Hybrid Health Monitoring of PSC Girder Bridges using

Vibration and Impedance Based Methods

Dong-Soo Hong, Jeong-Tae Kim*, Won-Bae Na, Han-Sung Do
Department of Ocean Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea

ABSTACT

To develop a promising hybrid structural health monitoring (SHM) system, which enables to detect damage by the
dynamic response of the entire structure and more accurately locate damage with denser sensor array, a combined use of
structural vibration and electro-mechanical (EM) impedance is proposed. The hybrid SHM system is designed to use
vibration characteristics as global index and EM impedance as local index. The proposed health-monitoring scheme is
implemented into prestressed concrete (PSC) girder bridges for which a series of damage scenarios are designed to
simulate various prestress-loss situations at which the target bridges can experience during their service life. The
measured experimental results, modal parameters and electro-magnetic impedance signatures, are carefully analyzed to
recognize the occurrence of damage and furthermore to indicate its location.

Keywords: hybrid health monitoring, prestressed concrete, vibration signatures, impedance signatures, modal parameters

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the interest on the safety assessment of existing prestressed concrete (PSC) bridges has been increased.
Prestressed concrete is defined as concrete in which there have been introduced internal stressed of such magnitudes and
distribution that the stresses resulting from given external loading are counteracted to a desired degree. The prestress
force is one of unknown parameters in the PSC bridges that is introduced to control crack initiation in concrete, to reduce
deflections, and to add strength to the prestressed members. Therefore, a substantial difference between the desired and
the in-service prestress forces can lead to severe and critical serviceability and safety problems [1-4]. In other words, a
PSC girder is considered as irreparable as it is seriously damaged on the condition of the prestressing strands. It is known
that the loss of the prestress force in tendon occurs due to elastic shortening and bending of concrete, creep and shrinkage
of concrete, steel relaxation, anchorage take-up, and frictional loss between tendon and its surrounding materials. In
addition, the loss of the prestress force unexpectedly occurs due to damage or severing of prestress strands. Therefore, it
is very important to estimate the prestress-loss by considering the fact that a prestressed concrete member should keep
effective force at each significant level of loading, together with appropriate material properties for that time in the life
history of the structure.

Unless a PSC bridge is instrumented at the time of construction, the existing prestress force cannot be directly monitored
and other alternative methods should be sought. Based on previous research works, nondestructive evaluation methods
using vibration test data can be used to estimate research works, nondestructive evaluation methods using vibration test
data can be used to estimate the prestress loss in the PSC bridges on the basis of the following consideration: (1) the loss
of the prestress force in the structures in related to the change in structural stiffness[1,5]; (2) the loss of the prestress force
changes vibration characteristics of the structure[1,6]; and (3) the change in structural stiffness can be estimated by
monitoring changes in vibration characteristics of the structure[7-10]. However, the change in vibration characteristics of a
PSC bridge can be generated due to not only prestress-loss but also other damages, such as flexural crack. In this case,
other alternative method needs to detect damage in the PSC bridge.

The prestress-loss and the flexural crack are typical types of damage, which can be occurred in the PSC beams. The
structural damages are quite different in nature although both of them obviously change vibration characteristic of the
structure. The prestress-loss of the PSC beams is related to reduce the stiffness for entire structure and the flexural crack
is related to reduce the stiffness for local element. Hence, the damage type cannot be classified by using only the changes
of vibration characteristic. It means that we cannot determine what kind of algorithm we should apply for locating

*idis@pknu.ac.kr; phone 82 51 620-6227; fax 82 51 628-8146; http://structure.pknu.ac.kr

Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems 2007, edited by Tribikram Kundu,
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6532, 65321W, (2007) · 0277-786X/07/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.720909

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6532 65321W-1

damage and assessing damage size. For promise of exact damage detection, proper selection of damage algorithm as the
damage type is very important.

