GE6075 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING

Unit 1
 UNIT I HUMAN VALUES

Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service

learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others – Living peacefully
– Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage – Valuing time –
Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence –
Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation
for professional excellence and stress management.

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 Ethics Defined
 Moral codes are the rules that establish the boundaries of generally
accepted behavior.
 Morality refers to social conventions about right and wrong human
conduct.
 Ethics are beliefs regarding right and wrong behavior.
 Virtues are habits that incline us to do what is acceptable.
 Vices are habits that incline us to do what is unacceptable.
 Value System is the complex scheme of moral values that we choose
to live by.
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 The Importance of Integrity

Integrity is used to refer to people who act in ways that are

consistent with their own code of principles.

You often reflect on your principles when you consider

what you “ought” to do in different situations.

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 Ethics in the Business World

Globalization of organizations has created a complex business

world.
Risk is the likelihood of a negative event times the impact of the
event.

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 Why Business Ethics are Important

Protect the organization and its employees from legal action.

Create an organization that operates consistently.

Produce good business.

Avoid unfavorable publicity.

Gain the goodwill of the community.

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 Code of Conduct
 A guide that highlights an organization’s key ethical issues and
identifies the overarching values and principles that are important
to the organization and that can help in decision making.
 The code of conduct helps ensure that employees:
 Abide by the law.
 Follow necessary regulations.
 Behave in an ethical manner.

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 Ethical Decision Making

1. Get the facts.

2. Identify the stakeholders and their positions.
3. Consider the consequences of your decision.
4. Weigh various guidelines and principles (Virtue, Utilitarian,
Fairness, Common Good).
5. Develop and evaluate options.
6. Review your decision.
7. Evaluate the results of your decision.
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 Four Common Approaches Used in Ethical Decision-
Decision -
Making
Approach to Dealing Principle
with Moral Issues
Virtue Approach The ethical choice is the one that best reflects moral
virtues in ourselves and our community.
Utilitarian Approach The ethical choice is the one that produces the
greatest excess of benefits over harm.
Fairness Approach The ethical choice is the one that treats everyone the
same and does not show favoritism or discrimination.
Common Good The ethical choice is the one that advances the
Approach common good.
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 Ethics in Information Technology
The increased use of information technology has raised many ethical
issues for today’s IT professional.
Licensing of IT professionals

Internet communication

Intellectual property

Employee/employer issues
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 Work ethic
 Work ethic is a set of values based on hard work and diligence. It is also a belief in
the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. A work ethic may
include being reliable, having initiative, or pursuing new skills.
 Workers exhibiting a good work ethic in theory should be selected for better
positions, more responsibility and ultimately promotion.
 Workers who fail to exhibit a good work ethic may be regarded as failing to
provide fair value for the wage the employer is paying them and should not be
promoted or placed in positions of greater responsibility.
 Work ethic is not just hard work but also a set of accompanying virtues, whose
crucial role in the development and sustaining of free markets.

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 What Is Service-
Service-Learning?
Service-Learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates
meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to
enrich the learning experience, teach civic responsibility, and
strengthen communities.

