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Indian Standard
MECHANICAL VIBRATION - BALANCING
- SHAFT AND FITMENT KEY
CONVENTION
8 BIS 1995
June 1995
PriceGroup 6
Mechanical Vibration and Shock Sectional Committee, LM 04
NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard, which is identical with IS0 8821: 1989 ‘Mechanical vibration-Balancing- Shaft
and fitment key convention’, issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), was
adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendations of the Mechanical Vibration and
Shock Sectional Committee (LM 04) and approval of the Light Mechanical Engineering Division Council.
The text of IS0 standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard without
deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. Attention
is particularly drawn to the following:
a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard.’ appear referring to this standard, they should be
read as ‘Indian Standard’.
b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current practice is
to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.
In the adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards forwhich Indian Standards
also exists. The corresponding Indian Standards which are to be substituted in their place are listed below
along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated:
International Indian Degree of
Standard Standard Equivalence
ISO/R 773 : 1969 IS 2048 : 1983 Parallel keys and keyways (second Technically
revision) equivalent
ISOR 775 : 1969 IS 3688 : 1990 Power transmission - Shaft - Identical
Dimensions for cylindrical and l/10 conical
shaft ends (second revision)
IS0 1925 : 1990 IS 13274 : 1992 Mechanical vibration - Balanc- Identical
ing - Vocabulary
IS 14280:1995
ISO 8821:1989
Indian Standard
MECHANICAL VIBRATION — BALANCING
— SHAFT AND FITMENT KEY
CONVENTION
1 Scope 3 Definitions
NOTES
1.4 Although the figures in this International Standard show
keys of constant rectangular or square cross-section, mounted 1 Since the full key is used in the final assembly, it is often also called
parallel to the shaft axis, this International Standard applies the final assembly key.
also to keys mounted on tapered shaft surfaces, to woodruff, 2 Figure 1 shows various types of key and keyway configurations.
gib, dowel and other special keys. The principle of the half-key
convention as outlined in the definition and elsewhere is then
3.3 half key: Key used in balancing, having the unbalance
applied as is appropriate to the particular shape and location of
value of that portion of the final (full) key which will occupy
the special key.
either the shaft keyway or the fitment keyvvay in the final
assembly.
2 Normative reference 2 The required unbalance value for a half key may be calculated by
assuming that the full key is separated into two half keys along the con-
toured parting line between shaft and fitment, taking half the height
The following standard contains provisions which, through
clearances of key and keyway in each of the key halves into con-
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International
sider ation (see figure 2).
Standard. At the time of publication, the edition ifldicated was
valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged 4 Half-key convention
to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition
of the standard listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain 4.1 Description
registers of currently valid International Standards.
The half-key convention requires that a half key be used in the
ISO 1925: 1981, Balancing – Vocabulary. shaft keyway while balancing the shaft without its fitment. A
—. — .-—
— )
IS 14280: 1995
IS0 8821 :1989
1 Square/
square end
Round/
round end
u Round/
round end
I Round/
I square end
Round/
round end
Square/
Sled runner
square end
Depth of
1) Full key
I Rectangular . kww
cross-sections
Square
/ cl
I = length of keyway
Figure 1 - Major types of shaft keyways and keys bss also ISO/l7 773 and ISO/R 775)
2
IS 14289: 1995
IS0 8821 : 1989
complementary half-key is used while balancing the fitment on a) components balanced using the full-key convention
a balancing mandrel, provided it has no keyways. If the mandrel shall be marked with the letter F adjacent to the key-way:
has keyways, see the alternative methods specified in A.2.2.
The axial location of the centre of gravity of the half key should b) components balanced using the no-key convention
be the same as that of the full key in the final assembly (see shall be marked with the letter N adjacent to the keyway.
figure C.21.
