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6
(b) (ii) Explain the energy transfer in the food chain. [4 marks]
2 Prey-predator relationship
Form 4 Biology Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem
Colonisation and Succession in Mangrove Swamp
Adaptation of mangrove swamp
Diagram 7
(i)
Explain why most plants cannot colonise and grow in the swamps. [5 marks]
(ii)
Explain how the mangrove trees adapt themselves to the harsh living
conditions.
[5 marks]
Answer scheme:
(i) P1: The ground is too soft and unable to support plants,
P2: The water-logged / muddy swamps provide very little oxygen for root respiration.
P3: The swamp water has a high concentration of salt and is hypertonic.
P4: The plants growing in swamp will have the problem of dehydration.
P5:
________________________________________________________________
P6:
________________________________________________________________
P7:
________________________________________________________________
(ii)
P1: Root system which is highly branched and spreads over a big area to give good
support to the plants.
P2: Pneumatophores (breathing roots) which grow protruding upwards above the
ground.
P3: The plant cells have high concentration of cell sap.
P4: Hence, the cells are able to withstand the high salt content of the swamp.
P5: _________________________________________________________________________
P6: __________________________________________________________________
P7: __________________________________________________________________
P8: _________________________________________________________________________
Trial SPM Biolgoy 2012
Bhgvwc3
Year 1870
P1: Colonization process occur
P2: pioneer species colonises the newly formed pond
P3: pioneer species/floating plant causes change in the pond
P4: so that the environment in the pond is more favourable for other
species
P6 : Pioneer die, the remains accumulated at the base of the pond
P7 : Decomposes by bacteria/fungi
P8 : Soil more nutrients / more fertile
P9 : The pond bank more shallower
Year 1950
P10: Succession occur
P11: successor plant/emergent plant gradually replace floating plant
P12: result in greater plants death that sink to the bottom of the
pond
P13: raising the pond bed/making the pond more shallow//water
level in the pond decreases
P14 : No longer favourable for the successor
P15 : more favourable to the terrestrial plants