CONTENTS

Sr. No Title
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 BASIC DATA FOR THE DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
3.0 SALIENT FEATURES OF WATER TREATMENT
PLANT
4.0 POPULATION FORECASTING
5.0 CALCULATION OF WATER DEMAND
5.1 Calculation of different drafts
5.2 Design capacity of various components
5.3 Physical and chemical standards of water
5.4 Comparison of given data and standard data
5.5 Suggested units of treatment plant
6.0 DESIGN OF UNITS
6.1 Collection units
6.1.1 Design of intake well
6.1.2 Design of pen stock
6.1.3 Design of gravity main
6.1.4 Design of jack well
6.1.5 Design of pumping system
6.1.6 Design of rising main
6.2 Treatment units
6.2.1 Design of aeration unit
6.2.2 Design of chemical house and calculation of chemical dose
6.2.3 Design of mechanical rapid mix unit
6.2.4 Design of clriflocculator
6.2.5 Design of rapid gravity filter
6.2.6 Disinfection unit
6.3 Storage tank
7.0 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES:
 INTRODUCTION

Water, undubiously is a basic human need. Providing safe and adequate quantities of the
same for all rural and urban communities, is perhaps one of the most important
undertaking, for the public works Dept. Indeed, the well planned water supply scheme, is
a prime and vital element of a country’s social infrastructures as on this peg hangs the
health and wellbeing of it’s people

The populationin India is likely to be Hundred crores by the turn of this century, with an
estimated 40% of urban population. This goes on to say that a very large demand of water
supply; for Domestic, Industrial, Firefighting, Public uses, ect; will have to be in
accordance with the rising population. Hence, identification of sources of water supply,
there conservation and optimum utilization is of paramount importance. The water
supplied should be ‘Potable’ and ‘Wholesome’ . Absolute pure water is never found in
nature, but invariable contains certain suspended, colloidal, and dissolved impurities
(organic and inorganic in nature, generally called solids), in varying degree of
concentration depending upon the source. Hence treatment of water to mitigate and/or
absolute removal of these impurities (Which could be; solids, pathogenic microorganisms,
odour and taste generators, toxic substances, etc.) become indispensable. Untreated or
improperly treated water, becomes unfit for intended use proves to be detrimental for life.

The designed water treatment plant has a perennial river as the basic source of water the
type of treatment to be given depends upon the given quality of water available and the
quality of water to be served. However such an extensive survey being not possible in the
designed water treatment plant. It is assumed that all kinds of treatment processors are
necessary and an elaborate design.

The design of water treatment plant for Gadhinglaj situated in district Kolhapur Maharastra
has been done. Gadhinglaj located on the bank of river Hirankeshi. The latitude and
longitude of the town corresponding 21.61N, 73.118E respectively. The population of the
given year 2031 will be 61400. Treated water supply for domestic and industrial uses are
very essential.
SALIENT FEATURES OF
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
1. POPULATION OF THE TOWN (IN THOUSAND

YEAR 1991

Year 2031 61.4

2. Average daily draft (M.L.D.) : 8.89 Maximum Daily DRAT 9m.l.d.)

: 13.33
 3. Desing period (years) : 30

3.2 collection works

INTAKE Works
Intake well
1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. Of well (m) : 5.5
3. Hi of intake well : 4
4. R.L. of bottom well (m) :24
5. R.L. of top of ell (m) : 28
6. Detention time (min) : 10
Penstock
1. No. of penstock well :2
2. Dia. Of penstock (mm) : 400
Bell mouth strainer
1. No of bell mouth strainer :2
2. Dia. (m) : 0.9

Chemical storage house

1. Length (m) : 20
2. Breadth (m) : 12
3. Height (m) :3.0

Chemical Dissolving Tank

1. No. of Tank :1
2. Length (m) :2
3. Breadth (m) :2
4. Depth (m) :1.5

Flash mixer
 1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. (m) :1.6
3. Detentio time (min) :0.5
4. Height (m) :2.6
5. Depth of water (m) :2.37

Clariflocculator

Flocculator:

1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. (m) :10.16
3. Dia. Of inlet pipes (m) :0.45
4. Depth of water flow (M) :3.5
5. Velocity of flow (m/s) :1.0

Clarifie:
1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. (m) :23
3. Depth of water (m) :4.4
4. Overall depth of tank (m) :4.7
5. Slope of bo :8%
6.
Rapid Sand Filter
1. No. of units : 2
2. Surface area (Sq. M) : 58.48
3. Dimension of unit (m x m) :8.6 x6.8
4. Thickess of sand bed (m) :0.6
5. Thickess of gravel bad (m) :0.5
6. Dia. Of manifold (m) :1 7. Laterals : a. No’s : 86 b. Dia. (mm) : 90 c.
Length (cm) : 2..9 d. Spacing (cm) : 20
8. No. of orifices :16
9. Dia. Of orifice (mm) : 13
 10. Wash water tank :1

Disinfection house
1. Chiorine required / day (kg) : 1.662
2. Cylinder required / day (no.) :2

3.4STORAGE UNITS

Undergound reservoir
1. No. of units :1
2. Length (m) : 14
3. Breadth (m) : 14
4. Depth (m) : 4.5

Elevated Service Reservoir

1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. (m ) : 4.3
3. Height (m) : 4.3
4. Capacity (Cu. m) : 450
 POPULATION FORECASTIN

4.1 Design Period

Water supply project may be designed normally to meet the requirements over a 30
years period after there completion. The time lag between design and completion
should be also taken into account. It should not ordinarily exceed 2 years and 5 years
even in exceptional circumstances. The 30 years period may however be modified in
regard to specific components of the project particularly the conveying mains and
trunk mains o the distribution system depending on their useful life or the facility for
carrying out extension when required so that expenditure far ahead of utility is avoided.
However in our case the design period has been considered as 30 years per given data.

