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World Steel in Figures 2016 PDF
World Steel in Figures 2016 PDF
STEEL USE In 2015, concern over excess capacity once again increased. As
Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2005����������������� 14 mentioned during an OECD high level symposium on the topic,
“overcapacity is a global problem requiring a global solution; structural
Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2015����������������� 15
adjustments are required.” Restructuring is not new; it is an ongoing
Apparent steel use, 2009 to 2015 ���������������������������������������������������� 16
process as old as the industry itself and it requires appropriate industrial
Apparent steel use per capita, 2009 to 2015 ������������������������������������ 17
policy developed by governments in cooperation with industry.
Barriers to exit as well as social and environmental impacts need to be
RAW MATERIALS
addressed and planned for. In today’s economic context it is ever more
Pig iron, 2014 and 2015 ������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
crucial that policies promote a level playing field to ensure that steel
Direct reduced iron production, 2008 to 2015 ���������������������������������� 19 companies in one region are not put at a disadvantage with steelmakers
Iron ore, 2014 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 from other regions or in relation to competing materials.
World iron ore trade by area, 2015 ��������������������������������������������������� 21
But one must never forget that the key word in any discussion about
Trade in ferrous scrap, 2014 and 2015 ��������������������������������������������� 22
steel is “sustainable”. If one longstanding challenge for the industry
World trade in ferrous scrap by area, 2015 ��������������������������������������� 23
has been how to produce steel with lower carbon emissions, the new
challenge is improving the value of steel in applications. This needs
STEEL TRADE
a major focus on innovation.
World trade in steel products, 1975 to 2015 �������������������������������������� 24
World volume of trade, 2000 to 2015 ����������������������������������������������� 24 Steel plays a key role in the new circular business model in which
World steel exports, analysis by product, 2010 to 2015 ��������������������� 25 all products must be designed and manufactured to be repaired,
World steel trade by area, 2015 �������������������������������������������������������� 26 remanufactured, reused and recycled. The next few pages of this
publication give you a glimpse of why steel, thanks to its strength,
Major importers and exporters of steel, 2015������������������������������������� 27
adaptability, flexibility and durability, is the essential material in the
INDIRECT TRADE circular economy.
Indirect trade in steel, 2000 to 2014 ������������������������������������������������� 28 This booklet provides a comprehensive overview of steel industry
Major indirect importers and exporters of steel, 2014 ������������������������ 28 activities, stretching from production to steel use to some indications
True steel use, 2008 to 2014 ����������������������������������������������������������� 29 of global trade flows.
Apparent and true steel use per capita, 2014 ����������������������������������� 29
Reduce Remanufacture
To reduce is to decrease the amount of material, energy and other Remanufacture is the process of restoring durable, used steel products
resources used to create steel as well as decreasing the weight of steel to as-new condition.
used in products by developing higher strength steels.
D U CT I O N B E N
H T RE EF
End-of-life turbine
W EI G IT S
n
a ti o
Reduced use
In s p
Job creation
of raw
R e c e r t i fi c
in R&D Remanufacturing steel
e c ti o n
materials
products can significantly
extend the life span of a
Automotive Construction Packaging component and preserve
Reduced
Reduced the energy used to create it.
transport
CO 2 emissions High-strength steels have led to a 25 to 40%
impact
weight reduction over the past
three decades, with corresponding
bly
em
em
decreases in emissions
s
as
R
and energy use an
ufa
c t ur Dis
e
ct
uri
OUTPUT to make new products, such as fertilisers,
ng
Pr
electricity, cement, roadstones, paint, and e-
co
ns
much more. Waste is reduced to a minimum. um
er r
ecycl
ing
Po
Steel
s t-
on
c
64.4% su
me
r re
c yc lin g Today 650 million
tonnes of steel are
Waste
recycled every year.
2.7%
For more examples, visit the circular economy section of worldsteel.org
4 5
SUSTAINABLE STEEL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION
1950 TO 2015
of a steel product looks at resource and energy use, as well as by- 1960 347 1999 790 2010 1,433
1965 456 2000 850 2011 1,538
products and emissions released to air, water and land, from the raw
1970 595 2001 852 2012 1,560
material extraction phase to its end-of-life phase, including recycling
1975 644 2002 905 2013 1,650
and disposal. LCA can be used to identify priorities for improvements in
1980 717 2003 971 2014 1,670
process operations and product design and development. This ensures 1985 719 2004 1,063 2015 1,621
that improvements in one life cycle phase do not result in unintended 1990 770 2005 1,148
consequences in another phase or impact category. 1995 753 2006 1,250
1996 751 2007 1,348
steeluniversity 1,800
Average Growth Rates
The steel industry needs to attract and retain young talent to drive the % per annum
process of innovation forward. steeluniversity, a worldsteel initiative, is an Years World
industry university delivering education and training to current and future 1,600
1950-55 7.4
employees of steel companies and related businesses. steeluniversity 1955-60 5.1
delivers online courses on steel manufacturing, steel applications, ferrous 1960-65 5.6
1,400 1965-70 5.5
metallurgy, business, environment and safety. A new steel competitive 1970-75 1.6
game called steelBusiness has been launched to provide training to 1975-80 2.2
1980-85 0.1
understand steel company finances as you run a virtual steel company.
