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Ch. 31 - 1
Gas Turbine History
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Generates thrust by mixing compressed ambient air
with fuel and combusting the mixture through a nozzle
to propel an object forward or to produce shaft work.
Ch. 31 - 2
What is a gas turbine ?
A Heavy Duty GT is a single shaft turbo-machine with:
1 compressor, 1 combustion system, 1 expansion
turbine
Ch. 31 - 3
Turbine and Compressor Design
Ch. 31 - 4
Gas Turbine Issues
Compressor and
Turbine Design
Cooling
Dynamic Surge
Stall Propagation
Ch. 31 - 5
How Does it Work?
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Ch. 31 - 6
How Does it Work?
Exhaust
Gas
Ambient
Air In
Shaft
Ch. 31 - 7
Gas Turbine Components
Ch. 31 - 8
Gas Turbine Components
Ch. 31 - 9
Closed Brayton cycle
QH
heat
exchanger
Wnet
compressor turbine
heat
exchanger
QL
Ch. 31 - 10
Open Brayton cycle
Wnet
compressor turbine
Ch. 31 - 11
Brayton cycle with regeneration
regenerator
exhaust
compressor
turbine
Ch. 31 - 12
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas
Turbine Engines
Ideal Brayton Cycle
In reality, gas turbines operate on an open cycle
Fresh air is continuously drawn into the compressor and
exhaust gases are thrown out
Ch. 31 - 13
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas
Turbine Engines
Ideal Brayton
Cycle (cont.)
The open gas-
turbine cycle
can be modeled
as a closed cycle
The combustion
process is
replaced by a
constant-
pressure heat-
addition process
and the exhaust
process is
replaced by a
constant-
pressure heat-
rejection
process
Ch. 31 - 14
Gas Turbine Schematic
Ch. 31 - 15
Land Base Gas Turbine Cutaway
Ch. 31 - 16
Gas Turbine Operation
Ch. 31 - 17
Types of Gas Turbines
Centrifugal
Compressed air output is around the outer
perimeter of engine
Axial
Compressed air output is directed along the
centerline of the engine
Combination of Both
Compressed air output is initially directed along
center shaft of engine and then is compressed
against the perimeter of engine by a later stage.
Ch. 31 - 18
Example of Centrifugal Flow
Airflow being
forced around
body of engine
Centrifugal
Compressor
Ch. 31 - 19
Example of Axial Flow
Multistage
Axial
Compressor
Center
Shaft
Ch. 31 - 20
Example of Combination Flow
Centrifugal
Compressor
Intake Air
Flow
Axial Compressor
Ch. 31 - 21
Major Components of Interest
Compressor
Axial
Centrifugal
Turbine
Axial Axial Compressor
Radial
Centrifugal Compressor
Ch. 31 - 22
Axial Compressor Operation
Average Velocity
Axial compressors are designed in a divergent shape
which allows the air velocity to remain almost
constant, while pressure gradually increases.
Ch. 31 - 23
Axial Compressor Operation
The airflow comes in through the inlet and first
comes to the compressor rotor.
Rotor is rotating and is what draws the airflow
into the engine.
After the rotor is the stator which does not
move and it redirects the flow into the next
stage of the compressor
Ch. 31 - 24
Axial Compressor Staging
An axial compressor stage consists of a rotor and a
stator.
The rotor is installed in front of the stator and air
flows through accordingly. (See Fig.)
www.stanford.edu/ group/cits/simulation/
Ch. 31 - 25
Centrifugal Compressor Operation
Ch. 31 - 26
Axial Turbine Operation
Airflow through
stator
Airflow around rotor
Axial Turbine with airflow
Ch. 31 - 27
Radial Turbine Operation
Same operation
characteristics as axial
flow turbine.
Ch. 31 - 28
Gas Turbine Issues
Gas Turbine Engines Suffer from a number of
problematic issues:
Thermal Issues
Blade (airfoil) Stalls
Dynamic Surge
http://www.turbosolve.com/index.html
Ch. 31 - 29
Thermal Issues
Gas Turbines are
limited to lower
operating temperatures
due to the materials
available for the engine
itself.