4.2population forecast
General considerations
The population to be served during such period will have to be estimated with due
regard to all the factors governing the future growth and development of the city in the
industrial, commercial, educational. Social and administrative spheres. Special factors
causing sudden immigration or influx of population should also be foreseen to the
extent possible.
Calculation of Population with different Methods
(Table No. 4.1)
Sr.no Year Population Increase Increase Increamental Decrease
(thousand (thousand) % Increase in %
increase
) (thousand)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1761 7.48 - - - -
2 1971 12 4.52 60.45 - -
3 1981 15 03 25 -1.52 35.45
4 1991 22 07 45.67 4.0 -21.67
Total 14.52 132.12 2.48 13.78
Average 4.84 44.04 1.24 6.89
 Arithmetical increase method
Using the relation
Po = pn + nc
Where.
Po = initial population;
Pn = Population in nth decade;
N = no. of decades;
C = average increase ( refer table 2.1, cik. 4)
P 2031 = 36521 + 4840.33
= 41361.33

Geometrical increase Method

Using the relation
Pn = po (1 + ig / 100)n

Where, pn = population in the nth decade;

Pn = population any decade;

IG = Percentage increase (Ref. Table 4.1 Col, 5)

N = No. of decade
P 2031 = 65744.86+(44.04 / 100 x 65744.8)

= 94698.17
Incremental increase Method
Using the relation
Pn = Po + (r+i0n
Where, r = Average rate of increase in population per
Decade (Ref. Table 4.1, Col. 5);
I = Average rate of incremental increase per
Decade
(Ref. Table 4.1 Col. 6);
pO = population in any decade;
pn = population in n decade;
p 2031 = 40239.49+ (4840.33+12395)
= 46319.32
 Decrease Rate Of Growth Method
Year Expected population
2001 2200+ 39.78/100 × 2200 = 30751
2011 30751+ 32.39/100 × 30751 = 40865
2021 40865 +26/100× 40865 = 51490
2031 51490 + 19.11/100 × 51490 =61330

4.3 Description Of The Various Methods

Arithmetic Increase Method
This method is based upon assumption that the population increases at a constant rate and
of growth slowly decreases. In our case also population is increasing at a constant rate
slight decrease in growth rate.

Also this method is more suitable for very big and older cities whereas in our case it is
relatively smaller and new town.
So results by this method is although good but not as accurate as desired.

Geometrical Increase Method

In this method the per decade growth rate is assumed to be constant and whish is average
of earlier growth rate. The forecasting is done on the basis that the percentage increases
per decade will remain same.

This method would apply to cities with unlimited scope for expansion.

Incremental Increase Method

This method is an improvement over the above two methods. The average increase in the
population is determined by the arithmetical increase method and to this is added the
average of the net increase, once for each future decade.

This method would apply to cities, likely to grow with a progressively increasing or
decreasing rate rather than constant rate.

Decreasing Rate of Growth Method

As in our case the city is reaching towards saturation as obvious from the graph and it can
be seen that rate of growth is also decreasing. Thus these method which makes use of the
decrease in the percentage increase in percentage increase from the latest percentage
increase.

Thus this gives weightage to the previous date as well as the latest trends. Decrease in
percentage increase is worked out average thus giving importance to whole date.

Logical curve Method

This is suitable in cases where the rate of increase of decrease of population with the time
and the population growth is likely to reach a saturation limit ultimately of special local
factors.

The city shall grow as per the logistic curve, which will plot straight line on the arithmetic
paper with the time intervals plotted against population in percentage of solution.

Simple Graphical Method

Since the result obtained by this method is dependent upon the intelligence of the designer,
this method of empirical nature and not much reliable.

Also this method gives very approximate results. Thus this method is useful only to verify
the date obtained by some other method.

Graphical Comparison Method

This involves the extension of the population time curve into the future based on a
comparison of a similar curve for comparable cities and modified to the extent dictated by
the factors governing such predictions.

Logical curve Method

This is suitable in cases where the rate of increase of decrease of population with the time
and the population growth is likely to reach a saturation limit ultimately of special local
factors.

The city shall grow as per the logistic curve, which will plot straight line on the arithmetic
paper with the time intervals plotted against population in percentage of solution.
Simple Graphical Method
Since the result obtained by this method is dependent upon the intelligence of the designer,
this method of empirical nature and not much reliable.

Also this method gives very approximate results. Thus this method is useful only to verify
the date obtained by some other method.

Graphical Comparison Method

This involves the extension of the population time curve into the future based on a
comparison of a similar curve for comparable cities and modified to the extent dictated by
the factors governing such predictions.
 CALCULATION OF WATER DEMAND
5.1Calculation Of Different Drafts
Expected population after 30 years =40000

Average rate of water supply =135 LPCD

(Including domestic, commercial, public and wastes)

Water required for above purposes for whole town =40000135

=5.4 MLD

Fire Requirement:

It can be assumed that city is a residential town (low rise buildings)

Water for fire =Assume 8% of total water required
= 0.432 MLD
(i)Average daily draft =5.4
(ii)Maximum daily draft =5.4
=8.1 MLD
(iii)Coincident draft = maximum daily draft + fire demand
=8.1+0.432
=8.532 MLD
(Coincident draft < maximum hourly draft)

5.2 Design Capacity For Various Components

I. Intake Structure daily draft = 8.1 MLD
II. Pipe main= maximum daily draft = 8.1 MLD
III. Filters and other units at treatment plant
= 2 x Average daily demand
= 2 x 5.4 =10.8 MLD
Iv. Lift pump = 2x average daily demand =10.8
 5.3 Physical And Chemical Standards of Water
Sr.
Characteristics Acceptable Cause for Rajection
NO.
1. Turbidity (units on J.T.U. Scale) 2.5 10
2. Color (units on platinum cobalt 5.0 25
scale)
3. Taste and odour Unobjection Unobjectionable
able
4. PH 7.0 to 8.5 6.5 to 9.2
5. Total dissolved Solids (mg/L) 500 1500
6. Total hardness (mg/L as CaCO3 ) 200 600
7. Chlorides (mg/L as C1) 200 1000
8. Sulphates (mg/L as SO4) 200 400
9. Fluorides (mg/L as F) 1.0 1.5
10 Nitrates (mg/L as NO3) 45 45
11. Calcium (mg/L as Capacity) 75 200
12. Magnesium (mg/L mg) 30 150
13. Iron (mg/ L FeL) 0.1 1.0
14. Manganese mg/ L as Mn() 0.05 0.5
15. Copper (mg/L Cu) 0.05 1.5
16. Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 5.0 15.0

17. Phenolic compounds (mg/L as 0.001 0.002

Phenol)
18. Anionic Detergents (mg/ L as 0.2 1.0
MBASL)
19. Mineral oil (mg/L) 0.01 0.3
20. Arsenic (mg/L as As) 0.05 0.05
21. Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 0.01 0.01
22. Chromium(mg/L as Hexavalent 0.05 0.05
Cr)
23. Lead (mg/L as Pb) 0.05 0.05
24. Cyanides (mg/L as Cn) 0.1 0.1
25. Selenium (mg/L as Se) 0.01 0.01
26. Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 0.001 0.001
27. Polynuclear Aromatic 0.2 0.2
Hydrocarbons (mg/ L)
RADIO ACTIVITY
28. GROSS Alpha Acitivity in pico 3 3
Curie (pCi/L)
29 Gross Beta Activity (pCi/L) 30 30
Notes:-
• The figures indicated under the column ‘Acceptable’ are the limits upon which
water is generally acceptable to the consumers.
• Figures in excess of those mentioned under ‘Acceptable’ render the water not
acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of alternative and better source
upon the limits indicated under column column ‘cause for Rejection’ above which
the supply will have to be rejected.
• It is possible that some mine and spring waters may exceed these radioactivity
limits and in such cases it is necessary to analyze the individual radio nuclides in
order to assess the acceptability for public consumption .