1,200 1985-90 1.4
Annual highlights include steelManagement (a four-day residential course 1990-95 -0.5
on steel business strategy) and steelChallenge (a global competition for 1995-00 2.5
2000-05 6.2
young people using a manufacturing simulation). 2005-10 4.5
1,000
2010-15 2.5
Nothing is more important than the safety and health of people who
work in the steel industry. worldsteel is set up to support its members 600
to achieve the ‘zero’ goal, an injury-free and healthy workplace for
employees and contractors. This year, worldsteel produced an updated
position paper on safety and health in which the organisation outlines 400
its activities. One of the key initiatives is the Steel Safety Day held every
year on 28 April. Its aim is to reinforce the leadership needed to eliminate
the top five causes of serious injury: moving machinery, falling from 200
heights, falling objects, gas and asphyxiation, and overhead cranes.
Other worldsteel activities include safety workshops, shop floor audits,
0
sharing of metrics and best practices, and an annual safety and health
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
recognition programme.
6 7
TOP STEEL-PRODUCING COMPANIES MAJOR STEEL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES
2015 2014 AND 2015
million tonnes crude steel production million tonnes crude steel production
Rank Company Tonnage Rank Company Tonnage 2015 2014
Country
Rank Tonnage Rank Tonnage
1 ArcelorMittal 97.14 26 SAIL 14.34
China 1 803.8 1 822.8
2 Hesteel Group 47.75 27 IMIDRO 14.10 Japan 2 105.2 2 110.7
India 3 89.4 4 87.3
3 NSSMC 46.37 28 Rizhao Steel 14.00
United States 4 78.8 3 88.2
4 POSCO 41.97 29 Fangda Steel 13.21 Russia 5 70.9 6 71.5
South Korea 6 69.7 5 71.5
5 Baosteel Group (1) 34.94 30 JSW Steel Limited 12.42 Germany 7 42.7 7 42.9
6 Shagang Group 34.21 31 MMK 12.24 Brazil 8 33.3 9 33.9
Turkey 9 31.5 8 34.0
7 Ansteel Group 32.50 32 Baotou Steel 11.86 Ukraine 10 23.0 10 27.2
Italy 11 22.0 11 23.7
8 JFE Steel Corporation 29.83 33 Severstal 11.45
Taiwan, China 12 21.4 12 23.1
9 Shougang Group 28.55 34 Jingye Steel 11.32 Mexico 13 18.2 13 18.9
Iran 14 16.1 14 16.3
10 Tata Steel Group 26.31 35 Liuzhou Steel (2) 10.83
France 15 15.0 15 16.1
11 Wuhan Steel Group (2) 25.78 36 Anyang Steel 10.74 Spain 16 14.8 16 14.2
Canada 17 12.5 17 12.7
12 Shandong Steel Group 21.69 37 Zongheng Steel 10.38
United Kingdom 18 10.9 18 12.1
13 Hyundai Steel 20.48 38 Taiyuan Steel 10.26 Poland 19 9.2 19 8.6
Austria 20 7.7 20 7.9
14 Nucor Corporation 19.62 39 Jinxi Steel 9.77 Belgium 21 7.3 21 7.3
15 Maanshan Steel 18.82 40 Metinvest Holding 9.65 Netherlands 22 7.0 22 7.0
South Africa 23 6.4 24 6.4
16 thyssenkrupp 17.34 41 Sanming Steel 9.58 Viet Nam (e) 24 6.1 26 5.8
Egypt 25 5.5 23 6.5
17 Gerdau 17.03 42 Zenith Steel 9.08
Czech Republic 26 5.3 28 5.4
18 Tianjin Bohai Steel 16.27 43 Erdemir Group 8.93 Saudi Arabia 27 5.2 25 6.3
Argentina 28 5.0 27 5.5
19 NLMK 16.05 44 Xinyu Steel 8.64
Australia 29 4.9 30 4.6
20 Jianlong Group 15.14 45 Nanjing Steel 8.59 Slovak Republic 30 4.6 29 4.7
Sweden 31 4.4 31 4.5
21 Benxi Steel 14.99 46 Techint Group 8.40 Indonesia (e) 32 4.2 32 4.4
22 Valin Group 14.87 47 Guofeng Steel 8.29 Malaysia (e) 33 4.1 33 4.3
Finland 34 4.0 35 3.8
23 China Steel Corporation 14.82 48 voestalpine Group 7.76 Kazakhstan 35 3.9 36 3.7
24 U. S. Steel Corporation 14.52 49 Jiuquan Steel 7.69 Thailand 36 3.7 34 4.1
Romania 37 3.4 37 3.2