4.2.4 The marking of the shaft and the fitment with the letter
The use of the half-key convention will provide a uniform
H may be omitted if confusion as to which key convention was
method for balancing shafts and fitments joined together by
used is unlikely.
keys. It will eliminate balancing errors and therefore excessive
residual unbalance (and/or machine vibration) caused by the Half key for fitment
use of different key conventions, and avoid the creation of in-
ternal bending moments in assemblies (as would be caused by
the use of full keys during balancing).
4.2 Marking
If the shaft face is too small for marking, the bottom of the
v Half key for shaft
keyway may be used.
4.2.3 When balancing a replacement shaft or fitment the Change-over of equipment in service to the half-key convention
known mating part of which has not been balanced using a half with proper identification of the shaft and fitment during the
key, it is permissible to balance the particular component with first repair balancing operation is encouraged; in any case, the
the corresponding key convention. In this special case, both marking shall be added.
components shall be permanently marked with an identification
letter corresponding to the key convention used, as follows: Annex B gives a trsnsition strategy.
3
IS 14280 : 1995
iso 8821 : 1989
Annex A
(informative)
A.1 implementation date A.2.6 The half key should be held in place on the shaft by
means that introduce negligible unbalance, for example
To avoid undue confusion between manufacturers and users as fibreglass tape, but will prevent the half key from accidentally
to the key convention used, it is recommended that im- separating from the keyway.
plementation of the half-key convention be accomplished by
1 January 1990.
A.3 Exceptions
A.2 Half-key requirements
A.3.1 If a shaft or fitment is provided with two equal
keyways 180° opposite each other and two keys are used in the
A.2.1 A half-key is required for the shaft keyway.
final assembly, it is permissible to balance without keys. This
fulfils the requirement of the half-key convention. If the two
keyways are not equal or are positioned other than 180° op-
A.2.2 For a fitment with a sinyle keyway, one of the fol- posite each other, two half keys are required for balancing the
lowing requirements is to be met: shaft and two more for the fitment.
(for balancing the mandrel) and one full key (for balancing marked accordingly.
4
IS 14280: 1995
IS0 8821 : 1989
NOTES
5
IS 14280: 1995
IS0 8821 : 1989
Annex B
(informative)
B.l Manufacturers of shafts and/or fitments coupled B.1.2 Where rebalancing to the half-key convention is not
together by keys should alert all known holders of inventory of appropriate, all shafts and fitments in stock are to be marked
their parts and assemblies of the date on which compliance is with the applicable convention in accordance with 4.2.
to become effective, and suggest the transition strategy to be
used until the present inventory is exhausted. Recommended B.2 In the transition period, before the manufacturer has
transition procedures are given below. changed over to the half-key convention, _the manufacturer
may’send users new parts or assemblies that are not balanced
with the half-key convention. He is to mark these,parts with the
appropriate identification letter. The user has the option of
rebalancing them to the half-key convention but, if he does so,
B.l.l All shafts and fitments held in stock at a manufacturer,
he is then to change the key convention marking.
distributor or user which have been balanced in accordance
with the half-key convention, are to be marked with the letter H
in accordance with 4.2 prior to shipment and/or use. If not so B-3 A change-over of shafts and fitments in service during
balanced, they are now to be rebalanced to the half-key con- the first rebalancing operation is to include the proper marking
vention and marked. in accordance with 4.2.
6
IS 14280: 1995
IS0 8821 : 1989
Annex C
(informative)
C.l Contoured half keys of the final (square cross-section) key by 4 %. This is not
required for keys complying with ISO/R 773 and ISO/R 775,
When the half keys for the shaft and fitment, as shown in since there the fitment keyway has sufficient clearance above
figure 2, are put together, they have the same overall dimen- the key to permit insertion of a half-height key having the same
sions and mass as the full key that will be used in the final length as the fitment keyway and producing the proper un-
shaft/fitment assembly. However, such contoured half keys balance value.
are rather expensive to manufacture and quite impractical for
balancing one-of-a-kind or small lots of shafts or fitments.