5.4 Comparison of Given Data And

Standard Data
(table NO.5.2)

Sr.No Particulars Actual Standard Difference Means of

Treatment
1. pH 7.5 7 to 8.5 O.K. Not
necessary
2. Turbidity 50 2.5 47.5 Clarifier &
rapid sand
filter
3. Total Hardness (m/g L) 550 200 350 Softening
4. Chlorides (mg/L) 200 200 50

5. Iron(Mg/L) 2.5 0.1 2.4 Aeration

6. Manganese(m/gL) 3.5 0.05 3.45 Aeration
7. Carbonate (m/gL) 110 - - Softening
8. MPN (no.100) 3.5 0.0 3.5 Chlorination
 5.5 Suggested Units Of Treatment
Plant Due to previous analysis following units are required to be designed for water
treatment plant.
1) Intake Structure:
a) Intake well
b) Gravity main
c) Jack well
d) Rising main
e) Pump

2) Treatment unit:
a) Aeration unit
b) Coagulant dose
c) Lime soda dose
d) Chemical dissolving tank
e) Chemical hose
f) Flash mixer
g) Clariflocculator
h) Rapid sand filter
i) Chlorination unit

3) Storage unit:
a) Underground storage tank
b) Elevated storage
A schematic diagram of each of the unit is shown.
DESIGN OF UNITS
6.1 collection Units 6.1.1 Design of Intake well
a) Intake well
Intake consists of opening, strainer or grating through which the water enters, and the
conduct conveying the water, usually by gravity to a well or sump. From the well, the water
is pumped to the mains or treatment plants. Intakes should also be so located and designed
that possibility of interference with the supply is minimized and where uncertainty of
continuous serviceability exists, intakes should be duplicated. The following must be
considered in designing and locating the intakes.
The source of supply, whether impounding reservoir, lake or river (including the possibility
of wide fluctuation in water level).
The character of the intake surrounding, depth of water, character of bottom, navigation
requirements, the effect of currents, floods and storms upon the structure and in scouring
the bottom.
The location with respect to the sources of pollution.
The prevalence of floating materials, such as ice, logs and vegetation.
Types of Intakes:
• Wet Intakes: Water is up to source of supply
• Dry Intakes: No water inside it other than in the intake pipe.
• Submerged Intake: Entirely under the water.
• Movable and Floating Intakes: Used where wide variation in surface elevation
with sloping blanks.

Location of Intakes:
• The location of the best quality of water available.
• Currents that might threaten the safety of the intake structure.
• Navigation channels should be avoided.
• Ice flows and other difficulties.
• Formation of shoals and bars.
• Fetch of the wing and other conditions affection the weight of waves.
• Ice storm.
• Floods.
• Power availability and reliability.
• Accessibility.
• Distance from Pumping station.
• Possibilities of damage by moving objects and hazards.
The intake structure used intake our design is wet- type.
b) Design Criteria

1. Detention time 5 to 10 min.

2. Diameter 5 to 10 m (maximum
15 m)
3. Depth 4 to 10 m
 4. Velocity of flow 0.6 to 0.9m/s
5. Number of units 1 to 3 (miximum4)
6. Free board 5M

c) Design Assumptions
Given F.S.L = 27m
Minimum R.L =28m
Given invert level of gravity mina=24m
Detention time = 10 min.

Design Calculation
Flow of water required = 8.1 MLD/3600X24

Volume of well

Cross – sectional area of intake well

Diameter of intake well (d)

Provide 1 intake well of diameter 3.78 ≅ 4 m

E) Summary
1. Number of intake wells 1 units
2. Diameter of intake well 4m
3. HeigTrht of well 5m
4. R.L. of bottom of well 24m

6.1.2 Design of Pen Stock And Bell Mouth Strainer

A) Pen stock
This are the pipes provided in intake well to allow water from water body to intake well.
These pen stocks are provided at different levels, so as to take account of seasonal
variation in water level ( as H.F.L., W.L., Lowell.).
Trash racks of screens are provided to protect the entry sizeable things which can create
trouble in the pen stock. At each level more than one pen stock is provided to take account
of any obstruction during its operations. These pen stocks are regulated by valves
provided at the top of intake wells.

B) Design Criteria
Velocity through pen stock = 0.6 to1.0 m/sec.
Diameter of each pen stock = less than 1 m
Number of pen stock for each intake well =2

C) Design Calculation
Number of intake well =1
Number of pen stocks at each level =2
Velocity = 0.75 m/sec (assumed)
C/s area of each pen stock = 0.0937/0.75x2
 = 0.0624 m2
Diameter = 0.28m≅0.3

D) Summary

1. Number of pen stock /well 2units

2. At each level 1m
3. Diameter of pan stock 0.3m Design of Bell Mouth
Strainer a) Design criteria
Velocity of flow = 0.2 to 0.3 m/s
Hole diameter = 6 to 12 mm
Area of strainer = 2x diameter of holes
b) Assumption
Velocity of flow = 0.25 m/s
Hole diameter = 10 mm
c) Calculation

Area of each hole

Area of collection = Area of pen stock
= 0.7853xN
N = 2386.35
Area of Bell mouth strainer = 2x area holes
=2x2386.35x0.7853
=3748
Diameter of Bell – mouth strainer = 69.08 cm
Provide diameter of 0.7 m for ball mouth strainer.
6.1.3 Design of Gravity Main
a) Gravity main
The gravity main connects the intake well to the jack well of and water flows
though it by gravity. To secure the greatest economy, the diameter of a single pipe
through which water flows by gravity should be such that all the head available to
cause flow is consumed by friction. The available fall from the intake well to the
jack well and the ground profile in between should generally help to decide if a
free flow conduit is to be selected keeping in view the local cost and the nature of
the terrain to be traversed. Even when a fall is available, a pumping or force main,
independently or in
Combination with a gravity main could also be considered. Gravity pipelines
should be laid below the hydraulic gradient.
b) Design Criteria
Diameters of gravity main = 0.3 to 1 m
Velocity of water = 0.6 to 0.9 m/s
Number of gravity main= number of intake well= 1
 Assumption velocity = 0.7 m/s
c) Design calculation
R.C.C Circular pipe is used.
Conduit velocity (assumed)
Area of conduit required

Diameter of the conduit = 0.4130m

Using Manning’s formula, V=
R

.S

S = 1: 862
Head loss = 10/862
= 0.116
R.L of gravity main = 27 – 3
= 24 m
R.L of gravity main at jack well = 24 – 0.116
= 23.88m
(d) Summary
1. Number of gravity intake 1 unit
2. Diameter of gravity intake 0.55 m

3. Invert level at intake well 24 m

4. Invert level at jack well 23.88m

6.1.4 Design of jack well

(a) Jack well
This structure serves as a collection of the sump well for the incoming water from the
intake well from where the water is pumped through the rising main to the various
treatment units.
This unit is more useful when number of intake wells are more than one, so that water is
collected in one unit and then effected.
The jack well is generally located away from the shore line, so that the installation of
pumps, inspection maintenance is made easy.
 (b) Design Criteria
• Detention time = 0.5 x detention time of intake well (3 to 15.)
= 0.5 x 10
= 5 min.
• Suction head < 10 m.
• Diameter of well < 20m.