25 EVRAZ 14.35 50 CITIC Pacific 7.61 United Arab Emirates 38 3.0 41 2.4
Pakistan 39 2.9 40 2.4
(1) B aosteel now has minority ownership in Ningbo therefore Ningbo tonnage is not included. Qatar 40 2.6 38 3.0
(2) L iuzhou Steel is no longer part of Wuhan Steel Group and is now listed separately. Byelorussia 41 2.5 39 2.5
Luxembourg 42 2.1 42 2.2
Portugal (e) 43 2.0 43 2.1
Notes on company ownership and tonnage calculations: For worldsteel members, the data
Oman (e) 44 2.0 44 1.5
was sourced from their official tonnage declaration. For Chinese companies, the official CISA
Hungary 45 1.7 50 1.2
tonnage publication was used. In cases of more than 50% ownership, 100% of the subsidiary’s
tonnage is included. In cases of 30%-50% ownership, pro-rata tonnage is included. Unless Switzerland (e) 46 1.5 46 1.5
otherwise specified, less than 30% ownership is considered a minority interest and therefore Venezuela 47 1.3 45 1.5
not included. North Korea (e) 48 1.3 47 1.3
Colombia 49 1.2 48 1.2
For an extended company listing, go to worldsteel.org/statistics/top-producers. Philippines (e) 50 1.1 49 1.2
Others 14.8 14.8
World 1,620.9 1,669.9
8 9
CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION CONTINUOUSLY-CAST STEEL OUTPUT
BY PROCESS, 2015 2013 TO 2015
Million Oxygen % Electric Open hearth Other Total Million tonnes % Crude steel output
tonnes % % % %
Austria 7.7 91.3 8.7 - - 100.0
2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015
Belgium 7.3 66.3 33.7 - - 100.0 Austria 7.7 7.6 7.4 96.4 96.3 96.6
Bulgaria 0.5 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Belgium 7.1 7.3 7.3 100.0 100.0 100.0
Croatia 0.1 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Bulgaria 0.5 0.6 0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0
Czech Republic 5.3 93.2 6.8 - - 100.0 Croatia 0.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
Finland 4.0 65.8 34.2 - - 100.0 Czech Republic 4.7 4.9 4.8 91.1 91.6 91.2
France 15.0 65.6 34.4 - - 100.0 Finland 3.5 3.8 4.0 99.5 99.5 99.6
Germany 42.7 70.4 29.6 - - 100.0 France 15.1 15.5 14.4 96.3 96.2 96.1
Greece 0.9 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Germany 41.3 41.6 41.4 96.9 96.8 97.0
Hungary 1.7 90.0 10.0 - - 100.0 Greece 1.0 1.0 0.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
Italy 22.0 21.8 78.2 - - 100.0 Hungary 0.9 1.2 1.7 100.0 100.0 100.0
Luxembourg 2.1 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Italy 22.9 22.3 20.8 95.0 94.2 94.3
Netherlands 7.0 98.5 1.5 - - 100.0 Latvia (e) 0.2 - - 100.0 - -
Poland 9.2 57.8 42.2 - - 100.0 Luxembourg 2.1 2.2 2.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
Portugal (e) 2.0 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Netherlands 6.6 6.8 6.9 98.0 98.2 98.5
Romania 3.4 59.7 40.3 - - 100.0 Poland 7.8 8.4 9.0 97.9 98.1 98.3
Slovak Republic 4.6 92.9 7.1 - - 100.0 Portugal (e) 2.0 2.1 2.0 99.5 99.2 98.8
Slovenia 0.6 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Romania 2.9 3.1 3.3 97.2 98.2 97.9
Spain 14.8 31.7 68.3 - - 100.0 Slovak Republic 4.5 4.7 4.6 99.7 99.8 99.8
Sweden 4.4 66.1 33.9 - - 100.0 Slovenia 0.5 0.5 0.5 82.3 80.2 80.1
United Kingdom 10.9 83.8 16.2 - - 100.0 Spain 13.9 13.9 14.6 97.8 97.8 98.2
European Union (28) 166.1 60.6 39.4 - - 100.0 Sweden 3.9 4.0 3.8 87.6 87.6 88.0
Turkey 31.5 35.0 65.0 - - 100.0 United Kingdom 11.7 11.9 10.8 98.7 98.6 98.6
Others 4.7 38.1 61.9 - - 100.0 European Union (28) 160.9 163.6 160.8 96.7 96.6 96.8
