Electrical Engineering 2k15 Lab Report ADC

FM Receiver
Introduction:
An FM receiver is similar to an AM receiver as far as the RF and IF stages go. The difference here is
that the frequencies are often higher. Once you get to the demodulator, however, there is a significant
difference because the FM receiver must detect frequency shift, while an AM receiver must detect
amplitude shift.
Definition:
In the communication process, the receiver is the listener, reader, or observer that is, the individual
(or the group of individuals) to whom a message is directed. Another name for receiver is audience or
decoder.
FM Modulation (Basic Concept of FM Receiver):
The FM receiver works on the basic principle of frequency modulation which states that the
modulation of a radio or other wave by variation of its frequency, especially to carry an audio signal.
Another word for modulation is change. The electromagnetic radiation must be modulated or changed
in order to be useful as a radio transmission. Without modulation, no information would be carried by
a radio signal. Modulation is an easy concept to understand, especially since it's all around us.
Components:
There are following components which are used for the construction of a FM receiver.
 Polar Capacitors ( 1µF (6) , 10µF (2) , 47µF (1) )
 Non polar capacitors (22pF (3) ,10.3pF (1) ,5pF (1) ,103pF (1) ,139pF (1) ,39pF(1) ,104Pf(1) )
 Resistors ( 100Ω (2) , 3.09kΩ , 100kΩ , 3kΩ (2) , 10kΩ ,390kΩ , 330Ω )
 Variable resistor (3kΩ)
 Inductors ( 4 turns(2) , 3 turns )
 Antenna
 PCB
 Zener Diode (1N3094)
 Speaker
 Battery
Description:
Resistor:
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. In our project we used various resistors of 100Ω , 3.09kΩ , 100kΩ , 3kΩ , 10kΩ
,390kΩ and 330Ω.
Variable Resistor:
An electronic component which is used in an electronic circuit for adjusting circuit resistance to
control voltage or current of that circuit or part of that circuit. We have used a variable resistor of
resistance 3kΩ in our receiver.
Inductor:
A component used in an electric or electronic circuit which possesses inductance. It may have several
turns. In our receiver we used 3 inductors. i.e: two inductors have 4 turns while one inductor has 3
turns.
Antenna:
A rod, wire or other device used to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In our circuit we used
antenna to receive signals of FM transmitter.
Capacitor:
A device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by
an insulator. In our circuit we used various polar and non-polar capacitors of different capacitances.
Printed Circuit Board (PCB):
2015-EE-702 MNS UET Multan
Electrical Engineering 2k15 Lab Report ADC
An electronic circuit consisting of thin strips of a conducting material such as copper, which have been
etched from a layer fixed to a flat insulating sheet called a printed circuit board, and to which integrated
circuits and other components are attached. We designed our circuit on that board.
Zener Diode:
A zener diode is a p-n junction semiconductor device that is designed to operate in the reverse
breakdown region. In our project we used two zener diodes 1N3094.
Speaker:
A device that changes electrical signals into sounds loud enough to be heard at a distance.
Battery:
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices. We used a battery to power our receiver.
Circuit Diagram:
Circuit Explanation:
Transistor BF495 (T2), together with a 10k resistor (R1), coil L, 22pF variable capacitor and internal
capacitances of transistor BF494 (T1), comprises the oscillator. The resonance frequency of this
oscillator is set by trimmer VC to the frequency of the transmitting station that we wish to listen. The
information signal used in the transmitter to perform the modulation is extracted on resistor R1 and
fed to the audio amplifier over a 220nF coupling capacitor (C1).
The self-supporting coil L has four turns of 22 SWG enamelled copper wire, with air core having 4mm
internal diameter. Capacitors C3 (100nF) and C10 (100µF, 25V), together with R3 (1k), comprise a
band-pass filter for very low frequencies, which is used to separate the low-frequency signal from the
high-frequency signal in the receiver. The antenna we used is …………………….
Procedure:
First of all we made our PCB board. For that purpose we took a copper sheet and cleaned the rough
copper from it. We printed our circuit on that copper sheet through iron and then wash it with chemical
and dry it. In this way we got our PCB ready. After that we put our components on the PCB as shown
in circuit diagram. After inserting all the components we made their connections strong by soldering
iron. At the end we enclosed our receiver in a case.
How FM Receiver Works?
A radio receiver is connected to an antenna which converts some of the energy from the incoming
radio wave into a tiny radio frequency AC voltage which is applied to the receiver's input. An antenna
typically consists of an arrangement of metal conductors. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields
of the radio wave push the electrons in the antenna back and forth, creating an oscillating voltage.
We attach our antenna outside the receiver while in AM receiver it is closed inside the receiver’s case
Applications:
There are various applications in which FM receiver is usesd.
 Broadcast television reception (e.g: Satellite TV)
 Two-way voice communications (e.g: cell phone)
 One-way (simplex) voice communications (e.g: Wireless microphone)
 Data communications (e.g: Bluetooth)
 Remote control
 Radio location
 Radio Telescope
Conclusion:
From our project we learnt about the basic principle on which a FM receiver works (i.e: FM
modulation). We learnt about the construction of FM receiver and also about its working. We also
came to know about its different applications.
Cost and Time:

2015-EE-702 MNS UET Multan