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Asia
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
Annual Capacity Production
History of Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid
Fertilizer manufacturing
Oil refining
Wastewater processing
Chemical synthesis
Production
Ring Shape
Absorption of
Sulfur and Sulfur Conversion of SO3 gas and
Burning SO2 to SO3 Production of
Acid
Role of Catalyst
1. The sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide by the vanadium (V)
oxide. In the process, the vanadium (V) oxide is reduced to vanadium
(IV) oxide.
Sulfur
Steam
10-12% SO2
Water
- Air drying tower with acid
Air
- Sulfur is injected into burner
- Reaction Temperature 2000°F
93% H2SO4
- Exothermic reaction must be cooled
- Steam recovered
Waste Heat Boiler
Removes heat from sulfur burner gas
and uses the heat to make steam
It takes the boiler feed water and
coverts it to steam thus increasing the
energy efficiency of the process.
The gas leaving has tem 425-440 oC.
Hot Gas Filter
Takes SO2 gas from waste heat
boiler.
Removes dust, CO2 and other
contaminants form the gas.
4-Pass Converter
The “Heart” of the whole process
Has 4 stages each stage containing
V2O5 catalyst packed trays.
The following reversible reaction is
carried out:
SO2 Gas
SO2 Gas
Gas
Cooling
SO3 Gas
High Temperature
High Pressure
• Equilibrium Constant (The degree at which the reaction proceeds is temp. dependent)
Kp = ( PSO3 )
PSO2 PO2
Temperature Profile
Temperature profile
Catalyst
Luckily, the catalyst saves the day by making lower
temperatures viable.
H2SO4 (aq) + SO3 (g) H2S2O7 (l) This product is called oleum
No environmental pollution