Other Europe 36.2 35.4 64.6 - - 100.0 Turkey 34.7 34.0 31.5 100.0 100.0 100.0
Russia 70.9 67.7 29.0 2.4 0.9 100.0 Others 4.0 4.3 4.6 99.7 99.8 99.7
Ukraine 23.0 71.8 5.6 22.6 - 100.0 Other Europe 38.6 38.4 36.2 100.0 100.0 100.0
Other CIS 7.7 47.1 52.9 - - 100.0 Russia 56.0 58.5 58.0 81.2 81.9 81.8
CIS 101.6 67.0 25.5 6.9 0.6 100.0 Ukraine 17.0 14.7 11.2 52.0 54.1 48.9
Canada 12.5 53.8 46.2 - - 100.0 Other CIS 6.6 7.4 7.7 99.9 99.9 99.9
Mexico 18.2 29.7 70.3 - - 100.0 CIS 79.7 80.6 76.9 73.5 76.0 75.7
United States 78.8 37.3 62.7 - - 100.0 Canada 12.1 12.5 12.2 97.1 98.0 97.6
NAFTA 109.5 37.9 62.1 - - 100.0 Mexico 18.2 18.9 18.2 99.7 99.9 99.9
Argentina 5.0 56.1 43.9 - - 100.0 United States 85.8 86.9 78.1 98.8 98.5 99.0
Brazil 33.3 78.5 19.9 - 1.6 100.0 NAFTA 116.0 118.3 108.5 98.7 98.7 99.0
Chile 1.1 69.5 30.5 - - 100.0 Argentina 5.2 5.5 5.0 99.7 99.7 99.7
Venezuela 1.3 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Brazil 33.4 33.4 32.9 97.9 98.5 99.0
Others 4.2 7.0 93.0 - - 100.0 Venezuela 2.1 1.5 1.3 100.0 100.0 100.0
Central and South America 44.9 66.8 32.0 - 1.2 100.0 Other Latin America 5.1 5.0 5.0 94.0 100.0 94.7
Egypt (e) 5.5 10.5 89.5 - - 100.0 Central and South America 45.8 45.4 44.3 97.7 98.8 98.6
South Africa 6.4 61.1 38.9 - - 100.0 Egypt (e) 6.8 6.5 5.5 100.0 100.0 100.0
Other Africa 1.7 38.5 61.5 - - 100.0 South Africa 7.1 6.4 6.4 99.7 99.5 99.4
Africa 13.6 37.8 62.2 - - 100.0 Other Africa 1.9 1.9 1.7 100.0 100.0 100.0
Iran 16.1 14.9 85.1 - - 100.0 Africa 15.8 14.7 13.5 99.9 99.8 99.7
Saudi Arabia 5.2 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Iran 15.4 16.3 16.1 100.0 100.0 99.8
Other Middle East 7.9 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Saudi Arabia 5.5 6.3 5.2 100.0 100.0 100.0
Middle East 29.3 8.2 91.8 - - 100.0 Other Middle East 5.9 7.2 7.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
China 803.8 93.9 6.1 - - 100.0 Middle East 26.8 29.8 29.2 100.0 100.0 99.9
India 89.4 42.7 57.3 - - 100.0 China 808.2 809.0 790.0 98.3 98.3 98.3
Japan 105.2 77.1 22.9 - - 100.0 India (e) 66.3 72.3 74.5 81.5 82.8 83.4
South Korea 69.7 69.6 30.4 - - 100.0 Japan 108.9 108.5 103.1 98.5 98.1 98.1
Taiwan, China 21.4 62.4 37.6 - - 100.0 South Korea 65.0 70.4 68.7 98.4 98.4 98.6
Other Asia 21.0 4.6 92.4 - 3.0 100.0 Taiwan, China 22.2 23.0 21.3 99.6 99.6 99.6
Asia 1,110.4 84.4 15.5 - 0.1 100.0 Other Asia 12.7 14.7 13.7 100.0 100.0 100.0
Australia 4.9 77.1 22.9 - - 100.0 Asia 1,083.4 1,097.9 1,071.3 97.2 97.2 97.1
New Zealand 0.8 73.5 26.5 - - 100.0 Australia 4.6 4.6 4.9 98.7 99.4 99.5
Total of above countries 1,617.3 74.4 25.1 0.4 0.1 100.0 New Zealand 0.9 0.9 0.8 100.0 100.0 100.0
The countries in this table accounted for more than 99% of world crude steel production in 2015. Total of above countries 1,572.6 1,594.2 1,546.4 95.8 96.1 96.1
The countries in this table accounted for more than 99% of world crude steel production in 2015.
10 11
MONTHLY CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION
2012 TO 2015
million tonnes million tonnes
Total 66 reporting countries NAFTA
145 12
11
135
10
125
9
4.5
15
4.0
13
3.5
9.5
9.5
9.0
9.0
8.5
8.5
8.0
actual data deseasonalised data actual data deseasonalised data
7.5 8.0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2012 2013 2014 2015
Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Trinidad
and Tobago, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States,
55
Uruguay, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela.
