
Step 1. Use the condition ∂V 2
∂x = F1 . V (x, y, z) is an antiderivative of F1 = z sec x when y and z are fixed, therefore:

V (x, y, z) = z sec2 x dx = z tan x + g(y, z) (1)

Step 2. Use the condition ∂V

∂y = F2 . Using (1) we get:
∂
(z tan x + g(y, z)) = z
∂y
gy (y, z) = z
We integrate with respect to y, holding z fixed:

g(y, z) = z dy = yz + h(z)

Substituting in (1) gives

V (x, y, z) = z tan x + yz + h(z) (2)
Step 3. Use the condition ∂V
∂z = F3 . By (2) we have
∂
(z tan x + yz + h(z)) = y + tan x
∂z
tan x + y + h
(z) = y + tan x
h
(z) = 0 ⇒ h(z) = c
Substituting in (2) we obtain the general potential function:
V (x, y, z) = z tan x + yz + c
Choosing c = 0 gives the potential function:
V (x, y, z) = z tan x + yz

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 S E C T I O N 16.3 Conservative Vector Fields (LT SECTION 17.3) 603

 
15. F = 2xy x+ 5, x 2 − 4z, −4y x 
F = e (z + 1), − cos y, e
solution We find a potential function V (x, y, z) for F, using the following steps.
Step 1. Use the condition ∂V
∂x = F1 . V is an antiderivative of F1 = 2xy + 5 when y and z are fixed, therefore,

V (x, y, z) = (2xy + 5) dx = x 2 y + 5x + g(y, z) (1)

Step 2. Use the condition ∂V

∂y = F2 . We have,

∂  2 
x y + 5x + g(y, z) = x 2 − 4z
∂y
x 2 + gy (y, z) = x 2 − 4z ⇒ gy (y, z) = −4z
We integrate with respect to y, holding z fixed:

g(y, z) = −4z dy = −4zy + h(z)

Combining with (1) gives:

V (x, y, z) = x 2 y + 5x − 4zy + h(z) (2)
Step 3. Use the condition ∂V
∂z = F3 . We have,
∂  2 
x y + 5x − 4zy + h(z) = −4y
∂z
−4y + h
(z) = −4y
h
(z) = 0 ⇒ h(z) = c
Substituting in (2) we obtain the general potential function:
V (x, y, z) = x 2 y + 5x − 4zy + c
To compute the line integral we need one of the potential functions. We choose c = 0 to obtain the function,
V (x, y, z) = x 2 y + 5x − 4zy

17. Evaluate xy 
F = yze , xzexy − z, exy − y 
2xyz dx + x 2 z dy + x 2 y dz
c

over the path c(t) = (t 2 , sin(πt/4), et −2t ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

2

solution A potential function is

V (x, y, z) = x 2 yz
The path begins at c(0) = (0, 0, 1) and ends at c(2) = (4, 1, 1) so the line integral is
V (4, 1, 1) − V (0, 0, 1) = 16 − 0 = 16

19. A vector field F and contour lines of a potential function for F are shown in Figure 17. Calculate the common value
Evaluate
of F · ds for the curves shown in Figure 17 oriented in the direction from P to Q.
C
sin x dx + z cos y dy + sin y dz
Cy

where C is the ellipse 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 36, oriented clockwise.

Q
9

5
P
3

1
x
FIGURE 17

solution
 
F · ds = ∇V · ds = V (Q) − V (P ) = 8 − 2 = 6
C C

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604 C H A P T E R 16 LINE AND SURFACE INTEGRALS (LT CHAPTER 17)

21. Calculate the work expended when a particle is moved from O to Q along segments OP and P Q in Figure 19 in the
Give a reason why the vector field F in Figure 18 is not conservative.
presence of the force field F = x 2 , y 2 . How much work is expended moving in a complete circuit around the square?