(c) Design Calculation

Detention time = 5 m.
Assuming suction head = 8 m.
Bottom clearance = 1. 0m.
Top clearance = 0.5m.
Maximum depth of water that can be stored in condition when water is minimum in
rive
26 – 22.88 = 3.12 m
Capacity of well = 0.0937 x 10 x 60
= 56.22
C/S area of Well =
= 18.02 m2
Diameter of well = 6.14 m
R.L of bottom of jack well = 22.88
R.L. of bottom of jack well when full = 22.88 + 7
= 29.88m
(d) Summary
1 Diameter of jack well 4.80
2 R.L. of bottom of jack well 22.88 m
3 R. L. top of jack well 29.88 m
4 Suction depth 2.12
5 Top clearance 0.5 m
6 Bottom clearance 1m

6.1.5 Design of pumping system

(a) Pumps
• In the water treatment plant, pumps are used to boost the water from the jack well to
the aeration units.
• The following points are to be stressed upon.
• The following points are to be stressed upon.
• The suction pumping should be as short and straight as possible. It should not be
greater than 10 m, for centrifugal pump. If head is more than 10 m, water is converted
into vapour and thus inspit of creating water head, vapour head is created and pump
ceases to function.
• The suction pipe should be of such size that the velocity should be about 2m /sec.
• The delivery pipe should be of such size that the velocity should be about 2.5 m / sec.

The following four types of pumps are generally used.

• Buoyancy operated pumps
• Impuise operated pumps
 • Positive displacement pumps Velocity adoptions pumps

The following criteria govem pump selection.

Type of duty required.
• Present and projected demand and pattern and change in demand.
• s the operating speed of the pump and suitable drive.
• The efficiency of the pumps and consequent influence on power consumption and the
running costs. (b) Diameter of Rising Main
Q = 0.0977 m3
Economical diameter –
= 0.97 0.0937 to 1.220.0937
= 0.269 to 0.37 m Provide
D = 0.35 m

(c) Design Criteria

Suction head should not be greater than 10 m.
Velocity of flow length = 0.7 to 1.5 m/s
Top clearance = 0.5 m
Bottom clearance = 1m
(d) Design calculation
Frictional losses in rising main
Assuming velocity = 0.9 m/sec
F = 0.02

hf
= 0.448
Head loss = 0.45
Total head of pumping = hs + hd + hf + minor losses
= 2.12+4.88+0.45+1
8.45
Assuming two pumps in parallel
W.H.P. =
B.H.P = = 14.07 HP
(e) Summary
Provide 1 – 25 HP pump in parallel

Diameter of pipe 0.35m

6.1.6 Design of Rising Main

(a) General
These are the pressure pipes used to convey the water from the jack well to the treatment
units
The design of rising main is dependent on resistance to flow, available head, allowable
velocities of flow, sediment transport, quality of water and relative cost.
Verious types of pipes use d are cast iron, steel reinforced cemen concrete, pre stressed
concrete, asbestos cement polyethylene rigid PVC, ductile iron fibre glass pipe, glass
reinforced plastic, fibre reinforced plastic.
The determination of the suitability in all respects of the pipe of joints for any work is a
matter of decision by the engineer concerned on the basis of requirements for the scheme.
(b) Design Criteria
Velocity = 0.9to 1.5 m/sec.
Diameter > 0.9
(c) Design calculation
Economical diameter, D =
= 0.3 to 0.37
Provide diameter = 0.35m
V = Q/A = 0.97 m/sec,

(d) Summary
1. Diameter of pipe 0.35m
 6.2 Treatment units
The aim of water treatment is to produce and maintain water that is hygienically safe,
aesthetically attractive and palatable, in an economical manner. Albeit the treatment of
water would achieve the desired quality, the evaluation of its quality should be extended
to the point of consumer’s use. The method of treatment to be employed depends on the
characteristics of the raw water and the desired standards of water quality. The unit
operation and units’ processes in water treatment constitute aeration flocculation, water
conditioning and disinfection and may take many different combinations to suit the above
requirements.
In the cases of ground water and surface water storage which are well protected where the
water has turbidity below 10 JTU (Jackson Candle Turbidity Units) and is free from odour
and color, only disinfection by chlorination is adopted before supply.
Where ground water contains excessive dissolved carbon dioxide and odorous gases,
aeration followed by flocculation and sedimentation, rapid gravity or pressure filtration
and chlorination may be necessary.
Conventional treatment including prechlorination, aeration. Flocculation and
sedimentation rapid gravity filtration and postchlorination are adopted for highly polluted
surface waters laden with algae or microscopic organisms.
Based on the data given in second chapter, the following treatment units and accessory
units are designed to meet the quality and requirement of project:
Aeration Unit
Coagulant dose
Lime soda dose
Chemical dissolving tank
Chemical house
Flash mixer

Clariflocculator
Rapid sand filter Chlorination unit
The detail design of the above units are discussed in subsequent sections.

6.2.1 Design of Aeration Unit

Aeration unit
Aeration is necessary to promote the exchange of gases between the water and the
atmosphere. In water treatment, aeration is practiced for three purposes:
To add oxygen to water for imparting freshness, e.g. water from underground sources
devoid of or deficient in oxygen.
Expulsion of CO2 H2S and other Volatile substances causing taste and odour, e.g. water
from deeper layers of and impounding reservoir.
To precipitate impurities like iron and manganese, in certain forms, e.g. water from some
underground sources.
The limitation of aeration are that the water is rendered more corrosive after aeration when
the dissolved oxygen contents is increased though in earlier circumstances it may
otherwise due to removal of aggressive CO2 . Also for taste and odour removal, aeration is
not largely effective but can be used in combination with chlorine or activated carbon to
reduce their doses.

The concentration of gases in a liquid generally obeys Henry’s Law which states that the
concentration of each gas in water is directly proportional to the partial pressure, or
concentration of gas in the atmosphere in contact with water. The saturation concentration
of a gas decreases with temperature and dissolved salts in water. Aeration tends to
accelerate the gas exchange.
The three types of aerators are:
Waterfall or multiple tray aerators.
Cascade aerators.
Diffused air aerators.