In 2015, these 66 countries accounted for more than 98% of world crude steel actual data deseasonalised data
production. 45
2012 2013 2014 2015
12 13
STEEL PRODUCTION AND USE: STEEL PRODUCTION AND USE:
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
2005 2015
Apparent steel use (finished steel products) Apparent steel use (finished steel products)
World total: 1,046 million tonnes World total: 1,500 million tonnes
Other Europe
Other Europe 2.7%
Others 2.3% Others EU (28) CIS
EU (28) 3.3%
9.1% 16.0% 9.6% 10.2%
Other Asia CIS Other Asia
14.9% 4.0% 16.2% NAFTA
9.0%
Japan NAFTA Japan
7.3% 13.1% 4.2%
China China
33.2% 44.8%
14 15
APPARENT STEEL USE APPARENT STEEL USE PER CAPITA
2009 TO 2015 2009 TO 2015
16 17
PIG IRON DIRECT REDUCED IRON PRODUCTION
2014 AND 2015 2008 TO 2015
million tonnes million tonnes
Production Production - Exports + Imports Apparent 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
= Consumption
2014 2015 2015 2015 Germany 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6
2015
Austria 6.0 5.8 0.0 0.1 5.9 Sweden 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Belgium-Luxembourg 4.4 4.2 0.1 0.2 4.3 European Union (28) 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7
Czech Republic 4.2 4.0 0.0 0.1 4.1
Russia 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.4 -
Finland 2.5 2.6 0.0 0.0 2.6
France 10.9 10.1 0.0 0.1 10.2 Canada 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.5
Germany 27.4 27.8 0.1 0.5 28.2 Mexico 6.0 4.1 5.4 5.9 5.6 6.1 6.0 5.5
Hungary 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.3
United States 0.3 - - - - - - -
Italy 6.4 5.1 0.1 1.7 6.7
Netherlands 5.9 6.1 0.2 0.4 6.2 NAFTA 7.0 4.5 6.0 6.6 6.4 7.3 7.5 7.0
Poland 4.6 4.8 0.1 0.2 5.0 Argentina 1.8 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.3
Romania 1.6 1.8 0.0 0.0 1.8 Brazil 0.3 0.0 - - - - - -
Slovak Republic 3.8 3.7 0.0 0.0 3.8
Peru 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Spain 4.0 4.4 0.0 0.2 4.7
Trinidad and Tobago 2.8 2.0 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.3 1.6 2.2
Sweden 3.1 2.9 0.1 0.1 2.8
United Kingdom 9.7 8.8 0.0 0.0 8.8 Venezuela 6.8 5.5 3.8 4.2 4.5 2.7 1.4 1.4
Other EU - - 0.1 0.1 0.1 Central and South America 11.8 8.4 8.5 9.0 9.4 7.6 4.8 4.9
European Union (28) 95.2 93.4 0.8 3.9 96.4 Egypt 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.5
Turkey 9.4 10.2 0.0 1.2 11.4
Libya 1.6 1.1 1.3 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.4
Others 1.5 1.8 0.0 0.0 1.8
South Africa 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.1 (e)
Other Europe 10.9 12.0 0.1 1.2 13.2
Kazakhstan 3.2 3.2 0.0 - 3.2 Africa 5.4 5.5 5.4 4.5 5.1 5.7 5.5 4.0
Russia 51.5 52.6 5.3 0.0 47.2 Iran 7.4 8.1 9.4 10.4 11.6 14.5 14.6 14.5
Ukraine 24.8 21.8 2.2 0.0 19.6 Oman - - - 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 (e)
Other CIS - - 0.0 0.1 0.1
Qatar 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6
CIS 79.5 77.6 7.5 0.1 70.2
Canada 6.7 5.9 0.0 0.1 5.9 Saudi Arabia 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.8 5.7 6.1 5.5 4.8
Mexico 5.1 4.6 0.0 0.8 5.4 United Arab Emirates - - 1.2 1.8 2.7 3.1 2.4 3.2
United States 29.4 25.4 0.1 4.5 29.9 Middle East 14.0 15.2 18.3 21.4 23.8 27.5 26.5 26.7
NAFTA 41.2 35.9 0.1 5.4 41.2 China 0.2 0.0 - - - - - -
Argentina 2.8 2.7 - 0.1 2.7
India 21.2 22.0 23.4 22.0 20.1 16.9 20.4 17.4
Brazil 27.0 27.8 2.8 0.0 25.1