Ch. 31 - 30
Cooling Methods
Spray (Liquid)
Passage
Transpiration
Ch. 31 - 31
Spray Cooling
The method of spraying a
liquid coolant onto the
turbine rotor blades and
nozzle
Ch. 31 - 32
Passage Cooling
Hollow turbine
blades such that
a passage is
formed for the
movement of a
cooling fluid.
DOE has
relatively new
process in which
excess high-
pressure
compressor
airflow is
directed into
turbine
passages.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/inventions/pdfs/fluidtherm.pdf
Ch. 31 - 33
Transpiration Cooling
Method of forcing air
through a porous
turbine blade.
Ability to remove
heat at a more
uniform rate.
Result is an effusing
layer of air is
produced around the
turbine blade.
Thus there is a
reduction in the rate
of heat transfer to
the turbine blade.
Ch. 31 - 34
Blade (airflow) Stalls
When airflow begins
separating from the
compressor blades over
which it is passing as the
angle of attack the blades
exceeds the design
parameters
Ch. 31 - 35
Dynamic Surge
Occurs when the static
(inlet) air pressure rises past
the design characteristics of
the compressor.
When there is a reversal of
airflow from the compressor
causing a surge to propagate
in the engine.
Essentially, the flow is
exhausted out of the
compressor, or front, of the
engine.
Result, is the compressor no
longer able to exhaust as Compressor Turbine Exit
quickly as air is being drawn Inlet
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http://www.turbosolve.com/index.html
Ch. 31 - 36
Dynamic Surge Effects
Cause: Inlet flow is reversed
Effect: Mass flow rate is reduced into engine.
Effect: Compressor stages lose pressure.
Result: Pressure drop allows flow to reverse back into
engine.
Result: Mass flow rate increases
Cause: Increased mass flow causes high pressure
again.
Effect: Surge occurs again and process continues.
Result: Engine surges until corrective actions are taken.
Ch. 31 - 37
Dynamic Surge Process
P Compressor Surge Point,
Pressure Loss Flow Reverses
Occurs
No Surge
Condition
Flow reverses
back into Corrective
engine Action Taken
mout V
min
mout
Ch. 31 - 38
Axial Compressor Design
Assumption of Needs
Determination of
Rotational Speed
Estimation of number
of stages
General Stage Design
Variation of air angles
Ch. 31 - 39
Assumption of Needs
Assumptions:
Standard Atmospheric Conditions
Engine Thrust Required
Pressure Ratio Required
Air Mass Flow
Turbine inlet temperature
Ch. 31 - 40
Rotational Speed Determination
First Step in Axial Compressor Design
Process for this determination is based on
assumptions of the system as a whole
Assumed: Blade tip speed, axial velocity, and hub-
tip ratio at inlet to first stage.
Rotational Speed
Equation
Ch. 31 - 41
Derivation of Rotational Speed
First Make Assumptions:
Standard atmospheric conditions
m
Axial Velocity: Ca 150 200
s
m
Tip Speed: U t 350
s
No Intake Losses
Ch. 31 - 42
Compressor Rotational Speed
Somewhat of an iterative process in
conjunction with the turbine design.
Derivation Process:
First Define the mass flow into the system
Ch. 31 - 43
Axial Velocity Relationship
ª §r ·
2
º rr Radius to root of
C a1 «1 ¨¨ r ¸¸ » * Ca blade
«¬ © rt ¹ »¼ rt Radius to tip of
blade
Ch. 31 - 44
Tip Radius Determination
By rearranging the mass flow rate equation we can obtain an
iterative equation to determine the blade tip radius required
for the design. m
rt 2 dot
ª § rr ·
2
º
SU 1Ca1 «1 ¨
¨r ¸
¸ »
«
¬ © t ¹ »
¼
2 2 2c p
Ch. 31 - 45
Isentropic Relationships
Now employing the isentropic relation between
the temperatures and pressures, then the
pressure at the inlet may be obtained.
J
ª T1 º J 1
P1 P0 « »
¬ 0¼
T
P1
U1
RT1
Ch. 31 - 46
Finally Obtaining Rotational Speed
Using the equation for tip speed
Ut 2Srt N
Rearranging to obtain rotational speed.
Ut
N
2Srt
Finally an iterative process
is utilized to obtain the table
seen here.
Ch. 31 - 47
Determining Number of Stages
Um 2Srmean N
Geometry allows for determining the rotor blade
angle at the inlet of the compressor.