Design Criteria for Cascade Aerators

Number of trays = 4 to 9
Spacing of trays = 0.3 to 0.75 m C/C
Height of the structure = 2m
Space requirement = 0.015 – 0.045 m2 / m3/hr

Design calculation
Qmax = 0.0937 m3 / sec
Provide area at tray = 17m2
Diameter of bottom most tray = 5m
Rise of each tray = 0.4 m
Trade of each tray = 50m
Summary
Sr.
Cascade Diameter of tray (m) R.L. (m)
No
1 First 1 31.00
2 Second 2 30.60
3 Third 3 30.20
4 Fourth 4 29.80
5 Fifth 5 29.40
R.L.of ground at site = 29.00 m
Design of Chemical House and Calculation of Chemical Dose
The space for storing the chemicals required for the subsequent treatment of water consist
of determining space required for storing the most commonly used coagulant alum, lime,
chlorine etc. for the minimum period of three month and generally for six months.
The size of units also depends upon the location, transport facilities, weather conditions,
and distance of production units and availability of chemicals. Chemical house should be
designed to be free from moisture, sap, etc. These should be sufficient space for handling
hand measuring chemicals and other related operations.
It should be located near to the treatment plant and chemicals should be stored in such size
of bags that can be handled easily. Alum Dose:
Coagulation
The terms coagulation and flocculation are used rather indiscriminately to describe the
process of removal of turbidity caused by fine suspension colloids and organic colors.
 Coagulation describes the effect produced by the addition of a chemical to a colloidal
dispersion, resulting in particle destabilization. Operationally, this achieved by the addition
of appropriate chemical and rapid intense mixing for obtaining uniform dispersion of the
chemical.
The coagulant dose in the field should be judiciously controlled in the light of the values.
Alum is used as coagulant.
Design Criteria For Alum Dose
Alum required in particular season is given below:
Monsoon = 50 mg / L
Winter = 20 mg / L
Summer = 5 mg / L
Alum required
Let the average does of Alum required be 50 mg / L, 20 mg / L, 5 mg / L, in monsoon ,
winter and summer, respectively .
Per day Alum required for worst season for intermediate stage
= 50 x 10 - 6 x 337. 5 x 103 x 24
= 405 kg / day
For six months (180 days) = 405 x 180
= 72900 kg
Number of bags whence 1 bag is containing 50 kg = 1458
If 15 Days in each heap = 97.2 heap
If area of one heap be 0.2 m2, then total area required = 48.6 50 m2 Lime
- soda process:
Softening
A water is said to be hard, when it does not form leather readily with soap.
The hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions in most of
the cases. The method generally used are lime- soda process. Softening with these
chemicals is used particularly water with high initial hardness (>500 mg / L) and suitable
for water containing turbidity, color and iron salts. Lime- soda softening cannot, however,
reduce the hardness to values less than 40 mg / L.

Design Criteria for Lime-Soda Process

It should be possible to remove 30 mg/ L carbonate hardness and 200 mg / L total hardness
by this process. Lime and soda required
Lime required for alkalinity
Molecular weight of
CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 48
= 100
CaO = 40 + 16
= 56.
100 mg / L of CaCO3 alkalinity requires = 56 mg / L of CaO
110 mg / L of CaCO3 requires = (56/100) x 110
= 61.6 mg / L of CaO
Lime required for magnesium
24 mg / L of magnesium requires = 56 mg / L of CaO
1 mg / L of magnesium requires = 56 / 24 mg /L of CaO
3.5 mg/L of magnesium requires = (56/24) x 3.5
= 8.2 mg / L of CaO
Hence the total pure lime required = 61.6 + 8.2
= 69.8 mg /L
Also 56 kg of pure lime (CaO) is equivalent to 74 kg of hydrated lime
Hence hydrated lime required = (69.8 x 74) / 56
= 92.23 mg / L
Soda (Na2 CO3):
Soda is required fir non – carbonate hardness. As follows.
100 mg/L of NCH requires = 106 mg/L of Na2CO3
161.6 mg/L of NCH requires = (106/100) x 161.6
= 65.59 mg/L of Na2CO3
Total quantity of time = (93.23 x 337.5 x 180 x 24 x 103)
= 134471.34 kg
One bag contains 50 kg
Number of bags required = 2690
If 15 bags in each heap, number of heaps = 180
2
If area of one heap is 0.2 m =180 x 0.2
2
= 36m
Total quantity of soda required = 65.59 x 10 – 6 x 337 .5 x 103 x 24 x 180
= 95630.2
Number of bags = 1913
If 15 bags in each heap = 127 heap
Total Aral of Heap = 127
= 25.50 m 2
Total area for all chemicals = 50 + 36 + 25.50
= 112 m 2
Add 30 % for chlorine storage chlorine cylinders etc.
Total area = 145.6 m2
Provide room dimension = 8.5 m x 18 m
= 153 m 2
Chemical Dissolving Tanks:
Total quantity of alum, lime and soda = 72900 + 134472 + 95631
= 303003/ 180
= 117.45 days
= 236 bags
= 15. 73 heaps
Area required = 3.15 m2
Dimensions = 2m x 2m

Chemical solution tanks:

Total quantity of alum, lime and soda required per day
= 1683.35 kg / day
Hence solution required per = 1683 x 20
= 33667 lit / day
Quantity of solution for 8 hours = 23.38 x 8 x 60
= 1122.4 lit
= 11.22 m3
Assuming depth of tank 1.2 m and 0.3 m free board
Dimension of solution tank = 3 x 2.5 x 1.5
Summary
1 Per day alum required 405 kg / mg /L

2 Hydrated lime required 92.23

3 Soda required 65.59 mg /L

4 Size of chemical dissolving tanks 2x2

5 Size of chemical solution tanks 3 x 2.5 x 1.5

Design of Mechanical rapid mix unit

Flash mixer
Rapid mixing is an operation by which the coagulant is rapidly and uniformly dispersed
throughout the volume of water to create a more or less homogeneous single or multiphase
system.
This helps in the formation of micro flocs and results in proper utilization of chemical
coagulant preventing localization of connection and premature formation of hydroxides
which lead to less effective utilization of coagulant. The chemical coagulant is normally
introduced at some point of

high turbulence in the water. The source of power for rapid mixing to create the desired
intense turbulence are gravitation and pneumatic.
The intensity of mixing is dependent upon temporal mean velocity gradient ‘G’. This is
defined as the rate of change of change of velocity per unit distance normal to a section.
The turbulence and resultant intensity of mixing is based on the rate of power input to the
water.
Flash mixture is one of the most popular methods in which the chemicals are dispersed.
They are mixed by the impeller rotating at high speeds.

