THE MULTI-PURPOSE MODIFIED WALKER

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 THE MULTI-PURPOSE MODIFIED WALKER

DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE REWARD OF BECHELOR DEGREE OF

BECHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANCAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH

GREATER NOIDA

2015-2016

SUBMITTED BY:- SUPERVISED BY

Shivam Kumar (1219340087) Mr. S.K Bhandari

Gulshan Kumar Singh (1219340037) Mr. Anuj Kapoor

Marck Amit Prakash (1219340048)

Ajay Kumar Verma (1219340011)

Md. Wasim (1219340051)

Mahtab Ahmad (1219340042)

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 ABSTRACT

UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH, GREATER NOIDA is

an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Human Resources
Development, Government of India. The institute runs undergraduate
program of study in Bachelor of Engineering & Technology course with
Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lukhnow by All India Council
of Technical Education (AICTE), it requires that each student conducts a
project in their area of Engineering & Technology and submits a report
on it. The Bachelor’s Project is included in the curriculum with a view to
synthesize the education gathered during the various courses credited
by the student during the undergraduate program at United College of
Engineering and Research. Creating a report of the project is part of the
training of skill building of the student on of technical communication.
Here the emphasis is on presenting a technical matter in an objective
written form. Project submitted at the end of the undergraduate
program of study.

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 DECLARATION
We declare that this written submission of project report represents
our ideas in our own words and where others' ideas or words have
been included, We have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated or falsified any idea/ data/ fact/ source in our submission.
We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from
the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom
proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Name and Roll No. of Students:- Signature:-

Shivam Kumar (1219340087)

Gulshan Kumar Singh (1219340037)

Marck Amit Prakash (1219340048)

Ajay Kumar Verma (1219340011)

Md. Wasim (1219340051)

Mahtab Ahmad (1219340042)

Date: __/__/2016
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Date: __/__/2016

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SHIVAM KUMAR, GULSHAN KUMAR SINGH,

MARCK AMIT PRAKASH, AJAY KUMAR VERMA, MD. WASIM, MAHTAB
AHMAD are the student of mechanical engineering department of
United College of Engineering and Research, Greater Noida which is
affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, U.P
have worked under my supervision during the session 2015-2016 and
report submitted by them on the project title “MULTI-PURPOSE
MODIFIED WALKER” has been prepared by their own effort.

With best of my knowledge, they have gained the knowledge for the
theoretical aspect and have done all the practical practice, which is
required up to this level.

Mr. S.K. Bhandari

(Head of Mechanical Engineering Department)
United College of Engineering and Research, Greater Noida

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 CONTENT
 OBJECTIVE
 DESIGN
 INTRODUCTION
 MOTIVATION
 LITRATURE SEARCH /BACKGROUND
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
 MOBILITY AIDS
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOBILITY AIDS
 WALKER
 THE MULTI-PURPOSE MODIFIED WALKER
a. ABOUT
b. INDICATION
c. FUNCTION
d. SPECIAL FEATURE
e. BIOMECHNICALLY BENEFITS
f. MECHANISM
g. COMPONENTS OF MECHANISM
h. HOW MECHANISM WORKS?
i. INSTRUCT TO USERS

j. DISADVANTAGES
k. CONTRAINDICATION
l. PRECAUTION
m. FUTURE CHANGES
n. RESULT

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 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to design stair climbing walker that is

both operational and safe. The design under consideration must
possess stability under two functions. These functions include the
ability to be move on ground level as well as to climb the stair. Other
requirements include lightweight system, maximum height of walker
should be roughly 4ft, and must be operational along steps no greater
than 9 inches in height.