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 Differentiating Service-
Service-Learning from Other Forms of
Education
 Experiential Learning:
Learning The knowledge and skills acquired through
life, work experience and study which have not been formally
attested through any educational or professional certification.
 Internship: A work-related learning experience for individuals who
wish to develop hands on work experience in a certain occupational
field
 Practicum: A college course that is designed to give students
supervised practical application of a previously studied theory
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 Civic virtue
 Civic virtue is the moral underpinning of how a citizen behaves and is involved in
society. It is a standard of righteous behavior in relation to a citizens’ involvement in
society.
 A individual may exhibit civic virtue by voting, volunteering and organizing other
community activities.
 Without an understanding of civic virtue, citizens are less likely to look beyond their
families, friends and economic interests.
 They are less likely to help others in the community, to volunteer their time, to give to
nonprofit organizations or to participate in group activity that benefits society.
 Related ideas for civic virtue are citizenship, philanthropy, public good, voluntarism
and social capital.
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 Respect for others
Respect is a feeling of admiration or deference toward a person, group,
ideal, or indeed almost any entity or concept, as well as specific actions
and conduct representative of that esteem.
Whether between spouses, friends, coworkers, or business
acquaintances, if there is a history of mutual respect and sincere
gratitude, the people involved are generally happier and more successful.
We live in a world where there are many differences between people,
but with an open mind and an appreciation of each person’s
contributions to this world, we strengthen our relationships and our
community.
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 How to Show Respect
 Listen it sounds easy, but listening–truly listening–can be one of the hardest
skills to master. If you want a person to know you respect him or her, then
tune into what that person is saying. Look them in the eye and offer
feedback when necessary. Everyone appreciates the person who willing
listens to them and shows genuine interest in what they have to say.
 Encourage If you’ve ever had a bad day, then you know the power a little
encouragement can have. We’ve all had moments when we need someone to
tell us, “don’t worry, things will work out.” It might not seem like much at
the time, but that person will remember that you took the time and interest
in their feelings and well-being. A smile and uplifting word can truly
brighten someone’s day.
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 How to Show Respect
 Congratulate If someone does a great job, let them know about it. In fact, let everyone know
about it. Openly congratulate someone for a job well done, especially if you’re a manager.
Employees will work harder and happier knowing their manager has a mutual respect for them
and is willing to express praise and gratitude when it’s deserved.
 Be Helpful If you find a friend or coworker in a jam, be willing to help them if at possible. Not to
say you should take on half their project, but offering some advice or throwing in a bit of your
time will mean a lot. If that friend or coworker has helped you in the past, then returning the
favor will be a nice way to show both your respect and gratitude.
 Say Thank You I’m sure this one seems like common sense, but many people just forget to say
thank you or at least forget how to say it with sincerity. A thank you can be as small as two words
or as much as buying someone a gift; nevertheless, if the action is not done with 100% sincerity
then it is wasted. Make sure people know you appreciate them and their actions. Simply saying it
in front of someone else can make a big impact.
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 Living Peaceful
Our principle of ‘Peaceful living’ centers on the ethical and sustainable application of technologies
which would aim to provide basic needs for everyone without compromising the planet’s
resources. Here are the steps which can help you to discover your journey towards living in
peace.
 Seek to love, not control others. ...
 Find Your Inner Peace. ...
 Moderate your convictions. ...
 Be tolerant. ...
 Be Peace. ...
 Reflection of thought. ...
 Seek forgiveness, not revenge. ...
 Live in joy.
 Be the change you wish to see in the World.
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 Caring
Being caring allows you to have empathy for others and to live a life based on affection,
love, and compassion for the people around you. Being caring means providing a listening
ear, noticing when someone needs help, and helping your community without asking for a
reward. If you want to know how to be more caring today, see Steps to get started.
Be polite:You don't have to be overly formal to be polite.You just have to be considerate
of other people and make them feel comfortable in your presence.
Be affectionate: Actions really can speak louder than words sometimes. Though telling
a person you care can make a big difference, sometimes giving that person a hug or putting
your arm around him or her can have that extra impact.
Listen to people: When someone is talking to you, make eye contact, put away your
phone or other distractions, and don't interrupt the person

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 Caring Steps to get started
 Be more generous: Being generous, whether it's with your time or your money, can go a

long way in being a more caring person.

 Treat others like you want to be treated: If you want to be more caring, then you have

to be kind and thoughtful toward others, and think of how you would feel if you were in their
shoes.

 Be considerate of others: Being considerate is another major aspect of being caring. If you

want to be considerate, then you have to respect the people around you, and to avoid making a
nuisance of yourself.

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 Sharing
 Sharing is the joint use of a resource or space. In its narrow sense, it refers to joint
or alternating use of inherently finite goods, such as a common pasture or a shared
residence. It is also the process of dividing and distributing.
 Apart from obvious instances, which we can observe in human activity, we can also
find many examples of this happening in nature.
 When an organism takes in nutrition or oxygen for instance, its internal organs are
designed to divide and distribute the energy taken in, to supply parts of its body that
need it. Flowers divide and distribute their seeds.
 In a broader sense, it can also include free granting of use rights to goods that can be
treated as non rival goods, such as information

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 Honesty
 Honesty refers to a facet of moral character and connotes positive and
virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness,
including straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of lying,
cheating, theft, etc.
 Furthermore, honesty means being trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere.
 Honesty is valued in many ethnic and religious cultures .
 "Honesty is the best policy" is a proverb of Benjamin Franklin;
 "Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom" proverb of Thomas
Jefferson.

