Pictograms:

Figure gives the pictogram of the trend in U.S. population census per decade. This shows
at a glance the increase in population over a ten year period. The population is growing every
decade passed. This is only one type of pictogram whether you can differentiate different types
of characters using different pictures in same pictogram.

Figure: Pictogram of U.S. Population census/decade

Although creating effective visual impact, and putting over the essential facts quickly, a
pictogram is very approximate. It is best use when whole items are being compared, each
symbol representing a unit, although parts of units can be shown by proportion of a drawing,
such as half a person.
Bar Chart:
A bar graph is a chart that uses either horizontal or vertical bars to show comparisons
among categories. One axis of the chart shows the specific categories being compared, and the
other axis represents a discrete value. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A
vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column bar chart. A bar graph is a visual display used to
compare the amounts or frequency of occurrence of different characteristics of data. This type
of display allows us to: compare groups of data, and. to make generalizations about the data
quickly.

Figure : Bar graph of technology vs users

This bar chart shows the data of the survey. The survey is about comparison of usage of different
technologies and number of users. From the bar graph above we see that telephone technology
is widely used while webcam technology is less used by users.
Histogram:
A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is an
estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable (quantitative variable). To
construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range of values that is, divide the entire range
of values into a series of intervals and then count how many values fall into each interval. The
bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The bins
(intervals) must be adjacent, and are usually equal size.

We measure the height of every tree in the orchard in centimeters (cm).The heights vary from
100 cm to 340 cm. WE decide to put the results into groups of 50 cm: The 100 to just below 150
cm range The 150 to just below 200 cm range.
 Figure: Histogram of height of orange trees

So a tree that is 260 cm tall is added to the "250-300" range. And here is the result. We can see
(for example) that there are 30 trees from 150 cm to just below 200 cm tall.

Pie Charts:

A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices
to illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently
its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. While it is named for its
resemblance to a pie which has been sliced, there are variations on the way it can be presented.
Pie charts are very widely used in the business world and the mass media. However, they have
been criticized, and many experts recommend avoiding them, pointing out that research has
shown it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across
different pie charts. Pie charts can be replaced in most cases by other plots such as the bar
chart, box plot or dot plots.
We survey our friends to find the kind of movie they like best:
Here below table is given of information collected.

We can show the data by this Pie Chart:

Figure :Pie Chart of survey

Average:
An average is the sum of a list of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the list. In
mathematics and statistics, this would be called the arithmetic mean. However, the word
"average" may also refer to the median, mode, or other central or typical value.
Arithmetic mean:
The most common type of average is the arithmetic mean. If n numbers are given, each number
denoted by ai (where i = 1,2, …, n), the arithmetic mean is the sum of the as divided by n or

The arithmetic mean, often simply called the mean, of two numbers, such as 2 and 8, is
obtained by finding a value A such that 2 + 8 = A + A. One may find that A = (2 + 8)/2 = 5.
Switching the order of 2 and 8 to read 8 and 2 does not change the resulting value obtained
for A. The mean 5 is not less than the minimum 2 nor greater than the maximum 8. If we
increase the number of terms in the list to 2, 8, and 11, the arithmetic mean is found by
solving for the value of A in the equation 2 + 8 + 11 = A + A + A. One finds
that A= (2 + 8 + 11)/3 = 7.
Geometric mean:
The geometric mean of n non-negative numbers is obtained by multiplying them all together and
then taking the nth root. In algebraic terms, the geometric mean of a1, a2, …, anis defined as

Geometric mean can be thought of as the antilog of the arithmetic mean of the logs of the
numbers.

Example: Geometric mean of 2 and 8 is

Mean:
In mathematics, mean has several different definitions depending on the context.
In probability and statistics, mean and expected value are used synonymously to refer to one
measure of the central tendency either of a probability distribution or of the random
variable characterized by that distribution.[1] In the case of a discrete probability distribution of a
random variable X, the mean is equal to the sum over every possible value weighted by the
probability of that value; that is, it is computed by taking the product of each possible
value x of X and its probability P(x), and then adding all these products together,
giving .] An analogous formula applies to the case of a continuous probability
distribution. Not every probability distribution has a defined mean; see the Cauchy
distribution for an example. Moreover, for some distributions the mean is infinite: for example,
when the probability of the value is for n = 1, 2, 3, ....
For a data set, the terms arithmetic mean, mathematical expectation, and
sometimes average are used synonymously to refer to a central value of a discrete set of
numbers: specifically, the sum of the values divided by the number of values. The arithmetic
mean of a set of numbers x1, x2, ..., xn is typically denoted by , pronounced "x bar"

Mode
The most frequently occurring number in a list is called the mode. For example, the mode of the
list (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4) is 3. It may happen that there are two or more numbers which occur
equally often and more often than any other number. In this case there is no agreed definition of
mode. Some authors say they are all modes and some say there is no mode

Median:
The median is the middle number of the group when they are ranked in order. (If there are an
even number of numbers, the mean of the middle two is taken.)
Thus to find the median, order the list according to its elements' magnitude and then repeatedly
remove the pair consisting of the highest and lowest values until either one or two values are
left. If exactly one value is left, it is the median; if two values, the median is the arithmetic mean
of these two. This method takes the list 1, 7, 3, 13 and orders it to read 1, 3, 7, 13. Then the 1
and 13 are removed to obtain the list 3, 7. Since there are two elements in this remaining list,
the median is their arithmetic mean, (3 + 7)/2 = 5.
Range:
In arithmetic, the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest values.
However, in descriptive statistics, this concept of range has a more complex meaning. The range
is the size of the smallest interval which contains all the data and provides an indication
of statistical dispersion. It is measured in the same units as the data. Since it only depends on
two of the observations, it is most useful in representing the dispersion of small data sets.[2]