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 DESIGN

The basic design consists of a walking frame that is about waist high
and slightly wider than the user. Walkers are also available in other
sizes such as pediatric (for children) or bariatric (for obese persons).
Modern walkers are height adjustable and should be set at a height
that is comfortable for the user, but will allow the user to maintain a
slight bend in their arms. This bend is needed to allow for proper blood
circulation through the arms as the walker is used. The front two legs of
the walker may or may not have wheels attached, depending on the
strength and abilities of the person using it. It is also common to see
caster wheels or glides on the back legs of a walker with wheels on the
front; additionally felt products adapted to glide with the legs such as
adhesive feet, along with tennis balls with holes cut into them to place
them onto the legs are also utilized on surfaces such as hardwood,
epoxy and linoleum flooring common to institutions.

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 INTRODUCTION

Disability doesn’t mean inability or illness. It is something that people

are born with and other just develops it due to serious medical injuries,
conditions and even age, at any stage in life, we may unfortunately
develop a disability. The reason could be an impairment or activity
limitation. However, becoming disabled doesn’t mean that your life will
be stuck in a rut. Like a normal human being, a disable person can also
learn, play, work, as well as enjoy a full, healthy live.

Fortunately, with the advances in medical science, devices and mobility

aids have also improved, and are making everyday life easier for
disabled people. These devices are not only helping with disabilities in
becoming self-regulated but also making less likely that they fit in
society.

Today, a wide range of mobility aids is available to help people in need.

Some of the popular aids include walkers, walking stick, crutches,
wheelchairs, medical scooters.

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 Motivation
A standard walker cannot climb stairs. This comes at a disadvantage for
physically impaired people. Thus it can be greatly beneficial if a walker
was designed to climb stairs. Since a simple design for a stair climbing
walker already exists, an additional feature for the walker design will be
for it to be motorized on level ground.

Literature Search/Background
The first thing that was researched was existing patents of stair
climbing walkers. A patent search was done through Google’s own
patent database. It was discovered that several patents for a stair
climbing walker did exist and were of very simple design. This design of
a stair climbing walker consisted of reversed U shaped handles with
four legs that retracted and extended. These retractable and
extendable legs served the function of ascending and descending stairs.
The operation of the legs is through levers. The following figures
illustrate the structure and function of the walker climbing stairs.

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 Project Description

The project consists of two parts, design and manufacturing. For the
design part, there are several stages included which are literature
search, developing several concepts, evaluating each concept based on
advantages and disadvantages, approving the best concept, completing
analysis, and assessing the final design. In order to accomplished the
manufacturing of the chosen design the following was done, which are
detail drawings, material selections, material orderings, manufacturing
parts, parts assembly, and final analysis.

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 MOBILITY AIDS

The term mobility aid is used to describe a device that helps to improve
the user’s mobility. The word mobility is defined as ‘the ability to move
or be moved freely & easily’. So, a mobility aid, in general is used to
give the user the ability to move more freely and easily than they can
without it.

Mobility aids are devices that are used to facilitate the physical
movement of a person from one place to another place in the event
that they are unable to do so without assistance. Some of the
apparatuses are designed for the immobilize individual to use. For
instance, canes, crutches, walkers, stationary poles, wheelchairs,
motorized scooters & so on, for people to grasp are mobility aids
designed to help an individual walk or get into and out of a seated
position without assistance of another person.

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A mobility aid is a device designed to assist walking or otherwise
improves the mobility of people with mobility impairment. Mobility
aids help with walking or moving from place to place. They can help
prevent falls and improve independence.

Other mobility aids are made for a health care professionals to use
when they require assistance for moving an immobilize individual from
one position to another.

These includes such as transfer boards, which are used to support the
weight of individual as they are transferred from one location to
another.

Mobility aids are used not only by children & adults but also used by
many elderly persons. Some of the clinical situations & diagnosis in
which mobility aids may be used by elderly persons at some stage of
the conditions include: osteoarthritis, spinal cord injury, hemiplegia,
amputation, fracture, soft tissue injury of lower limb etc.