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 Courage

Courage (also called bravery, bravado or valour) is the choice and

willingness to confront agony, pain, danger, uncertainty or
intimidation. Physical courage is courage in the face of physical pain,
hardship, death or threat of death, while moral courage is the ability
to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal,
discouragement, or personal loss.
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 Valuing Time
 A first step in good time management is to understand the value of your time.
 If you are employed by someone else, you need to understand how much your employer is
paying for your time, and how much profit he or she expects to make from you.
 If you are working for yourself, you should have an idea of how much income you want to
bring in after tax. By working these figures back to an hourly rate, this gives you an idea of
L
the value of your time.
 By knowing the value of your time, you should be able to tell what tasks are worthwhile to
perform, and which tasks give a poor return. This helps you cut away the low value jobs, or
argue for help with them.

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 Cooperation
 Cooperation is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for common or mutual
benefit, as opposed to working in competition for selfish benefit.
 Many animal and plant species cooperate both with other members of their own species and with
members of other species
Commitment
 Commitment is willingness to give your time and energy to something that you believe in, or
a promise or firm decision to do something.
Commitment means acceptance of the responsibilities and duties and cooperation means help and assistance. By
developing team commitment and cooperation in a work team you are assisting the team to meet its goals and
objectives.Work teams that are committed and cooperative are more likely to achieve the goals the business has
set.

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 Empathy
Empathy is the ability to mutually experience the thoughts,
emotions, and direct experience of others.
The ability to understand another person’s circumstances, point of
view, thoughts, and feelings is empathy.
When experiencing empathy, you are able to understand someone
else’s internal experiences.

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 Self Confidence
 Self-confidence relates to self-assuredness in one's personal
judgment, ability, power, etc., sometimes manifested excessively.
Being confident in yourself is infectious if you present yourself well,
others will want to follow in your foot steps towards success.
 Promise yourself, no matter how difficult the problem life throws
at you, that you will try as hard as you can to help yourself.
 You acknowledge that sometimes your efforts to help yourself may
not result in success, as often being properly rewarded is not in
your control.
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 Character
 Character traits are all the aspects of a person's behavior and attitudes that make up
that person's personality. Everyone has character traits, both good and bad.
 Some character traits have to do with your underlying values or beliefs. Some examples
of these types of character traits include: Religious, Honest, Loyal, Devoted, Loving, Kind,
Sincere, Devoted, Ambitious, Satisfied, Happy, Faithful, Patient, Determined, Persistent,
Adventurous, Homebody, Considerate, Cooperative, Cheerful, Optimistic, Pessimistic, Funny.
 Some character traits can be bad, and you may not want these traits associated with
you. Some examples of these types of character traits include: Dishonest, Disloyal,
Unkind, Mean, Rude, Disrespectful, Impatient, Greedy, Angry, Pessimistic, Repugnant, Cruel,
Unmerciful,Wicked, Obnoxious, Malicious, Grumpy, Quarrelsome, Caustic, Selfish, Unforgiving

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 Character

 A leader or person who likes to be in charge may have the following character traits:
Domineering, Boorish, Persuasive, Ambitious, Bossy, Disparaging, Picky, Sly, Cold-hearted, Rude,
Self-centered, Conceited
 Some character traits can be consciously developed, learned or acquired. For example,
character traits that you may consciously choose to learn or adopt include: Educated
or Informed
 Some character traits for children include: Playful, Zany, Active,Wild, Silly, Affectionate,
Funny, Rough,Talkative, Rowdy, Smart, Fidgety, Shy, Lively, Submissive, Stubborn

