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5
Y km/hr = Y x m/s
÷

2
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÷

Y m/s = Y x km/hr
5

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4 me taken by a tran of length › metres to pass a pole or standng man or a sgnal post s equal to the
tme taken by the tran to cover › metres
5 me taken by a tran of length › metres to pass a statonery object of length metres s the tme
taken by the tran to cover (› + ) metres
6 Juppose two trans or two objects bodes are movng n the same drecton at u m/s and
m/s, where
u >
, then ther relatve speed s = (u -
) m/s
7 Juppose two trans or two objects bodes are movng n opposte drectons at u m/s and
m/s, then
ther relatve speed s = (u +
) m/s

£f two trans of length Y metres and metres are movng n opposte drectons at u m/s and
m/s,
then:

(Y + )
he tme taken by the trans to cross each other = sec
(u +
)

9 £f two trans of length Y metres and metres are movng n the same drecton at u m/s and
m/s,
then:

(Y + )
he tme taken by the faster tran to cross the slower tran = sec
(u -
)

÷ £f two trans (or bodes) start at the same tme from ponts A and B towards each other and after
crossng they take Y and sec n reachng B and A respectvely, then:

(A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

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In order to find the answers to questions like the one above, you need to know how to do this kind of calculation:

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Now let's look at the three methods for finding a percent of a number:

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The easiest way to find a percent of a number is to

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  for some common
percents. At the right are some of these often-used
percents and the fractional value for each. You'll
need to memorize these.

Method 1 involves using the fraction instead of the

percent. For example, if you were asked:

Î hat is 50% of 36?Î

you would instead ask yourself:

Î hat is half of 36?Î

This makes it easy to get the answer 18.

The advantage of this method is that it is fast ... faster even than using a calculator. This will be a big advantage in
later Math courses where you won't have a lot of extra time to do basic calculations.

Here are some more examples:

Finding one-tenth of a number is There are many numbers you can

always easy, because this is the find a quarter of, without using a
same as dividing by ten. calculator.

You just have to move the decimal

point back one place.
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Knowing that this percent is really Some percents are really easy.
one-third will let you find the One hundred percent is the whole
answer mentally before the person thing.
next to you has even turned on
their calculator! By the way, notice that 'of' means
that you multiply.

One drawback of this quick method is that you will need to memorize some conversions. But your teacher will expect
you to know them anyway, so that's nothing to worry about.
The other drawback is that the quick method won't work for percents for which you don't know the fraction, or for
which the fraction isn't a simple one. It also won't work if the calculation is too difficult to do in your head.
For example, if you were asked to find 29% of 123.9, the quick method isn't very useful. You're unlikely to be able to
do twenty-nine hundredths of 123.9 mentally. For problems like that we need a new method.

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This method requires that you either know the
decimal value for the percent, or can find it.

Fortunately it is very easy to change a percent to

a decimal. Since a percent is really just a
fraction over one hundred, you just need to
move the decimal point two places to the left.

In order to do a question like this:




you must convert 28% to 0.28 by moving the

decimal back two places.
Then you use a calculator, remembering that
'of' means that you multiply:
 = 

Here are some more examples:

This method isn't quite as fast as the previous one. It's big advantage is that is 

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 . You just need to be able to convert the percent to a decimal so you can enter it on your calculator.
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This method uses fraction multiplication rules.

First you change the percent to a fraction over 100.

You can reduce this fraction if you want to; we didn't.

Then you rewrite the number as a fraction over 1.

Now you have a fraction multiplication question; you

multiply the tops and multiply the bottoms.

Finally, you divide your answers to get a decimal. This

step will always be easy, because you're always
dividing by 100. If you want, you can instead just
reduce your answer to a simpler fraction.

This method takes longer, and requires more effort. You may still require a calculator to do the multiplication.
However, this is a valuable method to learn, because it is something you will find useful in later High School courses.

Here are a few more examples of Method 3. Follow each step carefully and make sure you understand what we did.