In this study, a new hybrid SHM system is developed to alarm the damage and classify the damage types, such as the
prestress-loss and the flexural, in the PSC bridge. The following approaches are implemented to achieve the objective.
Firstly, electro-mechanical (EM) impedance-based method is briefly descried. Next, a new hybrid SHM system is
proposed and designed to alarm the damages (i.e. presstress-loss and flexural crack) and to classify the damages in the
PSC beam. Global monitoring technique is used for alarming damage and local monitoring technique is used for
classifying the damage types. In order to verify the proposed system, a large-scale PSC beam with an internal unbonded
tendon is manufactured. The vibration and EM impedance test is performed in the PSC beam. Finally, the feasibility and
practicality of the proposed system is verified in the PSC beam.

2. ELECTRO-MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE-BASED METHOD

Impedance is used in electrics, acoustics, and mechanics. The concept of electrical impedance (V/I) is exactly same as
mechanical impedance (F/v) and acoustic impedance (p/U); it indicates a ratio denoting a certain type of resistance. Like
the electrical relations, combinations of mechanical elements such as dampers, springs, and masses comprise mechanical
systems. By assuming those elements are ideal, meaning that the springs are considered linear without energy loss and
the dampers and springs are considered mass-less, the impedances is obtainable. In reality, those assumptions are likely
not true, but the assumptions are sustainable for the further discussions.

A healthy structure may be thought of as a multi-degree of freedom system consisted of many mechanical elements with
different mass, spring, and damper elements. If all the basic elements are known, then all of the mechanical impedance
elements could be obtained. The result would be a single impedance equation describing the input (Force) and the output
(velocity) relation for the structure. The equation describes the frequency dependant structural response of the system,
and the response represents the state of the healthy structure. Once the system is damaged, the structural response would
deviate from the healthy response, and it would be possible to see the effect of the damage through the mechanical
impedance change. Although the damaged impedance relation for the system would be possible, it is very difficult to
derive the mechanical impedance relation for the system over a wide frequency range for a complex structure. That is
why electro-mechanical impedance is benefiting; the mechanical (or structure) impedance is indirectly measured through
the coupled electrical impedance of a piezoelectric material, usually PZT (lead zirconate titanate), bonded to the
structure. Without structural model, the response is measured, the response is changed, and this change can be quantified.

Piezoelectric materials have useful mechanical and electrical properties. When piezoelectric materials are mechanically
strained, an electrical field is produced, and vice versa. In addition, the materials have unique molecular structures,
which allow bidirectional coupling between electric field and strain; hence, they are useful for self-sensing, power
harvesting, and SHM applications [18,19]. Once piezoelectric materials are bonded to a structure, the electro-mechanical
coupling allows the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric to be directly related to the mechanical impedance of the
structure [18]. Therefore, by monitoring the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric, damage can be detected as the
impedance signatures shifts from a healthy state to a damaged state, and the self-sensing properties of the piezoelectric
allow one small piece of material to sense the input voltage and measure the output current. PZT (lead zirconate titanate)
is typically used for the piezoelectric materials, so PZT is the key component in impedance-based SHM. Thus, the
bonding condition between structure and PZT patch i.e. adhesive layer should be carefully treated for the consistent
testing results [5]. To enhance sensitivity to incipient damage, the electrical impedance is usually measured at high
frequencies, at which the wavelengths of the structural vibration are shorter than the damage to be detected. In general,
high frequency (ranged 30 to 300 kHz) low voltage (less than 1V) structural excitations are used to monitor the electrical
impedance of the PZT patch.

Due to the benefits of the electro-mechanical impedance method, the researches on utilizing EM impedance method to
damage detection of several complex structures are found on several literatures [12-21]. Liang et al. [11] is probably the
pioneer of the impedance method development. After them, various demonstrations have been followed such
applications as scaled bridge section, cracked aircraft panels, concrete composites, pipeline networks, high temperature
structures, bolted joints, and corrosion [15]. Currently, excellent reviews and applications on EM impedance method are