Shop practice, therefore, often uses half keys of less than ideal
dimensions, such as keys of (approximately) half-height or half-
length (see figures Cl to C.3). The half-length keys are
preferable because they are easier to make and provide a closer
unbalance value of the idealized contoured half key than the
half-height key. In fact, for keys having a square cross-section,
a half-length key cut to 48 % of the full mass of the final key
will generally have an unbalance value within 2 % of the ideal Figure C.2 - Half-length key (for shaft only), its centre
half kev. of gravity located in the same transverse plane as that of
the full key in the final assembly
If the depth of the keyways differs between shaft and fitment
(as for keys with rectangular cross-section described in For high volume production, a half-length key as shown in
ISO/R i73 and ISO/R 775). the above rule no longer holds figure C.3 may be more efficient. The key can be bolted into
true. Instead, the mass of the half-length key for the shaft
Fitment
should be 45 % of the (final) full key for keys up to 8 mm wide,
and 54 % for wider keys. The unbalance values of these half
keys will then generally be within 2 % of the ideal value.
Missing material
due to cut
7
IS 14280:1995
IS0 8821:1989
----
t -I-
- Fitment
Figure C.4 - Stepped (final) key for short fitment
Figure C.6 - Average-length (final) key for short fitment
The ideal axial installation position for the average-length key is mounted flush with shaft end, producing balancing error
in the centre of the rectangular portion of the shaft keyway
with the fitment centred on the key (see figure C.5). If the fitment keyway is longer than the shaft keyway, the fit-
ment must be balanced with a half-key based on the shorter
Mounting of the fitment in the ideal position, however, is shaft keyway. Alternatively, a stepped key can be made, the
seldom possible. Instead, the fitment is usually installed flush upper half of which fills the full length of the fitment keyway,
with the shaft end, as shown in figure C.6. the lower half filling the shorter length of the shaft keyway.
8
Is 14286:1995
IS0 8821 :198b
Stationary
H --Y
Shaft rotation
I
Figure C.7 - Stationary and operational key positions
Figure C.10 - Shaft keyway” machined with a key
slot cutter
ancing errors must be taken into account when setting
individual balance tolerances for the shaft and the fitment.
in figure 1). If the rounded portion of the shaft keyway is not
It must be noted that a quasi-static balancing error occurring filled by the final key (it never is in type C keyways), its
near the end of a shaft will usually be increased in its effect unbalance value need not be considered when calculating the
when translated inio the near shaft correction plane. The shaft size of the half key. Instead, the small void constitutes an un-
example in figure C.8 illustrates this point. For Plane I (the near balance in the shaft and is corrected, together with the other
correction plane) the error increases by the ratio x./y, and for shaft unbalances, in the shaft correction planes. The internal
Plane II (the far correction plane) it changes by the ratio z/y. moment thereby introduced into the shaft is of no concern on
rigid rotors, but may not be acceptable on flexible rotors.
Couple unbalance errors occurring in two closely spaced
planes, for example those in figure C.6, usually translate into Fitment keyways are generally machined with a broach or shaper
smaller unbalance values in the shaft correction planes by the and therefore are rectangular in shape, with both ends open.
ratio of the distances between couple unbalance error planes
and shaft correction plane& If the fitment was balanced with a half key that filled the entire
length of the keyway, and is then mounted on a shaft having a
key of the same length but with one or two round ends, a small
I II balancing error results. Each round end leaves void two small
corner spaces in the fitm’ent keyway. In most cases this error is
small enough to be absorbed by the assembly balance
tolerance. If not, the error must be corrected by rebalancing the
fitment with an appropriately dimensioned half key.
Y
To prevent axial movement of a fitment mounted on a shaft,
one or more setscrews are frequently used. These are located in
the hub of the fitment directly over the keyway.
X
When balancing the fitment on a mandrel, it is important that
Figure C.8 - Translation of key-caused quasi-static the setscrew(s) be tighten@ down on the key(s). This will press
balancing error into shaft (rotor) correction planes the mandrel against the fitment bore opposite to the
setscrew(s), the same as will be the case in the final assernbly
of fitment to shaft.