Chile 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 Indonesia 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.2 (e)
Other Latin America 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 Malaysia 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.3 1.4 1.0 1.0 (e)
Central and South America 30.7 31.4 2.8 0.1 28.8 Asia 24.5 25.6 27.1 26.1 22.9 19.0 21.5 18.6
South Africa 4.4 4.5 0.4 0.0 4.0
World 67.9 64.3 70.5 73.2 73.4 73.1 71.8 61.9
Other Africa 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.2 1.0
Africa 5.3 5.3 0.4 0.2 5.0
Iran 2.8 2.5 - - 2.5
Other Middle East - - 0.0 0.1 0.1
Middle East 2.8 2.5 0.0 0.1 2.6
China 716.5 691.4 0.2 0.2 691.4
India 55.2 57.3 0.5 0.0 56.8
Japan 83.9 81.0 0.1 0.1 81.1
South Korea 46.9 47.6 0.0 0.4 48.1
Taiwan, China 14.4 14.4 0.0 0.6 14.9
Other Asia 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.5 1.8
Asia 918.7 893.6 1.3 1.8 894.1
Australia 3.3 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.6
New Zealand 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7
Other Oceania - - - 0.0 0.0
Oceania 4.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 4.3
World 1,188.0 1,155.9 13.0 12.9 1,155.8
18 19
IRON ORE WORLD IRON ORE TRADE BY AREA
2014 2015
Other America
Total imports
Other Europe
Italy - 0.0 9.5 9.5
Oceania
Netherlands - 21.8 29.7 7.9
NAFTA
Asia
Poland - 0.1 7.4 7.4
CIS
Destination
Romania - 0.0 2.2 2.2
European Union
Slovakia - 0.1 6.0 5.9 37.0 4.0 27.1 17.7 54.0 13.2 0.0 - 153.1 116.0
(28)
Spain - 0.0 5.7 5.7
Other Europe 1.3 0.1 4.6 0.7 5.0 0.3 0.5 - 12.5 12.4
Sweden 28.1 23.7 0.0 4.4
United Kingdom - 0.0 14.5 14.5 CIS 0.0 0.0 11.1 - - 0.0 0.0 - 11.1 0.0
Other EU - 2.3 4.4 2.1
European Union (28) 30.9 48.2 157.8 140.6 NAFTA 0.2 0.0 - 8.9 2.9 0.1 0.0 - 12.1 3.2
Bosnia-Herzegovina 2.1 0.4 0.0 1.7 Other America 0.0 - - 1.4 13.7 - 0.0 0.0 15.2 1.5
Norway 3.5 4.0 0.0 -0.5
Africa and Middle
Turkey 7.0 1.0 8.5 14.5 5.2 0.0 - 0.2 24.8 0.0 0.6 - 30.8 30.8
East
Other Europe - 0.1 0.5 0.5
Europe 43.5 53.6 166.9 156.8 China 0.2 0.2 30.1 8.1 207.6 72.8 26.8 607.6 953.4 926.6
CIS 199.5 78.4 13.7 134.8
Japan 0.0 0.0 1.9 4.4 37.7 6.9 0.1 80.0 131.1 131.0
Canada 44.2 40.3 9.0 12.9
Mexico 17.2 2.3 1.6 16.5 Other Asia 0.0 0.1 0.4 3.8 51.6 6.0 1.7 122.9 186.4 184.7
United States 54.3 12.4 5.1 47.0
Oceania 0.0 - - - 0.1 0.0 1.6 1.1 2.8 1.7
NAFTA 115.7 55.0 15.6 76.4
Brazil 399.4 344.4 0.0 55.0 Total exports 44.1 4.3 75.2 45.2 397.4 99.3 31.2 811.6 1,508.2 1,407.8
Chile 14.5 14.5 - 0.0
of which: extra-
Peru 11.6 11.5 - 0.0 7.0 4.2 64.1 36.3 383.7 99.3 2.7 810.5 1,407.8
regional exports*
Venezuela 8.0 3.7 - 4.3
Other America 2.0 1.8 11.9 12.1 Net exports
-109.0 -8.2 64.1 33.1 382.2 68.6 -1,239.6 808.9
(exports - imports)
Central and South America 435.5 375.9 11.9 71.5
Liberia 4.3 5.0 - -0.7 * Excluding intra-regional trade marked
Mauritania 13.1 14.6 0.0 -1.5
South Africa 66.9 64.8 0.5 2.6
Other Africa 28.9 20.7 5.0 13.2
Africa 113.2 105.1 5.5 13.5
Middle East 48.5 23.1 26.5 51.9
China (1) 193.2 0.1 933.1 1,126.2
India 129.8 9.8 7.4 127.4
Japan - 0.0 136.4 136.4
South Korea - 0.1 73.5 73.4
Other Asia 28.5 31.3 92.4 89.6
Asia 351.5 41.5 1,242.9 1,553.0
Australia 723.7 754.3 3.0 -27.6
New Zealand and Other Oceania 2.1 2.2 0.0 -0.1
World 2,033.2 1,489.1 1,486.1 2,030.2
(1)
Production adjusted so that Fe content is similar to world average. Source: United Nations.