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 Different types of mobility aids

Canes:
Decrease stress on the weak or affected leg
Simple but effective walking tools

Widen the base of support

Various types of canes are available

Crutches:
Provide support under the arm to take stress off the leg
More stable than canes
Various types of crutches are available

Walkers:
Offer additional support to make up for lost strength
Provide maximum stability
Should be sized to fit user
Various types of walkers are available

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Wheelchairs:
When patients are unable to walk even with assistance, wheelchairs
can be used
These can be manual or motorized
Suitable for use both outdoors and indoors
Various types of wheelchairs are available

Stationary poles & handles:

Many individual requires the assistance of a mobility aid to get into a
standing or sitting position.
Handles & poles can be attached near places where individual often
need to move.
These can be attached to the side of the commode or in bathroom
It can be used to lift himself or lowering himself during various activities

Motorized scooters:
Another mobility aid that individual can utilizes to move outdoors for
longer distance
These are motorized and controlled with a handle bar system
These devices can have three or four wheels.
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OBSTACLE CLIMBING CHAIR BY DRDO

Patients with paralysis from waist-down are unable to stand and walk,
and require a wheel chair propelled either by an attendant or their own
hands. But it is very difficult to carry wheel chair across staircase, thus
posing a severe limitation on their general mobility. Obstacle climbing
chair (OCC) is an important rehabilitation device, particularly in
Paraplegia , as it provides valuable freedom of mobility to the disabled.
DRDO has developed a prototype of a battery-driven microprocessor
controlled OCC that can climb 11 cm stairs at 45 degree incline.

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 WALKER FOR PHYSICALLY DISABLED DOG

Disabled dog with a dog walker with wheels "Talky type"

This type of walker provides support and stability to the dogs, while
allowing them to rely partly on their hind legs and continue using them.
It is suitable for dogs with mobility problems with hind legs (or
unstable). It also helps them to exercise their back legs and can help
maintaining any partial mobility they may have left or, in some cases,
help to improve it.

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 WALKER
Walkers start appearing in the early 1950s.The first non-wheeled design
that was called a “walker”. Walkers are also known as known as
Zimmer frames.

A walker or walking frame is a device for a disabled or elderly people

who need additional support to maintain balance or stability while
walking.

Walker comes under the category of mobility aids that assists walking
or improves the mobility of a person those who have difficulty in
walking & balancing. There are various walkers are available which can
help people with impaired ability to walk.

Walking frames are common sight in hospitals. They are great at

providing support for patients who are unstable on their feet or
recovering from certain operations. There is a wide selection of walkers
for use around home too and usually used around the home to provide
additional support when walking around.

The first US patent was awarded in 1953 to William Cribbes Robb, of

Stretford, England, for a device called "walking aid", which had been
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filed with the British patent office in August 1949.Two variants with
wheels were both awarded US patents in May 1957,and the first non-
wheeled design that was called a "walker" was patented in 1965 by
Elmer F. Ries of Cincinnati, Ohio. The first walker to resemble modern
walkers was patented in 1970 by Alfred A. Smith of Van Nuys,
California.

The majority of walkers tend to be constructed from aluminum which

helps to keep light in weight and easy to use.

The walkers have four feet with solid rubber tips at the end providing a
solid grip and non-slip contact with the ground.

Types of walker:
(1)Standard walker (Conventional walker)
(2)Wheeled walker
i) Two wheeled walker
ii) Four wheeled walker (also known as rollator )

Walker can also be classified on their folding mechanism, whether they

can be foldable or non-foldable.

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Another way of classing walker is depending on their adjustability, their
height can be adjusted according to the user’s height or not.

Now a day, walkers come along with both the foldable and height
adjustment mechanism.

There are many types of walkers, considering their constitutive

materials, accessories, sizes and structural configurations.
These are classified in two types: Conventional and Smart walkers.

An important aspect that classifies conventional is the ground contact

configuration, so they are classified by its type of support with the
ground: Standard, Front-wheeled and Rollator.

The “Conventional Walker” is made of metal, four-legged frame with

rubber tips, which must be lifted and moved forward while walking.
This type of walker is used when maximum assistance with balance is
required or when restrictions on weight bearing are present. While
easier to use than a cane, this type of walker does require some degree
of upper body strength and cognitive ability to use safely, and results in
a fairly abnormal gait.