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 Spirituality
 Spirituality is the concept of an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality, an inner
path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the "deepest
values and meanings by which people live.
 Spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are intended to
develop an individual's inner life. S
 Spiritual experiences can include being connected to a larger reality, yielding a more
comprehensive self; joining with other individuals or the human community; with
nature or the cosmos; or with the divine realm.
 Spirituality is often experienced as a source of inspiration or orientation in life. It
can encompass belief in immaterial realities or experiences of the immanent or
transcendent nature of the world.
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 Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional
excellence and stress management

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 YOGA
 Yoga is an ancient discipline designed to bring balance and health to the physical,
mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of the individual, when adopted as a
way of life, yoga improves physical, mental, intellectual, and spiritual health.
 Yoga offers an effective method of managing and reducing stress, anxiety, and
depression, and numerous studies demonstrate the efficacy of yoga on mood-
related disorders.
 Yoga is often depicted metaphorically as a tree and comprises eight aspects, or
limbs: yama (universal ethics), niyama (individual ethics), asana (physical
postures), pranayama (breath control), pratyahara (control of the senses),
dharana (concentration), dyana (meditation), and samadhi (bliss).
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 Tree of Yoga
 When one thinks about Yoga today, the first thing
that comes to mind is the physical practice of
postures, or Asana.
 As described in Patañjali’s Yoga Sutras, Asana is
only 1 of the 8 limbs of Yoga.
 Applying the other 7 will not only deepen our
physical and spiritual practice but also help take
our yoga off the mat and into our daily lives.
 To help better understand how the 8-step path
comes all together,
 BKS Iyengar’s representation of the Tree of Yoga:

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1.Roots: Foundation for living honorably and clearly
Yama – a list of outward observances representing principles of ethical behavior
 Ahimsa – non harming, compassion for self and others
 Satya – truthfulness, being honest with ourselves and others
 Asteya – non-stealing, freeing oneself from the desire to have something that has not earned or paid for
 Brahmacharya – wise and balanced use of energy
 Aparigraha – non-attachment, living with generosity of spirit and action
2.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind
Niyama – Inward personal observances that improve the self and surrounding relations
 Sauca – cleanliness in one’s body, mind, and surroundings, treating our body as a temple
 Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good in things, counting one’s blessings
 Tapas – heat, energy of self-tranformation to promote a healthy mind, soul and body
 Svadhyaya – study of texts and self study
 Isvarapranidhana – letting go of ego, a feeling of being an expression of the whole universe
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 3.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind
Niyama – Inward personal observances that improve the self and surrounding
relations
Sauca – cleanliness in one’s body, mind, and surroundings, treating our body
as a temple
Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good in things, counting one’s
blessings
Tapas – heat, energy of self-transformation to promote a healthy mind, soul
and body
Svadhyaya – study of texts and self study
Isvarapranidhana – letting go of ego, a feeling of being an expression of the
whole
Ethics
universe
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4.Branches: Strong and flexible to move with the wind of life
Asana – physical practice of yogic postures
5.Leaves: Drawing in life force through the exchange of breath
Pranayama – mastering the science of breath, breath control
6.Bark: Protecting the tree from outer elements and preventing its essence from flowing
outward
Pratyahara – turning awareness inward, sense withdrawal
7.Sap: Juice which carries the energy on this inward journey, links the whole tree as one
Dharana – focused state of concentration, bringing the mind to a single point of
focus
8.Fruit:The essence of the tree
Samadhi – bliss, to feel unity, peace, freedom
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 The role of yoga in stress management
 Hans Selye first introduced the term stress into life science. The term stress is derived
from the Latin word Stringere, which means “to be drawn tight.”
 Stress is a complex, dynamic process of interaction between a person and his or her
life. Stress can affect one’s health, work performance, social life, and the relationship
with family members.
 Eminent behavioral scientist Stephen Robbins defines stress as that which arises from
an opportunity, demand, constraint, threat, or challenge, when the outcomes of the
event are important and uncertain.
 Stress can also be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur
when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of
the worker.

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 The role of yoga in stress management ….
 Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury. Hence we can say that stress is a silent
killer, and prolonged exposure to stress may exert harmful effects on physical, psychological,
and behavioral well-being of an individual.
 According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 80% of workers
experience job stress.
 Kulkarni, in an article “Burnout” published in Indian Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Medicine, has said that the rapid change of the modern working life is
associated with increasing demands of learning new skills, the need to adapt to new types of
work, pressure of higher productivity and quality of work, time pressure, and hectic jobs.
These factors are increasing stress among the workforce.