C.6 Shape of keyway end (see figures C.9 and C.10)
If the fitment has two setscrews offset by 90°, it is important to
Keyways are generally machined into shafts with an end mill tighten the setscrews in the same sequence each time. By
cutter (type c\ and B in figure 1) or with a key slot cutter (type C following these procedures balancing errors are minimized.
9
IS 14280: 1995
IS0 8821 : 1989
Annex 0
(informative)
D.l Description of methods cl the keyway in the fitment may be of .different length
than the shaft key, without affecting the balance of the
There are currently three methods or “key conventions” used assembly cr requiring a stepped key;
for balancing shafts and their fitments:
d) the shaft balance,(without the fitment) may be checked
- in the test laboratory or at the job site with the final key;
full-key convention (see D. 1.1) ;
i
- half-key convention (see D. 1.2) ; e) the individual shaft (with full key) and the fitment
(without key) both leave the manufacturer’s plant in a
- no-key convention (see D. 1.3). balanced state.
D.2.1.2 Disadvantages
D.1 .l The full-key convention requires that a full key (usually
the final key) be used in the shaft keyway during balancing. No The disadvantages of the full-key convention are that
key is used to balance the fitment on a balancing mandrel that
has no keyway. If the mandrel has a keyway, it has to be a) an additional unbalance in the shaft and in the fitment is
balanced by itself using a full key. That same key is to remain in produced which results in a correcticn cost not incurred
the mandrel during balancing of the fitment. The location of the with the half-key convention. Initial unbalance may exceed
full key in the shaft should be in the same axial position that will allowable or correctable amounts and thus cause shaft re-
be used when shaft and fitment are assembled. jection ;
10
IS 14280: 1995
IS0 8821 : 1989
Bendingmoments
Correctionmass2
Correctionmass 1
Figure D.l - Internal moments created when a full key is corrected by two correction masses on the rotor body
b) no internal bending moments are produced in the shaft D.2.3 No-key convention
or fitment;
D.2.3.1 Advantages
c) it allows fitments to be balanced before the keyway is
The no-key convention is convenient, since no keys are
machined; this practice is commonly used by coupling
required either in the shaft or in the fitment.
manufacturers.
D.2.3.2 Disadvantages
a) a special key is required for balancing. Balancing errors b) unbalance correction usually cannot be made in the
may be introduced if the half key does not have the proper plane of the shaft key; instead, it has to be made in two
unbalance value. Special keys, such as woodruff, round shaft (rotor) body planes (see also figure D. 1). This creates
and gibhead keys, may be difficult to manufacture; an internal bending moment in the shaft (or rotor) which, in
case of a flexible rotor, may affect its balance quality. The
internal bending moment will not affect the balance quality
b) a special key may cause extra expense, particularly in
of rigid rotors. The internal bending moment remains in the
job balancing;
shaft after the fitment has been attached;
c) a special key is required when assessing the residual un- c) the addition of the key during assembly of the fitment
balance or vibration severity of a shaft without a fitment in to the shaft produces an unbalance;
the test laboratory or at the job site;
d) it has limited applicability. The method can only be
used if permissible residual unbalance for the shaft
d) if the length of the key used in the final assembly differs assembly is larger than the balancing error produced by the
from the length of the key used in balancing, an unbalance missing key. The alternative solution of field balancing after
is produced in the assembly which might cause rejection of assembly is costly, inconvenient, and sometimes not poss-
the assembly. ible due to inaccessibility of the correction planes.
11
IS 14280:1995
I= 8821:1989
Annex E
(informative)
Bibliography
ISO/ R 773 : 1969, Rectangular or square parallel keys and their corresponding keywe ys.
IS0 1940-l : 1986,Mechanical vibration - Balance quality requirements of rigid rotors - Part 1: Determination of permissible
residual unbalance.
12
Bureau of Indian Standards
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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
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implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, fype or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that
no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users
of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by
referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from DOC: No. LM 04 ( 0147 )
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