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 Figure: a) Conventional Walkers:

The Front-wheeled walker is designed for people who have weaker

upper-limbs or that tend to fall backwards when lifting the device. This
type of walker promotes a forward displacement of the center of
gravity and allows a more normal gait, as the person can continue
walking without stopping to lift the walker. It is particularly useful in
patients with Parkinson’s disease, as it reduces the risk of falling
backwards.

b) Front-wheeled walker
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The Rollator (four-wheeled) are the easiest to use of the three types,
but also provide the least stability. Studies show that most patients
now prefer these compared to the other conventional walkers. They do
not need to be picked up, but have modern wheel systems so they roll
and pivot smoothly and with little effort. They promote the most
natural gait patterns. Wheeled walkers for use in the community can be
equipped with baskets for shopping, and a seat that allows the person
to stop and rest, if required. Hand brakes can be selected to stop the
device when squeezed or when released. However, the user must be
capable of learning to apply the brakes in order to use them safely.
Another option is the presence of a padded bar across the front that
initiates braking if the patient presses or falls onto it. This bar is useful
for patients with poor grip strength, speed or dexterity.

Fig (c):Rollator

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The Multi-Purpose Modified Walker

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About the Multi-Purpose Modified Walker

The multi-purpose modified walker is designed to work as a normal

walker when using on level surface although the normal walkers
available in the market can also be used smoothly on the level surface,
but when the user want to climb the stairs with the normal walker, the
user is not capable to make the move on the stairs. It could be a
problematic situation for the user. Hence, the solution is “Multi-
purpose modified walker”.

The Multi-purpose modified walker is a new & advance version of the

walker that can use on the level surfaces as well as on the staircase and
even on the ramps. Now it is possible to use a walker on the staircase,
the same walker can also be used on the ramps and level surfaces. It is
more advantageous than the other conventional walkers.

The Multi-purpose modified walker is a stair climbing walker that has

adjustable legs. The legs of the walker can be adjusted on the stairs to
provide a better stability than the normal walker can’t provide.

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It can be transform to adapt the angulation of the stairs or ramps while
using on them. It is possible only because of the mechanism
incorporated with the walker. The legs are adjustable and can be
transform according to surface on which the user walking.

Apart from the simply available walkers, the Multi-Purpose Modified

Walker provides the user an ease of usage of the same walker on even
surfaces as well as on the staircases and ramp.

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 INDICATIONS FOR MULTI-PURPOSE MODIFIED
WALKER

The multi-modified walker can be indicated for patients who require

maximum stability and support from a walker.
1. These patients include those with generalized weakness as in
elderly people.
2. In conditions where the extremity limited ability to bear weight of
the body on lower extremity.
3. Very poor balance
4. Need for greater stability & security than provided by the crutches
& cane.
5. Can also be indicated for a patient with a medical condition
impairing ambulation of the patient like fracture lower limb,
amputation of lower extremity, congenital abnormality of the
lower limb.
6. For gait training & rehabilitation of the patient
7. Post-operative ambulation &
8. A variety of debilitating conditions

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 FUNCTIONS OF MULTI-PURPOSE MODIFIED WALKER

There are number of reasons for which a person may use multi-
modified walker as an ambulatory aid. These may include the following:
1. If he or she needs help compensating for:
i) Impaired balance
ii) Weakened strength
iii) Difficulty coordinating movement
iv) Pain when bearing weight on the lower extremity (e.g. feet,
knee, hip)
v) Lower extremity amputation or congenital absence
vi) Altered stability
2. To improve functional mobility
3. To enhance body functions
4. To assist with fracture healing
5. To assist with propulsion
6. For the psychological benefits of standing (enhanced venous
return, renal function & cardiorespiratory deconditioning.)
7. To enable a wheelchair user to move through areas that are
inaccessible to a wheelchair
8. To reduce risk of falling
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 9. To protect a healing amputation site.