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 IMPACT OF STRESS
 One of the studies quoted that stress-related disorders evolve gradually through
four recognizable stages.
1. In the first, psychological changes such as anxiety, irritability, and insomnia
arise, due to over-stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
2. In the second stage symptoms such as high blood pressure, elevated heart rate,
and increased intestinal motility surface.
3. In the third stage, a more profound physical or biochemical imbalance sets in,
4. In the final fourth stage, irreversible symptoms that often require surgical or
long-term management appear.

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 IMPACT OF STRESS
 Increased sympathetic activation and the release of stress hormones,
including adrenaline, lead to increases in heart rate, blood pressure,
breathing, body temperature, and muscle tension.
 In contrast, the relaxation response has been proposed as an antidote to
stress; relaxation decreases heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and
muscle tension.
 Similar to stress in the workplace, college students are also often impacted
by stress. Academic stress can result from many different imperative
stressors, such as final grades, term papers, examinations, and excessive
homework. Stress has exhibited a negative correlation with cognitive
performance, thus negatively impacting academic performance.
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 EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS …..
 A growing body of research evidence supports the belief that certain yoga techniques may
improve physical and mental health through down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
 The HPA axis and SNS are triggered as a response to a physical or psychological demand
(stressor), leading to a cascade of physiologic, behavioral, and psychological effects, primarily
as a result of the release of cortisol and catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
 This response leads to the mobilization of energy needed to combat the stressor through the
classic fight-or-flight response.
 Over time, the constant state of hyper vigilance resulting from repeated firing of the HPA
axis and SNS can lead to dysregulation of the system, and ultimately diseases such as obesity,
diabetes, autoimmune disorders, depression, substance abuse, and cardiovascular disease.
Studies also show that yoga decreases levels of salivary cortisol, blood glucose, as well as
plasma renin levels, and 24-hour urine norepinephrine and epinephrine levels.

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 EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
 Yoga significantly decreases heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
 Studies suggest that yoga reverses the negative impact of stress on the immune system by
increasing levels of immunoglobulin A as well as natural killer cells.
 Yoga has been found to decrease markers of inflammation such as high sensitivity C-reactive
protein as well as inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and lymphocyte-1B. These
studies suggest that yoga has an immediate quieting effect on the SNS-HPA axis response to
stress. While the precise mechanism of action has not been determined, it has been
hypothesized that some yoga exercises cause a shift toward parasympathetic nervous system
dominance, possibly via direct vagal stimulation. Shapiro et al noted significant reductions in
low-frequency heart rate variability (HRV)—a sign of sympathetic nervous system
activation—in depressed patients following an 8-week yoga intervention.

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 EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
 Regardless of the pathophysiologic pathway, yoga has been shown to have immediate
psychological effects: decreasing anxiety and increasing feelings of emotional, social, and
spiritual well-being.
 Several literature reviews have been conducted that examined the impact of yoga on specific
health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer,
and anxiety.
 Another study has shown improvement of mental health of both the young and seniors by
reducing stress through yoga.Yoga can be wisely applied in welfare programs to improve the
quality of life in all age groups.
 Yogic science includes yogasanas (postures), pranayama (breathing practices), dhyana
(meditation), and relaxation techniques which benefit human beings at every level.

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 References
1. www.cosc.brocku.ca/~jradue/2p50/slides/chap01.ppt
2. https://www.gwu.edu/~rpsol/service-learning/.../Service-Learning%20PowerPoint.ppt
3. https://www.bastiansolutions.com/blog/index.php/2011/04/06/5-easy-ways-to-show-people-respect-and-
gratitude/
4. http://srecwarangal.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/peve-unit-1.pdf
5. http://www.wikihow.com/Be-Caring
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesty
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation
10. http://examples.yourdictionary.com/character-trait-examples.html
11. http://benoityoga.com/tree-of-yoga/
12. http://mdcurrent.in/patients/role-yoga-stress-management/

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 Thank You

Questions and Comments?

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