R = (0, 1) Q = (1, 1)

x
O P = (1, 0)

FIGURE 19

solution

R = (0, 1) Q = (1, 1)

x
O P = (1, 0)

Since ∂F ∂ 2 ∂F2 ∂ 2 ∂F1 ∂F2

∂y = ∂y (x ) = 0 and ∂x = ∂x (y ) = 0, we have ∂y = ∂x . That is, F satisfies the cross partials condition,
1

3
therefore F is conservative. We choose the function x3 + y3 , such that F is the gradient of the function. The potential
3

3
energy is, thus, V = − x3 − y3 . The work done against F is computed by the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient vectors:
3


2 2
Work against F = − F · ds = V (Q) − V (O) = V (1, 1) − V (0) = − − 0 = −
C 3 3
(The negative sign is to be expected, as our force field is actually helping us move along OP and OQ. The line integral
of a conservative field along a closed curve is zero, therefore the integral of F along the complete square is zero, and we
get:

W =− F · ds = 0
OP QR

23. Compute the work W against the earth’s gravitational field required to move a satellite of mass m = 1000 kg along
1 −1
any pathLet
fromF =an orbit
, of altitude 4000
. Calculate thekm to an
work orbit of
against F altitude
required6000 km. an object from (1, 1) to (3, 4) along any path
to move
x y
solution Work
in the first against gravity is calculated with the integral
quadrant.
 
W = − mF · ds = 1000 ∇V · ds = 1000(V (r2 ) − V (r1 ))
C C
Since r1 and r2 are measured from the center of the earth,

r1 = 4 × 106 + 6.4 × 106 = 10.4 × 106 meters

r2 = 6 × 106 + 6.4 × 106 = 12.4 × 106 meters

 
k 1000k 1 1
V (r) = − ⇒ W =− − ≈ 6.2 × 109 J
r 106 12.4 10.4

25. On the surface of the earth, the gravitational field (with z as vertical coordinate measured in meters) is F = 0, 0, −g.
An electric dipole with dipole moment p = 4 × 10−5 C-m sets up an electric field (in newtons per coulomb)
(a) Find a potential function for F.
(b) Beginning at rest, a ball of mass m = 2 kg moves kp  the influence of gravity (without friction) along a path from
under
F(x, y, z) = 5 3xz, 3yz, 2z2 − x 2 − y 2
P = (3, 2, 400) to Q = (−21, 40, 50). Find the ball’s rvelocity when it reaches Q.
solution
where r = (x 2 + y 2 + z2 )1/2 with distance in meters and k = 8.99 × 109 N-m2 /C2 . Calculate the work against F
(a) By inspection
required F =a −∇V
to move particleforofVcharge
(x, y, z)
q= = 0.01
gz. C from (1, −5, 0) to (3, 4, 4). Note: The force on q is qF newtons.
(b) The force of gravity is mF = 0, 0, −mg, therefore mF = −∇V for V (x, y, z) = mgz. The work performed moving
the ball from P to Q is the line integral of mF over the path. Since mF is conservative, the energy is independent of the
path connecting the two points. Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields we have:

W = − mF · ds = V (−21, 40, 50) − V (3, 2, 400) = 2 · 9.8(50 − 400) = −6860 joules
c

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 S E C T I O N 16.3 Conservative Vector Fields (LT SECTION 17.3) 605

By conservation of energy, the kinetic energy of the ball will be 6860 joules, so

mv 2 2 · 6860
= 6860 ⇒ v = ≈ 82.8 m/s
2 2

  
−y x
27. LetAnF= electron at ,
rest at P = (5,
be 3,
the7) moves
vortex along
field. a path ending
Determine · ds
F at = (1,
Q for 1, of
each 1) the
under theininfluence
paths of the electric
Figure 20.
x 2 + y 2perxcoulomb)
field (in newtons
2 + y2 c

F(x, y, z) = 400(x 2 + z2 )−1 x, 0, z

y y y

(a) Find a potential function for F.