Biomechanically Benefits:

The benefit of multi-purpose modified walker includes:

1. An increased base of support within which the user’s center of
mass can move without losing stability.
2. Reduce pain or injury to one or both lower limbs by reducing the
vertical loading
3. Another advantage of this walker that it allows the upper
extremities to develop reaction forces and movements at the
handle on order to improve stability.

Increased base of support

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SPECIAL FEATURES IN THE MULTI-PURPOSE
MODIFIED WALKER

Width Adjustments:

Horizontal bar with holes

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It is the one of the unique feature that present in this walker is the
width adjustment; it is the distance between the front legs and the
posterior legs. The width can be adjusted by the holes provided in the
horizontal bars. These bars are connecting bar; it connects the anterior
and posterior legs of the walker.

HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT:

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Height adjustment is provided which is one of the common features in
walkers that is also available in the multi-purpose modified walker.

This adjustment is provided that helps in adjusting the walker according

to the height of the user.

The height adjustment can be done up to 7 inches. 7 adjusting positions

are provided for the height adjustment. A pin lock is placed in every leg
to lock the walker’s height according to the user.

A rubber tip is placed at the distal end of the each leg of the walker to
create a non-slip contact with the surface.

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ANGLUAR ADJUSTMENT:

Angular adjustment is the special of this walker.

Angular adjustment is achieved by the mechanism incorporated in the
walker.
Various locking positions can achieve through the mechanism: this
helps in angular adjustment on normal terrain, staircase as well as on
the ramp

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 MECHANISM:

The multi-purpose modified walker is designed to make a regular

walker adapt seamlessly to become a stair-climbing walker.

A gear lock mechanism is incorporated to provide the ease of angular

adjustment while ascending or descending the stairs.

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Locking and unlocking control is provided beneath the hand grip to
enhance easy maneuvering by the user.

COMPONENTS OF THE MECHANISM:

1. Static bush
2. Moveable bush
3. Open coiled spring
4. Gear lock assembly
5. Clutch

The whole mechanism is placed on the posterior leg of the walker.

A clutch is provided on both the side beneath the handgrips of the

walker, it is to operate locking and unlocking of the mechanism through
the clutch.

Static bush is the attached to the posterior leg s and this bush is fixed
to provide a sturdy base to the movement of the clutch.

Moveable bush is placed at the distal end of the clutch and one of the
components of the gear lock assembly is attached to the movable bush.

An open coiled spring is placed in between the static & moveable bush,
this spring apply the pressure on the moveable bush to maintain the
locking of the legs of the walker in desired position. To unlock the

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position of the legs, the user must pull the clutch in order to adapt the
surface. The force to operate the clutch is must be more than the force
exerted by the spring.

Gear lock assembly is consisting of two parts:

1) Upper gear
2) Lower gear

Upper gear lock is smaller in size than that of the lower gear lock,
together they form gear lock assembly. The lower gear has more
than the 20 locking positions, in which the front legs of the walker
can be adjusted either in ascending or descending of the staircase or
ramp. Gear lock assembly is made of 10mm thick polypropylene
sheet which is quite light in weight in comparison to the metals.

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 HOW THE MEACHANISM WORKS
An open coil spring loaded mechanism is used with a clutch beneath
the hand grips at the one end and a locking mechanism at the other
end. Angular adjustments are provided to adjust the height of anterior
and posterior legs accordingly with the level of surface. When the
clutch is pressed the compression is created in the spring which unlocks
the locking mechanism. Once the legs are adjusted as per the surface
height, the clutch is released to lock the legs at the adjusted position.

MEASURMENT
Ensure the person being measured is wearing their everyday shoes.
Measure from the wrist crease to the ground approximately 15cm from
the side of the foot. Adjust the handgrips to this height. The user should
have a 15-30 degree bend at the elbow when holding the frame and
standing upright.