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6532 65321W-2

introduced by Bhalla and Soh [12], Giurgiutiu and Zagrai [17], and Park et al. [19]. This study is based on the impedance-
based NDE technique proposed by Bhalla and Soh [13] for the local damage detection. Impedance and its inverse
(admittance) are usually used for the signatures. In addition, Conductance and susceptance are also used for the signature
distinguishes.
[12]
Based on Bhalla and Soh , the expression for the electro-mechanical admittance (the inverse of electro-mechanical
impedance) is written as
⎡ T ⎛ Z a ⎞ 2 E ⎛ tan κla ⎞⎤
Y = 2ωi
wala
(
⎢ ε 33 − d 31Y11 + ⎜⎜
2 E
) ⎟⎟d 31Y11 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
ha ⎣ ⎝ Z + Za ⎠ ⎝ κla ⎠⎦ (1)
wl ⎡ ⎛ Z a ⎞ 2 E ⎛ tan κla ⎞⎤
1
(
YE = Y = ωi a a ⎢ ε 33T − d 312 Y11E + ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ d 31Y11 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
2 ha ⎣ ⎝ Z + Za ⎠ ⎝ κla ⎠⎦ (2)
where YE can be termed as ‘effective electro-mechanical admittance’. Damage to the structure will modify the drive point
mechanical impedance Z, which will in turn affect Y , therefore giving an indication of damage. The complex admittance
-1
Y (units Siemens or ohm ) consists of real and imaginary parts, which are the conductance (G) and the susceptance (B),
respectively. These can be measured by commercially available impedance analyzers [12].

As described before, via the changes of structural system due to damage, electro-mechanical impedance is changed; this
change affects the magnitude of admittance and the resonant frequency of PZT patch mode in the thickness direction.
From measuring the admittance and the resonant frequency, damage detection is possible. Figure 1 shows the schematic
diagram of electro-mechanical impedance based SHM.

V o lta g e F o rc e
in p u t (V ) M e c h a n ic a l dam age in p u t (F )
s tra in ( ε )

E le c tric a l P M e c h a n ic a l
Im p e d a n c e Z S tru c tu re Im p e d a n c e
T
(V /I) (F /v )
C u rre n t M e c h a n ic a l V e lo c ity
o u tp u t (I) s tra in (ε) o u tp u t (v )
m c

C o u p le d e le c tro -m e c h a n ic a l a d m itta n c e Y = R e ( Y ) + i Im (Y )

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of electro-mechanical impedance based SHM

3. HYBRID STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

The prestress-loss and the flexural crack are typical types of damage, which can be occurred in the PSC beams. The
structural damages are quite different in nature although both of them obviously change vibration characteristic of the
structure. The prestress-loss of the PSC beams is related to reduce the stiffness for entire structure and the flexural crack
is related to reduce the stiffness for local element. Hence, the damage type cannot be classified by using only the changes
of vibration characteristic. It means that we cannot determine what kind of algorithm we should apply for locating
damage and assessing damage size. For promise of exact damage detection, proper selection of damage algorithm as the
damage type is very important.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6532 65321W-3

In this study, the hybrid SHM system is proposed to alarm the damage and classify the damage type, such as the
prestress-loss and the flexural crack as designed in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2, the system has two steps for damage
detection. In the first step, the occurrence of damage is alarmed by the vibration-based global monitoring using natural
frequency change of PSC beam. In the second step, the damage type is classified by the impedance-based local
monitoring using EM impedance signature. For the verification of the proposed hybrid SHM method, a PSC beam with
an internal unbonded tendon was manufactured. The geometrical shape of a PSC beam and experimental scheme for a
laboratory tests are shown in Figure 3. In the global monitoring, total seven accelerometers (PCB 393B04) were used
with constant intervals, and a Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC) patch with the dimension of 25.4mmX12.7mmX0.254mm
was attached on anchor plate near the jacking area. Figure 4 shows experimental setup to detect two damage types (i.e.
the prestress-loss and the flexural crack) of the PSC beam. For the vibration-based monitoring, acceleration data were
obtained with the sampling frequency of 1000Hz using acceleration analyzer (NI PXI 4472). Figures 5 and 6 show the
acceleration signals and the frequency response function acquired from the accelerometer on the PSC beam, respectively.