20 21
TRADE IN FERROUS SCRAP WORLD TRADE IN FERROUS SCRAP
2014 AND 2015 BY AREA, 2015
Other America
Other Europe
Total imports
France 6.2 5.4 2.5 2.2
Other Asia
Oceania
Germany 8.4 7.5 5.0 4.2
NAFTA
Japan
China
Greece 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.4
CIS
Destination
Italy 0.3 0.3 5.1 4.6
European Union
Netherlands 4.0 4.1 1.9 1.6 26.4 1.4 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.5 3.1
(28)
Poland 2.0 1.4 0.5 0.7
Slovak Republic 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 Other Europe 8.9 0.1 3.2 4.2 - 0.5 - - 0.0 0.0 16.9 16.8
Spain 0.6 0.3 4.8 5.0
Sweden 1.4 1.2 0.3 0.3 CIS 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 - - - - - 0.0 1.8 0.0
United Kingdom 7.0 7.3 0.4 0.3
Other EU 7.3 5.6 4.0 3.4 NAFTA 0.3 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.4
European Union (28) 45.6 40.1 31.9 29.1
Turkey 0.2 0.1 19.1 16.3 Other America 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 - - 0.0 - 0.7 0.5
Others 1.6 1.4 1.0 0.9
Other Europe 1.8 1.6 20.0 17.1 Africa 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 - - 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.5
Kazakhstan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Russia 5.8 5.9 0.3 0.2 Middle East 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 - 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.6
Ukraine 0.9 1.2 0.0 0.0
Other CIS 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.3 China 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 - 1.9 0.1 0.0 2.3 2.3
CIS 6.7 7.1 1.8 0.5
Canada 4.5 3.4 1.5 1.5 Japan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Mexico 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.5
United States 15.3 13.0 4.2 3.5 Other Asia 2.9 0.1 0.9 5.4 1.4 2.7 0.0 5.9 2.3 2.1 23.6 21.4
NAFTA 20.6 16.8 6.6 6.5
Brazil 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 Oceania 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other Central and South America 1.5 1.1 0.6 0.7
Central and South America 2.2 1.8 0.7 0.7 Total exports 39.8 1.6 7.1 16.1 1.8 3.5 0.0 7.8 2.6 2.3 82.6 46.6
South Africa 1.5 1.3 0.1 0.1
Other Africa 0.8 0.7 3.4 1.5 of which:
extra-regional 13.5 1.4 5.4 11.1 1.5 3.3 0.0 7.8 0.3 2.3 46.6
Africa 2.3 2.0 3.5 1.6
exports*
Middle East 2.0 1.5 1.2 0.7
China 0.0 0.0 2.6 2.3 Net exports
(exports- 10.4 -15.3 5.3 10.7 1.0 1.2 -2.3 7.7 -21.0 2.2
Japan 7.4 7.8 0.4 0.1
imports)
South Korea 0.3 0.4 8.0 5.8
Taiwan, China 0.1 0.1 4.3 3.4 * Excluding intra-regional trade marked
Other Asia 2.7 1.2 14.4 15.1
Asia 10.4 9.6 29.6 26.7
Australia and New Zealand 2.8 2.3 0.0 0.0
World 94.3 82.8 95.3 82.9
22 23
WORLD STEEL TRADE WORLD STEEL EXPORTS,
IN PRODUCTS ANALYSIS BY PRODUCT
1975 TO 2015 2010 TO 2015
million tonnes finished steel million tonnes
500 Exports 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Year Exports Production
450
share % Ingots and semi-finished material 58.7 57.7 58.5 54.1 54.3 51.5
1975 114.7 506.9 22.6
Railway track material 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.1
400 1980 140.6 578.7 24.3
Angles, shapes and sections 18.8 21.0 21.8 22.1 24.6 21.7
350 1985 171.0 599.0 28.5
Concrete re-inforcing bars 18.1 17.5 21.9 18.9 22.2 18.9
1990 171.0 654.0 26.2
300
1991 177.1 660.1 26.8 Bars and rods, hot-rolled 11.6 13.6 15.4 18.1 29.7 40.7
1992 196.1 658.2 29.8 Wire rod 20.0 21.8 23.2 24.2 29.4 29.0
250
1993 222.5 665.0 33.5 Drawn wire 6.9 7.5 7.6 7.7 8.9 8.4
200
1994 238.6 656.3 36.3 Other bars and rods 4.4 5.4 4.9 4.9 6.0 5.3
150 1995 246.6 685.7 36.0 Hot-rolled strip 4.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.3 2.9
1996 236.4 687.2 34.4 Cold-rolled strip 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 4.1 3.8
100
1997 267.9 730.3 36.7 Hot-rolled sheets and coils 65.3 63.4 64.4 67.3 75.8 77.8
50 1998 268.7 713.5 37.7
Plates 29.1 32.9 31.0 29.0 34.5 30.1
1999 280.8 725.8 38.7
0 Cold-rolled sheets and coils 33.9 34.4 32.7 33.0 37.2 32.8