Design Criteria for Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit Detention

time =30 to 60 sec.
Velocity of flow = 4 to 9 m/sec.
Depth = 1 to 3 m
Power required =0.041 KW/ 100 cu. m/day
Impeller Speed = 100 to 250 rpm
Loss of head = 0.4 to 1.0
Mixing device be capable of creating a velocity gradient
= 300m/sec/m depth
Ratio of impeller dimeter to tank diameter
= 0.2 to 0.4: 1
Ratio of tank height to dimeter =1 to 3:1

(C) Design Calculation

Design flow = 8100m3/ day Detention time = 30 sec.
Ration of tank height to diameter = 1.5:1
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter = 0.3:1
Rotation speed of impeller = 102 rpm
Assume temperature = 200

1. Dimension of tank :
Volume = 2.813m3
D = 1.7m
Height = 1.24+ (0.26m free board)
Total height of tank = 1.5m

2. Power Requirement :
Power spend = 3.16 kW

3. Dimension of flat blade and impeller :

Diameter of impeller = 4.08 m/sec.
Area of blade = A8
Power spent = ½ X CD x ro x AB VR3
Let CD = 1.8 (Flat blade): Vr = ¾ x VT
3
5.47 x 10 = ½ x 1.8 x 1000 x AB x ¾ x 4.08
AB = 1.99 m2
Provide 8 blades of 0.5 x 0.5 =2m2
Provide 4 numbers of length of length 1.5 m and projecting 0.2 m from the wall.
4. Provide Inlet and outlet pipes of 250 mm diameter.
Summary
1. Detention Time 30 sec.
2. Speed of Impeller 120 rpm
3. Height of Tank (0.23 m Free board) 1.5m
4. Power Required 3.16 KW
5. Number of Blade (0.5 0.5m) 8
6. Number of baffles ( length 1.5m) 4
7. Diameter of inlet and outlet 250

Design of Clariflocculator Clariflocculator

The coagulation and sedimentation processes are affectively incorporated in a single unit
in the clariflocculator. Sometimes clarifier and clariflocculator are designed as separate
units.
All these units consists of 2 or 4 flocculating paddles placed equidistantly. Theses
paddles rotate on their vertical axis. The flocculating paddles may be of rotor-stator type.
Rotating in opposite direction above the vertical axis. The clarification unit outside the
flocculation compartment is served by inwardly raking rotating blades. The water mixed
with chemical is fed in the flocculation compartment fitted with paddles rotating at low
speeds thus forming flocs.
The flocculated water passes out from the bottom of the flocculation tank to the clarifying
zone through a wide opening. The area of the opening being large enough to maintain a
 very low velocity. Under quiescent conditions, in the annular setting zone the floc
embedding the suspended particles settle to the bottom and the clear effluent overflows
into the peripheral launder.
(b) Design Criteria: (Flocculator)
Depth of tank = 3 to 4.5 m
Detention time = 30 to 60 min.
Velocity of flow = 0.2 to 0.8 m/sec.
Total area of paddles = 10 to 25% of c/s of tank
Range of peripheral velocities of blades = 0.2 to 0.6 m/s
Velocity gradient (G) = 10 to 75
4 5
Dimension less factor Gt = 10 to 10 Power consumption
= 10 to 36 KW/mld Outlet velocity = 0.15 to 0.25
m/sec.

Design Criteria: (Clarifier)

Surface overflow rate = 40 m3 /m2/ day
Depth of water = 3 to 4.5 m
Weir loading = 300 m3 /m2 /day
Storage of sludge = 25%
Floor slope = 1 in 12 or 8% for mechanically cleaned tank.
Slope for sludge hopper = 1.2:1 (V: h)
Scraper velocity = 1 revolution in 45 to 80 minutes
Velocity of water at outlet chamber = not more than 40 m/sec.
(c) Assumptions
Average outflow from clariflocculator = 337.5 m3/hr.
Water lost in desludging = 2%
Design average period = 344.25 m3/ hr.
Detention period = 30 min.
Average value of velocity gradient = 30 s-1
Design of Influent Pipe Assuming
V = 1 m/sec.
Dia = 0.348m
Provide an influent pipes of 350 diameter.
Desigh Of Flocculator: wall
Volume of flocculator = 344.25 x 30/60
= 172.125m3
Providing a water depth = 3.5 m

Plan area of flocculator

= 49.178 m2
 D = diameter of flocculator = 7.91 m
DP = diameter of inlet pipes = 0.45 m
D =8m
Provides a tank dimeter of 8 m

Dimension of Paddles:
= G2 x u v x vol
= 302 x 0.89 x 103 x (𝜋/4 𝑥 82𝑥 3.5)
= 140.92
Power input = ½ (Cd x p x AP x (v-u) 3
Cd = 1.8
P = 995 kg/m3 (250c)
V= Velocity of tip of blade = 0.4 m/sec. V=
Velocity of water tip of blade = 0.25 x 0.4
= 0.1 m/sec.
140.92 = ½ x 1.8 x 995 x AP x (0.4-0. 1)3
AP = 5.79m2
Ratio of paddles to cs of flocculator
[5.79/ (8-0.75) 3.5] x 100 = 7.26% < 10 to 25%
Provide AP = 8 m2
AP = [8/ (8-0.75) 3.5] x 100 = 10.1% ….ok
Which is acceptable (within 10 to 25%)
Provide 5 no of paddies of 3 m height and 0.7 m width
One shaft will support 5 paddles
The paddles will rotate at an rpm of 4
V = 2 x 𝜋 x r x 𝜋/60
0.4 = 2x 𝜋 x r x 4/60 r
= 0.96m ≅ 1m
r = distance of paddle from C1. Of vertical shaft
Let velocity of water below the partition wall between the flocculator and clarifier be 0.3
m/sec.
Area = 337.5/0.3 x 60 x 60 = 0.3/m2
Depth below partition wall = 0.31/ 8
= 0.0123m
 Provide 25% for storage of sludge = 0.25 x 3.5
= 0.875m
Provide 8% slope for bottom
Total depth of tank at partition wall = 0.3 + 3.5 + 0.012 + 0875
= 4.69m ≅ 4.7m

Design of Clarifier
Assuming a surface overflow rate of 40m3/m2/day
Surface of clariflocculator = 337.5 x 24/ 40
= 202.5m2
Dcf= Dia. Of clariflocculator
𝜋4[Dcf2 – (8)2] = 202.5m
Dcf = 17.94 ≅18m
Length of weir = 𝜋 x Dcf
= 𝜋 x 23 = 72.26m
Weir loading = 337.5 x 24/72.26
= 112.09m3 /day/m
According to manual of Govt of India. If it is a well clarifier it can exceed up to
1500m3/day/m

Summary (Clariflocculato)
1. Detention period 30min

2. Diameter of influent pipes 350mm

3. Overall depth of flocculator 3.5m

4. Diameter of tank 8m

5. No. of paddles (3m height and 0.7 m width) 5

6. Distance of shaft from C.L. of flocculater 1m

7. Paddles rotation (RPM) 4

8. Distance of paddle from C.L. of vertical shaft 1m

9. Slope of bottom (%) 8

10 Total depth of partition wall 4.7m

11 Diameter of clariflocculater 18m

High turbulence in the water. The source of power for rapid mixing to create the desired
intense turbulence are gravitation and pneumatic.