The maximum tension was 117.6kN. Each tension was uniformly decreased until 39.2kN, which used for fastening the
tension forces. Prestress forces were measured by the load cell. The damage scenarios for the prestress-loss are shown in
Table 1. For simulating bending crack of the PSC beam, we performed added mass tests, which can be expressed
indirectly decreasing bending stiffness due to bending crack. For the added mass tests, the concrete block was loaded
near the center of the girder as shown Figure 7. The concrete block used for the added mass is shown in Figure 8 and the
weight of each concrete block is about 122.5kg. Figure 9 show the concrete block loaded on the PSC beam.
The natural frequencies and mode-shapes extracted by the frequency domain decomposition (FDD) method under
maximum tension of the tendon are shown in Table 2 and Figure 10, respectively. For the EM impedance-based
monitoring, EM impedance signatures are obtained by the impedance analyzer (HIOKI 3532) with 375Hz sampling
frequency and input voltage of 1 Volt. The real values of impedance measured from the MFC patch under maximum
tension of the tendon are shown in Figure 11.

Acceleration monitoring on Girder

No Change in
Acceleration Signature

Yes

EM Impedance monitoring on PS Anchor plate

No Change in Yes
EM Impedance

Girder Damage Damage related to PS Anchor

Figure 2: Hybrid structural health monitoring system for PSC girder bridge

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 71cm
Accelerometer

8cm
2cm
4cm

27cm 4cm 9cm 4cm 27cm

32cm

MFC patch

Tendon Hole

14cm
7cm

18cm

Accelerometer
MFC patch
Anchor plate

6@1m=6m
Load cell jack

Figure 3: Experimental scheme of PSC girder

Cross section
Acceleration sensor
(PCB 393B04)

Acceleration Analyzer MFC patch

(NI PXI-4472) Impedance Analyzer (25.4mmX12.7mmX0.254mm)
(HIOKI 3532-50 LCR HiTESTER)

Figure 4: Experimental set-up for signal measurement

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 Table 1: Damage Scenarios for the prestress-loss in the PSC beam
Prestress-loss case 1 2 3 4 5

In-situ prestress force (kN) 117.6 98.0 78.4 58.8 39.2

Table 2: Extracted natural frequencies under maximum tension of the tendon in the PSC beam (Hz)
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5

23.7198 102.5391 228.8742 294.3192 338.9783

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0.15 10
-1

-2
0.1 10

-3
10
Acceleration (g)

0.05

Magnitude
-4
10
0
-5
10

- 0.05
-6
10

- 0.1 10
-7

-8
- 0.15 10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (sec) Frequency (Hz)

Figure 5: Acceleration response signal of PSC girder Figure 6: Frequency response function of acceleration signal

3m 3m
0.5 m
Mass block

PSC beam

Figure 7: Location of concrete block on the PSC girder

a
Figure 8: Concrete block Figure 9: One loaded concrete block

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 0.8
1st mode
2nd mode
0.6 3rd mode
4th mode
0.4 5th mode

Modal Amplitude
0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- 0.2

- 0.4

- 0.6

- 0.8
Location (x/L)

Figure 10: Extracted mode-shapes under maximum tension of the tendon in the PSC beam

8
Impedance real part

3
700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Frequency (kHz)

Fiture 11: Real values of impedance measured from MFC patch under maximum tension of the tendon in the PSC beam

3.1 The First Step: Damage Alarming

Damage alarming in case of prestress-loss
For damage alarming of prestress-loss in the PSC beam, we used the fractional change in natural frequency on the basis
of the concept that it can be related to the change in flexural stiffness. Table 3 shows the natural frequencies as the
prestress-loss cases. Figure 12 shows the fractional change in natural frequency in prestress-loss cases 2-5 with respect to
case 1, which is fully prestressed. From the table and figure, the damages are successful alarmed at all modes.