2000 307.1 783.5 39.2
00
05
10
15
75
80
85
90
95
Electrical sheet and strip 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.1
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
24 25
WORLD STEEL TRADE BY AREA MAJOR IMPORTERS AND
2015 EXPORTERS OF STEEL
2015
million tonnes million tonnes
Exporting
Region Rank Total Exports Mt Rank Total Imports Mt
1 China 111.6 1 (1) 37.7
European Union (28)
Total imports
Other Asia
7 Ukraine 17.7 7 Viet Nam 16.3
Oceania
NAFTA
Middle East 1.8 4.9 4.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 10.7 1.7 4.9 0.1 29.1 29.1
26 27
INDIRECT TRADE IN STEEL TRUE STEEL USE
2000 TO 2014 2008 TO 2014
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2010 284.7
United States 111.3 68.9 91.2 101.6 112.5 113.5 123.8
2011 323.1 NAFTA 149.1 97.3 127.8 139.9 154.2 152.4 166.4
Indirect trade in steel takes place through 2012 319.8 Brazil 23.8 19.1 28.1 28.1 28.5 30.4 27.9
exports and imports of steel containing goods 2013 314.7 South America 45.2 34.9 48.7 52.2 53.6 55.4 51.6
and is expressed in finished steel equivalent of 2014 319.3 Africa and Middle East 76.9 72.6 73.4 80.5 82.1 84.7 88.4
products used. China 399.7 515.7 537.4 583.4 603.5 680.5 655.6
Japan 55.2 36.7 43.0 43.8 44.0 48.1 52.1
Further explanation on definitions and methodology of indirect trade in steel South Korea 44.2 29.1 33.8 35.6 35.1 35.6 39.3
can be found in Indirect Trade in Steel report (March 2015) on worldsteel.org. Asia and Oceania 628.4 703.9 760.2 815.5 847.9 935.3 920.5
Total (1) 1,163.9 1,083.3 1,233.2 1,330.0 1,361.3 1,457.0 1,460.0
Total comprises 74 countries, the most significant users of steel products worldwide
MAJOR INDIRECT IMPORTERS
(1)
2014
million tonnes, finished steel equivalent APPARENT AND TRUE STEEL USE
Rank Indirect Exports Mt Rank Indirect Imports Mt PER CAPITA, 2014
1 China 67.5 1 United States 39.1
2 Germany* 32.1 2 Germany* 21.8
3 Japan 23.0 3 China 12.3
kilogrammes, finished steel equivalent
4 United States 22.3 4 Canada 12.2
5 South Korea 22.3 5 United Kingdom* 11.4 South Korea
6 Mexico 13.9 6 France* 11.2 Canada
7 Italy* 13.0 7 Mexico 10.3 China
8 Poland* 9.1 8 Russia 9.4 Japan
9 Spain* 8.9 9 Belgium-Luxembourg* 7.8 United States
10 France* 7.9 10 Japan 7.4 Turkey
Germany
Net Indirect Exports Net Indirect Imports Russia
Rank Mt Rank Mt
(exports - imports) (imports - exports) Italy
1 China 55.1 1 United States 16.8 United Kingdom
2 South Korea 16.2 2 Russia 7.5 France
3 Japan 15.6 3 Canada 6.4 True steel use per capita
Spain Apparent steel use per capita
4 Germany* 10.3 4 United Kingdom* 5.5
Mexico
5 Italy* 6.2 5 Australia 4.8
Brazil
* Data for individual European Union (28) countries include intra-European trade 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
28 29
ABOUT WORLDSTEEL
The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most
dynamic industry associations in the world. worldsteel represents
approximately 150 steel producers (including 9 of the world’s 10 largest
steel companies), national and regional steel industry associations, and
steel research institutes. worldsteel members represent around 85% of
world steel production.
worldsteel’s mission is to act as the focal point for the steel industry.
worldsteel provides global leadership on all major strategic issues
affecting the industry, particularly focusing on economic, environmental
and social sustainability. worldsteel promotes steel and the steel industry
to customers, the industry, media and the general public. It assists its
members to develop the market for steel. worldsteel has major projects
in the automotive and construction sectors.
0.0 indicates that the quantity concerned is less than 0.05. Cover image: Musée des Confluences, Lyon, France, COOP
HIMMELB(L)AU Wolf D. Prix & Partner ; Photography © Sergio Pirrone
- indicates zero or no data.
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30
World Steel Association
worldsteel.org