x 11
(b) What is the electron’s speed at point Q? Use Conservation
x x value qe /me = −1.76 × 10
of Energy and the
C/kg, where qe and me are the charge and mass on the electron, respectively.
(A) (B) (C)

y y

x x

(D)
(E)
FIGURE 20

solution Since the cross partials of F are equal, F has the property,

F · ds = 2πn
c

where c is a closed curve not passing through the origin, and n is the number of times c winds around the origin (n is
negative if n winds in the clockwise direction). We use this property to compute the line integrals of F over the paths in
Figure 18:
(A) The path (A) winds around the origin one time in the counterclockwise direction hence the line integral is 2π · 1 = 2π .
(B) The point (B) winds around the origin one time in the counterclockwise direction hence the line integral is 2π · 1 = 2π .
(C) The path (C) does not encounter the origin, hence the line integral is 2π · 0 = 0. Notice that there exists a simply
connected domain D, not including the origin, so that the path c and the region inside c are in D. Therefore, Theorem 4
applies in D and F is a gradient vector in D. Consequently, the line integral of F over c is zero.

D
c


(D) This path winds around the origin one time in the clockwise direction, hence c F · ds = 2π · (−1) = −2π .
(E) The path winds around the origin twice in the counterclockwise direction, hence the line integral is 2π · 2 = 4π .

 
x y
The vector field F = , is defined on the domain D = {(x, y)  = (0, 0)}.
Further Insights and Challenges x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2
(a) Is D simply-connected?
29. Suppose that F is defined on R 3 and that F · ds = 0 for all closed paths c in R 3 . Prove:
(b) Show that F satisfies the cross-partial condition.
c Does this guarantee that F is conservative?
(a) F(c)is Show
path-independent;
that F is conservative on D by findingca1 potential
that is, for any two paths D with the same initial and terminal points,
and c2 infunction.
(d) Do these results contradict Theorem 4?  
F · ds = F · ds
c1 c2

(b) F is conservative.

May 20, 2011

606 C H A P T E R 16 LINE AND SURFACE INTEGRALS (LT CHAPTER 17)

solution
(a) Choose two distinct points P and Q, and let c1 and c2 be paths from P to Q. We construct a path from P to P by
first using c1 to reach Q, then using c2 with its orientation reversed to return to P . (This reversed path is designated −c2 .)
Such a closed path c can be represented as a difference c = c1 − c2 . (See figure below)
c1

Q c

c2

P
The closed loop c is represented as c1 − c2 .

Thus,
  
F · ds = F · ds + F · ds
c c1 −c2
 
= F · ds − F · ds
c1 c2

Since the problem states that the integral around any closed path is zero, we have
   
F · ds − F · ds = 0 ⇒ F · ds = F · ds
c1 c2 c1 c2

(b) Since F is defined for all of R3 , it is certainly defined in a simply connected domain D. Since we have just established
that F is also path independent, F is conservative by Theorem 2.

16.4 Parametrized Surfaces and Surface Integrals (LT Section 17.4)

Preliminary Questions
1. What is the surface integral of the function f (x, y, z) = 10 over a surface of total area 5?
solution Using Surface Integral and Surface Area we have:
  
f (x, y, z) dS = f ((u, v)) n(u, v) du dv = 10n(u, v) du dv
S D D

= 10 n(u, v) du dv = 10 Area(S) = 10 · 5 = 50
D

2. What interpretation can we give to the length n of the normal vector for a parametrization G(u, v)?
solution The approximation:
     
Area Sij ≈ n uij , vij Area Rij

tells that n is a distortion factor that indicates how much the area of a small rectangle Rij is altered under the map φ.

j + 0.02
Φ Sij
Rij

j
u
ui ui + 0.01

3. A parametrization maps a rectangle of size 0.01 × 0.02 in the uv-plane onto a small patch S of a surface. Estimate
Area(S) if Tu × Tv = 1, 2, 2 at a sample point in the rectangle.
solution We use the estimation

Area(S) ≈ n(u, v)Area(R)

where n(u, v) = Tu × Tv at a sample point in R. We get:


Area(S) ≈  1, 2, 2  · 0.01 · 0.02 = 12 + 22 + 22 · 0.0002 = 0.0006

May 20, 2011