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 INSTRUCT TO USERS

Using on level surface:

1. Lift the walker a step’s length ahead of you.
2. Keep walker’s legs securely on the ground. Place the walker
firmly on the ground. Do not place your walker too far ahead
of you, or it could slip from under you.
3. Lean slightly forward, and hold the arms of the walker for
support.
4. Take a step forward
5. Repeat

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Using on the staircase or Ramp:
Before stepping downstairs with the walker, user needs to be keeping
in mind the following instructions:
1. As the user reaches to the stair or ramp (descending), he or she
must pull the clutch in upward direction on order to unlock the
gears
2. As the gears gets away from each other, user lift the walker from
ground, the front gets adjusted on the stair by a slight push given
to the walker, due to the weight of the front legs n gravity acts on
the legs.
3. Then the user must be ensured that either legs; front and
posterior legs should be vertical after that he or she can release
the clutch to lock the legs in desired position.
4. After achieving the desired position, the user can makes the move
forward with his or her good legs forward and then the weaker
legs.
5. This time patient doesn’t need to lock and unlock the walker,
because the walker has already adapt the staircase,
6. He or she can easily lift the walker and can put on the next stair
7. As the patient reaches at last stair, again the user must pull the
clutch in order to unlock the gears,

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8. Put the walker one step forward without engaging the locks and
with the slight push walker can adapt the level surface,
9. User must be ensured that the walker is in desired or neutral
position and the horizontal bars must be parallel to the ground,
then clutch can be release to get locked in the normal position.
10. After this the user can use the walker as a standard walker
used on level surface.

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Before stepping upstairs with the walker, user needs to be keeping in
mind the following instructions:
1. As starting to move upstairs, the patient needs to unlock the gear
locks by pulling the clutch upward
2. Patient needs to lift the walker and put the front legs on the first
stair, and then with little push, patient can easily adjust the
walker to adapt the angulation of the stairs.
3. Then he must be ensured that the legs of the walker are
perpendicular to the surface, the clutch can be released to lock
the walker in appropriate position.
4. After engaging the gear locks, patient can make his move upstairs
with the walker.
5. Then the walker doesn’t require any change and the patient can
easily move upstairs
6. As on the last stair, again patient needs to unlock the gear lock
and again he have to adjust the walker in normal position to
walker on the normal or level surface.
7. Then release the clutch to secure the legs in neutral position.
8. Now patient can move forward with the walker.

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Page 42 of 47
 DISADVANTAGES OF THE MULTI-
PURPOSE MODIFIED WALKER

In addition to the indications & advantages, health care professionals

should also be aware of a number of disadvantages that might
accompany the use of this walker. These may include the following:
1. Slow walking speed
2. Abnormal gait pattern
3. Bulkiness of the walker
4. Difficult storage and transportation ( e.g. in automobile)
5. May induce poor posture if not used in appropriate manner.

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 CONTRAINDICATIONS

1. Persons with limited upper limb strength

2. Persons with loss of motor control
3. Lack of cognition control
4. Unable to grip with fingers to operate the clutch system.

PRECAUTIONS
1. While using the walker, user must be ensuring about the lock.
User should properly engage the lock on either side then starts
walking.
2. Before moving forward on the stairs, the legs of the walker must
be vertical to the ground.
3. Walker occupies more space than cane & crutches, so the user
must keep the adequate space while taking a turn.
4. This design requires a certain degree of upper extremity strength
and coordination.

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 FUTURE CHANGES

This is first design to climb the stair by the walker and as we know no
design is perfect so in future we will do many thing to improve the
functioning of multi-purpose modified walker by taking feedback from
our audience and user.
Some of future changes we listed below through feedback:

1. We will improve gear lock assembly by providing internal gear on

upper gear of same profile as in lower gear.
2. We will provide guiding path for gear lock assembly to increase
stability in arrangement
3. We will provide arrangement to adjust the height of the walker
according to stair height.

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 RESULT

The patient can rely on the Multi-Purpose Modified Walker to take the
support while ascending and descending staircases or ramps. The
walker not only provides stability in leveled surfaces but also ensures
the same on staircases and ramps. The mechanism incorporated in the
Multi-Purpose Modified Walker ensures for safe ambulation and
angular adjustments of anterior and posterior legs with respect to each
other.

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