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Beirut Arab University
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Abstract— Traffic light control systems are widely used to respectively; and time of the year as holidays and summer.
monitor and control the flow of automobiles through the junction Secondly, the current traffic light system is implemented with
of many roads. They aim to realize smooth motion of cars in the hard coded delays where the lights transition time slots are
transportation routes. However, the synchronization of multiple fixed regularly and do not depend on real time traffic flow. The
traffic light systems at adjacent intersections is a complicated third point is concerned with the state of one light at an
problem given the various parameters involved. Conventional intersection that influences the flow of traffic at adjacent
systems do not handle variable flows approaching the junctions. intersections. Also, the conventional traffic system does not
In addition, the mutual interference between adjacent traffic consider the case of accidents, roadworks, and breakdown cars
light systems, the disparity of cars flow with time, the accidents,
that worsen traffic congestion. In addition, a crucial issue is
the passage of emergency vehicles, and the pedestrian crossing
are not implemented in the existing traffic system. This leads to
related to the smooth motion through intersections of
traffic jam and congestion. We propose a system based on PIC emergency vehicles of higher priorities such as ambulances,
microcontroller that evaluates the traffic density using IR sensors rescue vehicles, fire brigade, police, and VIP persons that
and accomplishes dynamic timing slots with different levels. could get stuck in the crowd. Finally, the pedestrians that cross
Moreover, a portable controller device is designed to solve the the lanes also alter the traffic system.
problem of emergency vehicles stuck in the overcrowded roads. The conventional traffic system needs to be upgraded to
Keywords—Traffic light system; microcontroller; XBee wireless
solve the severe traffic congestion, alleviate transportation
communication; IR sensor; traffic density
troubles, reduce traffic volume and waiting time, minimize
I. INTRODUCTION overall travel time, optimize cars safety and efficiency, and
expand the benefits in health, economic, and environmental
Traffic lights, developed since 1912, are signaling devices sectors. This paper proposes a simple, low-cost, and real time
that are conceived to control the traffic flows at road smart traffic light control system that aims to overcome many
intersections, pedestrian crossings, rail trains, and other defects and improve the traffic management. The system is
locations. Traffic lights consist of three universal colored based on PIC microcontroller that controls the various
lights: the green light allows traffic to proceed in the indicated operations, monitors the traffic volume and density flow via
direction, the yellow light warns vehicles to prepare for short infrared sensors (IR), and changes the lighting transition slots
stop, and the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding accordingly. Moreover, a handheld portable device
[1]. communicates wirelessly with the traffic master controller by
Nowadays, many countries suffer from the traffic means of XBee transceivers in order to run the appropriate
congestion problems that affect the transportation system in subroutines and allow the smooth displacement of emergency
cities and cause serious dilemma. In spite of replacing traffic vehicles through the intersection.
officers and flagmen by automatic traffic systems, the
optimization of the heavy traffic jam is still a major issue to be II. INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM
faced, especially with multiple junction nodes [2]. The rapid The design of intelligent traffic control system is an active
increase of the number of automobiles and the constantly rising research topic. Researchers around the world are inventing
number of road users are not accompanied with promoted newer approaches and innovative systems to solve this stressful
infrastructures with sufficient resources. Partial solutions were problem. Models based on mathematical equations are applied
offered by constructing new roads, implementing flyovers and to estimate the car waiting time at a junction, the number of
bypass roads, creating rings, and performing roads cars in the waiting queue, the extension of the waiting cars
rehabilitation. along the lane, the optimal timing slots for green, yellow, and
red lights that best fit the real and veritable situation and the
However, the traffic problem is very complicated due to the efficient combination of routing. In fact, the mutual
involvement of diverse parameters. First, the traffic flow dependencies between nearby intersections lead to a
depends on the time of the day where the traffic peak hours are complicated formulation with cumbersome parameters. These
generally in the morning and in the afternoon; on the days of parameters are accidental, hazardous, dependent, and the worse
the week where weekends reveal minimum load while point is the variance of these parameters with time. Thus,
Mondays and Fridays generally show dense traffic oriented finding a dynamic, consistent, and convenient solution is quite
from cities to their outskirts and in reverse direction
The designed smart traffic light control system corresponds First configuration Second configuration
to a junction of 4 mono directional roads in the form of "+" as Phase I Phase II Phase I Phase II
shown in Fig. 1. We aim in the first place to investigate the A-G ON A-G OFF A-G OFF A-G OFF
technologies of the existing systems and seek the most A-Y OFF A-Y ON A-Y OFF A-Y OFF
appropriate employed devices. We try also to test the proposed A-R OFF A-R OFF A-R ON A-R ON
integrated design as architecture, hardware, and software. Next B-G OFF B-G OFF B-G ON B-G OFF
step will be an extension of the suggested traffic light system to B-Y OFF B-Y OFF B-Y OFF B-Y ON
B-R ON B-R ON B-R OFF B-R OFF
a bidirectional "+" junction with various routing R-G ON R-G ON R-G OFF R-G OFF
configurations. Our research target involves the management R-R OFF R-R OFF R-R ON R-R ON
of traffic light systems for multiple adjacent bidirectional L-G OFF L-G OFF L-G ON L-G ON
roads. L-R ON L-R ON L-R OFF L-R OFF
The transportation system trouble and the bad monitoring and failure modes. The integration of different traffic
may cause car accidents, traffic jam, and roads congestion that controllers at several junctions will be investigated in the future
put heavy loads on businesses and works. in order to accomplish a complete synchronization. To study
the system performance, traffic data can be recorded and
The advancement of technologies and the miniature of downloaded to computer platform where statistical data
control devices, appliances and sensors have given the analysis studies could be applied to better understand the traffic
capability to build sophisticated smart and intelligent flows between the intersections. Finally, traffic light controller
embedded systems to solve human problems and facilitate the could be powered by solar power panels to reduce grid
life style. Our smart traffic light control system endeavors to electricity consumption and realize green energy operations.
contribute to the scientific society to ameliorate the existing
traffic light systems and manage the flow of automobiles at the REFERENCES
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