The intensity of mixing is dependent upon temporal mean velocity gradient ‘G’. This is
defined as the rate of change of change of velocity per unit distance normal to a section.
The turbulence and resultant intensity of mixing is based on the rate of power input to the
water.
Flash mixture is one of the most popular methods in which the chemicals are dispersed.
They are mixed by the impeller rotating at high speeds.

Design Criteria for Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit

Detention time =30 to 60 sec.
Velocity of flow = 4 to 9 m/sec.
Depth = 1 to 3 m
Power required =0.041 KW/ 100 cu. m/day
Impeller Speed = 100 to 250 rpm
Loss of head = 0.4 to 1.0
Mixing device be capable of creating a velocity gradient
= 300m/sec/m depth
Ratio of impeller dimeter to tank diameter
= 0.2 to 0.4: 1
Ratio of tank height to dimeter =1 to 3:1

(C) Design Calculation

Design flow = 8100m3/ day Detention time = 30 sec.
Ration of tank height to diameter = 1.5:1
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter = 0.3:1
Rotation speed of impeller = 102 rpm
Assume temperature = 200

5. Dimension of tank :
Volume = 2.813m3
D = 1.7m
Height = 1.24+ (0.26m free board)
Total height of tank = 1.5m

6. Power Requirement : Power spend = 3.16 kW

7. Dimension of flat blade and impeller :

Diameter of impeller = 4.08 m/sec.
Area of blade = A8
Power spent = ½ X CD x ro x AB VR3
Let CD = 1.8 (Flat blade): Vr = ¾ x VT
3
5.47 x 10 = ½ x 1.8 x 1000 x AB x ¾ x 4.08
AB = 1.99 m2

Provide 8 blades of 0.5 x 0.5 =2m2

Provide 4 numbers of length of length 1.5 m and projecting 0.2 m from the wall.

8. Provide Inlet and outlet pipes of 250 mm diameter.

Summary
2. Detention Time 30 sec.
2. Speed of Impeller 120 rpm
3. Height of Tank (0.23 m Free board) 1.5m
4. Power Required 3.16 KW
5. Number of Blade (0.5 0.5m) 8
6. Number of baffles ( length 1.5m) 4
7. Diameter of inlet and outlet 250

Design of Clariflocculator
Clariflocculator

The coagulation and sedimentation processes are affectively incorporated in a single unit
in the clariflocculator. Sometimes clarifier and clariflocculator are designed as separate
units.
 All these units consists of 2 or 4 flocculating paddles placed equidistantly. Theses paddles
rotate on their vertical axis. The flocculating paddles may be of rotor-stator type. Rotating
in opposite direction above the vertical axis. The clarification unit outside the flocculation
compartment is served by inwardly raking rotating blades. The water mixed with
chemical is fed in the flocculation compartment fitted with paddles rotating at low speeds
thus forming flocs.

The flocculated water passes out from the bottom of the flocculation tank to the clarifying
zone through a wide opening. The area of the opening being large enough to maintain a
very low velocity. Under quiescent conditions, in the annular setting zone the floc
embedding the suspended particles settle to the bottom and the clear effluent overflows
into the peripheral launder.

(b) Design Criteria: (Flocculator)

Depth of tank = 3 to 4.5 m
Detention time = 30 to 60 min.
Velocity of flow = 0.2 to 0.8 m/sec.
Total area of paddles = 10 to 25% of c/s of tank
Range of peripheral velocities of blades = 0.2 to 0.6 m/s
Velocity gradient (G) = 10 to 75
Dimension less factor Gt = 104 to 105
Power consumption = 10 to 36 KW/mld
Outlet velocity = 0.15 to 0.25 m/sec.

Design Criteria: (Clarifier)

Surface overflow rate = 40 m3 /m2/ day
Depth of water = 3 to 4.5 m
Weir loading = 300 m3 /m2 /day
Storage of sludge = 25%
Floor slope = 1 in 12 or 8% for mechanically cleaned tank.
Slope for sludge hopper = 1.2:1 (V: h)
 Scraper velocity = 1 revolution in 45 to 80 minutes
Velocity of water at outlet chamber = not more than 40 m/sec.

(c) Assumptions
Average outflow from clariflocculator = 337.5 m3/hr.
Water lost in desludging = 2%
Design average period = 344.25 m3/ hr.
Detention period = 30 min.
Average value of velocity gradient = 30 s-1

Design of Influent Pipe Assuming

V = 1 m/sec.
Dia = 0.348m
Provide an influent pipes of 350 diameter.
Desigh Of Flocculator: wall
Volume of flocculator = 344.25 x 30/60
= 172.125m3
Providing a water depth = 3.5 m

Plan area of flocculator

= 49.178 m2
D = diameter of flocculator = 7.91 m
DP = diameter of inlet pipes = 0.45 m
D =8m
Provides a tank dimeter of 8 m

Dimension of Paddles:
= G2 x u v x vol
= 302 x 0.89 x 103 x (𝜋/4 𝑥 82𝑥 3.5)
= 140.92
Power input = ½ (Cd x p x AP x (v-u) 3
Cd = 1.8
P = 995 kg/m3 (250c)
 V= Velocity of tip of blade = 0.4 m/sec. V=
Velocity of water tip of blade = 0.25 x 0.4
= 0.1 m/sec.
140.92 = ½ x 1.8 x 995 x AP x (0.4-0. 1)3
AP = 5.79m2

Ratio of paddles to cs of flocculator

[5.79/ (8-0.75) 3.5] x 100 = 7.26% < 10 to 25%
Provide AP = 8 m2
AP = [8/ (8-0.75) 3.5] x 100 = 10.1% ….ok
Which is acceptable (within 10 to 25%)
Provide 5 no of paddies of 3 m height and 0.7 m width
One shaft will support 5 paddles
The paddles will rotate at an rpm of 4
V = 2 x 𝜋 x r x 𝜋/60
0.4 = 2x 𝜋 x r x 4/60
r = 0.96m ≅ 1m
r = distance of paddle from C1. Of vertical shaft
Let velocity of water below the partition wall between the flocculator and clarifier be 0.3
m/sec.
Area = 337.5/0.3 x 60 x 60 = 0.3/m2
Depth below partition wall = 0.31/ 8
= 0.0123m
Provide 25% for storage of sludge = 0.25 x 3.5
= 0.875m

