Unsymmetrical fault- level calculations

Normally, symmetrical components are used to find fault currents if the fault is unsymmetrical.
The basic equations required to build up unbalanced phasors from sequence components are

V x = V1+ V 2 + V 0 (7.4)

V y = a 2 + V1+ a V 2 + V 0 (7.5)

V z = a V 1+ a 2 V 2 + V 0 (7.6)

Where a = 1  120 0
and the suffixes x, y and z refer to the three phases. All quantities are phasor
quantities. From the three simultaneous equations above, it is easily deduced
that
1
V0 = ( Vx+ Vy+ Vz ) (7.9)
3
1
V1 = ( Vx+ a Vy+ a 2 Vz ) (7.7)
3
1
V2 = ( Vx+ a 2 Vx y + a Vz ) (7.8)
3
These equations enable the sequence components to be found from a system of
unbalanced three-phase phasors.
The above equations (7.4) to (7.9) apply to voltages and currents, phase and line values. Note
that the operator 'a' turns a phasor through an angle of 120 0 anticlockwise. Thus

a = 1  120 0 = -0.5 + j0.866 (7.10)

a 2 = 1  240 0 = 1  -120 0 = -0.5 - j0.866 (7.11)
a = 1  360 = 1  0
3 0 0
(7.12)
a4 = a3 x a = a (7.13)
1 + a + a 2 = 1-0.5 + j0.866 -0.5 - j0.866 = 0 (7.14)
-a = - ( 1  120 0 ) = 1  - 60 0 (7.15)

Note that if the neutral is not connected, then

Ix + Iy + Iz= 0
Also, equation (7.9) gives
1
( Ix + Iy + Iz) = I0
3
Hence I 0 = 0

Thus no zero sequence component current can exist if the neutral is disconnected from earth or a
neutral wire.
Three main classes of unbalanced fault need to be considered. They are a single line to ground or
neutral fault, a line to line to ground or neutral fault, and a line to line fault. The method of
calculating the fault current is to consider the Thevenin equivalent circuit for each of the
sequence components, i.e. the 'sequence boxes'. It is found that these are then interconnected in
various ways for the three classes of fault.

1) For a direct short circuit between a single line and ground,

V x = 0 (assuming the fault to be on the x phase)

and I y = I z = 0 (since these phases are unfaulted)

But V x = V 1 + V 2 + V 0 (from equation (7.4))

Hence 0 = V 1 + V 2 + V 0 (7.16)
1
Aslo I1 = ( I x + a I y + a 2 I z ) (from equation (7.7))
3
1
Hence I 1 = I x and similarly for I 2 and I 0
3
1
and I 1 = I 2 = I 0 = Ix (7.17)
3
3) a direct short circuit between two lines and earth,

I x = 0 (assuming the x phase to be the unfaulted one)

V y = V z = 0 (these phases are short circuited to earth)

In a manner similar to the above calculation, it is easily shown that

0 = I1 + I2 + I0 (7.18)
1
and V 1 = V 2 = V 0 = Vx (7.19)
3
For a direct short circuit between two lines only,
I x = 0 (assuming the x phase to be the unfaulted one)
and V y = V z (since these phases are short circuited together)

Hence a 2 V 1 + a V 2 + V 0 = a V 1 + a 2 V 2 + V 0 (from equations (7.5) and (7.6))

therefore V 1 (a 2 - a) = V 2 (a 2 - a)
Thus V 1 = V 2 (7.20)
1
I0 = ( Ix + Iy + Iz) (from equation (7.9))
3
Also I x = 0 from above
Therefore I y + I z = 0 (since there is no fault to earth)

Thus I0 = 0 (i.e. there is no zero sequence current)(7.21)

Since I y +I z = 0

then a 2 I 1 + a I 2 + I 0 + a I 1 + a 2 I 2 + I 0 = 0 (from equations (7.5) and (7.6))

Thus (a 2 + a)( I 1 + I 2 ) + 2 I 0 = 0

Hence I 1 + I 2 = 0 since I 0 is zero (7.22)

Single line-to-ground fault

Ib  0 Ic  0 Va  0

 Ia 0  1 1 1  Ia 
  1  
 I a1   3 1 a a 2  0 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   0 

I a1  I a 2  I a 0

Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0   I a1 
V    E    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   a    
Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a1 

Va 0  Va1  Va 2   I a1 Z 0  E a  I a1 Z1  I a1 Z 2

Va 0  Va1  Va 2  Va  0

0   I a1 Z 0  E a  I a1 Z 1  I a1 Z 2
I a1 Z 0  I a1 Z 1  I a1 Z 2  E a
Ea
I a1 
Z1  Z2  Z0
Gagal talian-talian

Vb  Vc Ia  0 Ib   Ic

Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
  1 2  
Va1   3 1 a a  Vb 
Va 2  1 a a  Vb 

Va1  Va 2

 Ia 0  1 1 1  0 
  1  
 I a1   3 1 a a 2   I c 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I c 

Ia 0  0
I a 2   I a1
Va 0  0

 0   0  Z 0 0 0  0 
V    E    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   a    
Va1   0   0 0 Z 2    I a1 

Va1  E a  I a1 Z1
Va1  I a1 Z 2

E a  I a1 Z 1  I a1 Z 2

Ea
I a1 
Z1  Z2
gagal talian ke talian ke bumi

Vb  0 Vc  0 Ia  0

Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
  1  
Va1   3 1 a a 2  0 
Va 2  1 a 2 a   0 

Va1  Va 2  Va 0

Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0  I a0 
V    E    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   a    
Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a 2 

Va1   0   Z 0 0 0 I a0 
V    E    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   a    
Va1   0   0 0 Z 2   I a 2 

Va1   I a 0 Z 0
Va1  E a  I a1 Z1
Va1   I a 2 Z 2

E a  I a1 Z 1   I a 0 Z 0
E a  I a1 Z 1   I a 2 Z 2

E a  I a1 Z 1
 I a0
Z0
E a  I a1 Z 1
 I a2
Z2
E a  I a1 Z 1 E a  I a1 Z 1
  I a2  I a0
Z0 Z2
Tetapi

I a1  I a 2  I a 0  I a  0
atau I a1   I a 2  I a 0

Ea Z E Z
 I a1 1  a  I a1 1  I a1
Z0 Z0 Z2 Z2
Ea Ea Z Z
   I a1 1  I a1 1  I a1
Z0 Z2 Z0 Z2
  Z Z  Ea  Z2  Z0 
I a 1 1  1  1  
 Z0 Z2  Z2 Z0

Ea Z 2  Z 0  Ea
I a1`  
Z1 Z 2  Z1Z 0  Z 2 Z 0 Z1  Z 2 Z 0 Z 2  Z 0 

Ea
I a1` 
Z1  Z 2 // Z 0

a0 b0 c0

a0 b0 c0

a0 b0 c0

a0 b0 c0

a0 b0 c0