Table 1: Extracted natural frequencies for each prestress-loss scenarios (Hz)

In-situ prestress
Case Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5
force (kN)
1 117.6 23.7198 102.5391 228.8742 294.3192 358.9783
2 98.0 23.5977 101.6998 227.1576 291.9159 358.0780
3 78.4 23.3917 101.6464 225.9293 288.5361 354.9728
4 58.8 23.2315 101.3876 224.1974 287.5900 353.9276
5 39.2 23.0789 98.7320 221.7636 284.0881 359.0012

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6532 65321W-7

 0.08
Case1 vs Case 2
Case1 vs Case 3
0.07 Case1 vs Case 4
Case1 vs Case 5
0.06

Fractional change
0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5

Figure 12: Fractional change in natural frequency for damage alarming of prestress-loss

Damage alarming in case of flexural crack

For damage alarming of the flexural crack in the PSC beam, we also used the fractional change in natural frequency
Table 4 shows the natural frequencies as the prestress-loss cases. Figure 13 shows the fractional change in natural
frequency in the flexural crack cases 2 with respect to case 1. From the table and figure, the damages are successful
alarmed all modes.

Table 1: Extracted natural frequencies for each flexural crack scenarios (Hz)
Added Mass
Case Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5
(kg)
1 0 23.7198 102.5391 228.8742 294.3192 358.9783
2 122.5 22.3694 103.0884 234.7107 295.9290 361.2213

0.06
Case 1 vs Case 2

0.05
Fractural Change

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5

Figure 13: Fractional change in natural frequency for damage alarming of flexural crack

3.2 The Second Step: Damage Classification

For the classification of damage type, the frequency range to detect the change of the EM impedance signature is set
from 880Hz to 980Hz. In the case of the prestress-loss, the impedance signature is obviously changed as shown in Figure
14. The changes can be quantified by using resonant frequency shift and root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) as shown
in Figures 15 and 16. However, in the case of the flexural crack, the impedance signature is not changed as shown in
Figure 17 although the damage was alarmed. It means that the alarmed damage is not the damage due to prestress-loss.
From those results, we can conclude that the damages are successfully alarmed and classified by using proposed hybrid
SHM system.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6532 65321W-8

 9
Case 1
Case 2
8 Case 3
Case 4
Case 5

Impedance real part

7

3
880 900 920 940 960 980
Frequency (kHz)

Figure 14: The change of real values of EM impedance due to prestress-loss

936

935
Resonant Frequency (kHz)

934

933

932

931

930

929

928
1 2 3 4 5
Damage Case

Figure 15: Resonant frequency shift of EM impedance signature due to prestress-loss

11.5

11

10.5
RMSD (%)

10

9.5

8.5
Case1 vs Case2 Case1 vs Case3 Case1 vs Case4 Case1 vs Case5
Case Comparison

Figure 16: RMSD changes of EM impedance signature due to prestress-loss

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6532 65321W-9

 9
Unloading
Loading
8

Impedance real part

7

3
700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Frequency (kHz)

Figure 17: The change of real values of EM impedance due to simulated flexural crack

4. CONCLUSIONS

In this study, a new hybrid SHM system was developed to alarm the damage and classify the damage types, such as the
prestress-loss and the flexural, in the PSC bridge. The following approaches were implemented to achieve the objective.
Firstly, electro-mechanical (EM) impedance-based method was briefly descried. Next, a new hybrid SHM system was
proposed and designed to alarm the damages (i.e. presstress-loss and flexural crack) and to classify the damages in the
PSC beam. Global monitoring technique was used for alarming damage and local monitoring technique was used for
classifying the damage types. In order to verify the proposed system, a large-scale PSC beam with an internal unbonded
tendon was manufactured. The vibration and EM impedance test was performed in the PSC beam. Finally, the feasibility
and practicality of the proposed system was verified in the PSC beam. In the case of the prestress-loss, both of natural
frequency and the impedance signature were obviously changed. However, in the case of the flexural crack, the
impedance signature was not changed although the damage was alarmed. It means that the alarmed damage is not the
damage due to prestress-loss. From those results, we can conclude that the damages was successfully alarmed and
classified by using proposed hybrid SHM system.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was supported by Korean Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) through Smart Infra-Structure
Technology Center (SISTeC) in the program year of 2007 and the Post Brain Korea 21 Project in 2007.

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