Um
tan E 1
Ca
Ch. 31 - 49
Temperature Rise in a Stage
Determine the speed of the flow over the blade profile.
cosE 2
Ca E 2 E1 Blade _ Deflection
V2
Finally obtain the temperature rise through the stage.
OU m Ca tanE1 tanE 2
'T0 s
cp
Ch. 31 - 50
Number of Stages Required
'T
Stages 'T T2 Tamb
'T0 s
'T is the temperature change within a stage
Ch. 31 - 51
Designing a Stage
Make assumptions
Assume initial temperature change through first
stage.
Assume the work-done factors through each
stage.
Ideal Gas at standard conditions
Determine the air angles in each stage.
Ch. 31 - 52
Stages 1 to 2
Determine the change in the whirl velocity.
Whirl Velocity is the tangential component of the
flow velocity around the rotor.
Ch. 31 - 53
Stage 1 to 2
Change in whirl velocity through stage.
U m Cw 2
tanE 2
Ca
Cw 2
tanD 2
Ca
Ch. 31 - 54
Compressor Velocity Triangles
Ch. 31 - 55
Pressure ratio of the Stage
The pressure ratio in the stage can be determined
through the isentropic temperature relationship and the
polytropic efficiency assumed at 90%.
J
P03 ª K s 'T0 s º J 1
Rs «1 »
P01 ¬ Tamb ¼
K s 0.9
Ch. 31 - 56
Stage Attributes
The analysis shows that the stage can be outlined by
the following attributes:
Ch. 31 - 57
Variation in Air Angles of Blade
Um
tanD 3 tanE1
Ca
Then determine the flow velocity.
Um
C3
cosD 3
Ch. 31 - 58
Air Angle Triangle
Alpha 1 is 0 at
the inlet stage
because there
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Thus, Ca1=C1,
and Cw1 is 0
Note: This is
the whirl
velocity
component and
not a blade
spacing!
Ch. 31 - 59
Velocity Triangle
Ca
Red is C a
Green is E
Blue is D
Ca
Ch. 31 - 60
Variation in Air Angles of Blade
Determine the exit temp., pressure, and density of
stage 1 J
2
Ca ª T º J 1 P3
T3 T0 P3 P03 « 3 » U3
2c p ¬ T03 ¼ RT3
Determine the blade height at exit
mdot A3
A3 h
U 3C a 2Srmean
Finally determine the radii of the blade at stator
exit.
h h
rts rmean rrs rmean
2 2
Ch. 31 - 61
Variation in Air Angles of Blade
Determine the radii at the rotor exit.
rtri rts rrri rrs
rtr rrr
2 2
Note: That rtri is the radius of the blade at the tip at rotor
inlet.
Note: That rrri is the radius of the blade at the root at rotor
inlet.
tan D 2t
C w 2t Stator air angle at tip of blade
Ca
U rr C w 2 r
tan E 2 r Deflection air angle at root of blade
Ca
U m Cw2m
tan E 2 m Deflection air angle at middle of blade
Ca
U tr C w 2t Deflection air angle at tip of blade
tan E 2t
Ca
Ch. 31 - 63
Compressor Design Example
Design of a 5 stage axial compressor:
Givens: rt 0.2262m
Use this and chart to get
Ta 288K Rotational speed of
engine.
T2 452.5 K
Ca 150 ms
O 0.98
Ch. 31 - 64
Example
rt rr
rmean 0.1697m
2
m
Um 2Srmean N 266.6
s
Determine the total temperature rise through the first
stage.
'T T2 Tamb 164 .5K
We are designing for more than just one stage, so
we need to define an average temperature rise per
stage:
'T
'T0 s 32 .9 K
# Stages
Ch. 31 - 65
Example (Air Angle Determination)
Um
E1 tan 1 60.64q
Ca
'Cw Cw 2 Cw1
m
Cw1 0
s
c p 'T0 s m
'Cw 126.55 Cw 2
OU m s
Ch. 31 - 66
Example (Air Angle Determination)
U m Cw 2
E2 tan 1 43.03q
Ca
Ca m
V2 205.21
cosE 2 s
Cw 2
D2 tan 1 40 .15 q
Ca
Ch. 31 - 67