Provide 8% slope for bottom

Total depth of tank at partition wall = 0.3 + 3.5 + 0.012 + 0875
= 4.69m ≅ 4.7m

Design of Clarifier
Assuming a surface overflow rate of 40m3/m2/day
Surface of clariflocculator = 337.5 x 24/ 40
 = 202.5m2
Dcf= Dia. Of clariflocculator
𝜋4[Dcf2 – (8)2] = 202.5m
Dcf = 17.94 ≅18m
Length of weir = 𝜋 x Dcf
= 𝜋 x 23 = 72.26m
Weir loading = 337.5 x 24/72.26
= 112.09m3 /day/m
According to manual of Govt of India. If it is a well clarifier it can exceed up to
1500m3/day/m

Summary (Clariflocculato)
1 Detention period 30min
2 Diameter of influent pipes 350mm
3 Overall depth of flocculator 3.5m
4 Diameter of tank 8m
5 No. of paddles (3m height and 0.7 m width) 5
6 Distance of shaft from C.L. of flocculater 1m
7 Paddles rotation (RPM) 4
8 Distance of paddle from C.L. of vertical shaft 1m
9 Slope of bottom (%) 8
10 Total depth of partition wall 4.7m
11 Diameter of clariflocculater 18m

6.2.5 Design of Rapid Gravity Filter

(a) Rapid Sand Filter
The rapid sand filter comprises of a bed of sand serving as a single medium granular matrix
supported on gravel overlying an under drainage system, the distinctive features of rapid
sand filtration as compared to slow sand filtration include careful pre-treatment of raw
water to effective flocculate the colloidal particles, use of higher filtration rates and coarser
but more uniform filter media to utilize greater depths of filter media to trap influent solids
without excessive head loss and back washing of filter bed by reversing the flow direction
to clear the entire depth of river.
The removal of particles within a deep granular medium filter such as rapid sand filter,
occurs primarily within the filter bed is referred to as depth filtration. Conceptually the
removal of particles takes place in two distinct slips as transport and as attachment step. In
the first step the impurity particles must be brought from the bulkof the liquid within the
pores close to the surface of the medium of the previously deposited solids on the medium.
Once the particles come closer to the surface an attachment step is required to retain it on
the surface instead of letting it flow down the filter.
The transport step may be accomplished by straining gravity, setting, impaction
interception, hydrodynamics and diffusion and it may be aided by flocculation in the
interstices of the filter.

(a) Design Criteria : ( Rapid Sand Filter)

• Rate of filtration = 5 to 7.5m3/m2/hr
• Max surface area of one bed = 100m2
• Min. overall depth of filter unit including a free board of 0.5m = 2.6m
• Effective size of sand = 0.45 to 0.7
• Uniformity co-efficient for sand = 1.3 to 1.7
• Ignition loss should not exceed 0.7 percent by weight
• Silica content should not be less than 90%
• Specific gravity = 2.55 to 2.65
• Wearing loss is not greater than 3%
• Minimum number of units =2
• Depth of sand = 0.6 to 0.75
• Standing depth of water over the filter = 1 to 2m
• Free board is not less than 0.3m
(b) Problem Statement
Net filtered water = 337.5m3/hr.
Quantity of backwash water used = 2%
Time lost during backwash = 30min.
Design rate of filtration = 5m3/m2/hr.
Length – width ratio = 1.25 to 1.33:1
Under drainage system = central manifold with laterals.
Size of perforations = 13mm

(c) Design Calculation

Solution: required flow of water = 337.5m3/hr.
Design flow for filter = 337.5 x (1 + 0.02) x 24/23.5
= 351.57m3/hr.
Plan area for filter = 351.57/s
= 70.31= 71m2
Using 2 units,
Plan area = 36m2
Length x width = L x 1.25L
 = 36
L = 5.5 m
Provide 2 filter units, each with a dimension 7 x 5.5 m

Estimation of Sand Depth:

It is checked against breakthrough of floc.
Using Hudson Formula:
Q x d x h/L = B x 293223 /1
Where, Q, d, h and 1 are in m3/m2/hr., mm, m and m, respectively.
Assume, B = 4 x 10-4 (poor response) < average degree of pre-treatment h
= 2.5m (terminal head loss)
Q= 5 x 2m3/m2/hr. (assuming 100% overload of filter) d
= 0.6mm (mean dia.)
10 x (0.6)3 x 2.5/1= 4 x 10-4 x 293223
L > 46m
Provide depth of sand bed = 60 cm

Estimation of Gravel and Size Gradation:

Assuming size gradation of 2 mm at 40 mm at bottom using empirical formula:
P = 2.54 R (log d)
Where, R = 12 (10 to 14)

The units of L and dare cm and mm, respectively.

Size 2 5 10 20 40
Depth (cm ) 9.2 21.3 30.5 40 49
Increment 9.2 12.1 9.2 9.5 9

Provide 50 cm depth of gravel.

Design Of Under Drainage System:

Plan area of each filter = 7 x 5.5m
= 38.5 m2
Total area of perforation = 38.5
= 0.1155m2
= 1155 cm2
Total cross section area of laterals = 3 x area of perforation
= 3 x 1155
= 3465 cm2
Area of central manifold = 2 x area of lateral
= 2 x 3465
2
6930 cm
Diameter of central manifold = √10523.4 𝑥 4/𝜋
= 93.93 cm
Providing a commercially available diameter of 100 cm.
Assuming spacing for laterals = 20 cm
Number of laterals = 7 x 100 / 20
= 35 on either side
D=
=7.93 ≅ 𝑐𝑚 ≅ 80 𝑚𝑚
Number of perforations / laterals = 70 units
Length of one lateral
= 1⁄2 width of filter - 1⁄2 dia. Of manifold
= 1⁄2 x 5.5 - 1⁄2 x 1
= 2.25 m
Let n be total no. of perforation of 13 mm dia.
∴ Total area of perforation = n x 𝜋/4 x (1.3)2
= 1155
∴n =870
No of perforation / lateral = 870⁄20
=12.42 ≅ 13
Spacing of perforations
= 2.25 x 2.25⁄1.3
173.06 cm /cc
Provide 16 perforations of 13 mm diameter at 170 cm c/c.

Computation of wash water Trough:

Wash water rate = 36m3/m2/hr.
Wash water discharge for one filter = 36 x 38.5
=1386m3/hr.
= 0.385m3/sec
Assuming a spacing of 1.8 m for wash water through which will run parallel To
the longer dimension of the filter unit.
No. of trough = 5.5/1.8
= 3.05 = 4
Discharged per unit trough = 0.385/4
= 0.96m3/sec
For a width of o.4 m the water depth at upper end is given by
Q = 1.376 b h 3/2
0.096= 1.376 x 0.4 (h) 3/2
H = 0.31
Freeboard = 0.1m
Provide 4 trough of 0.4 m wide x 0.4 deep in each filter.
Total Depth of Filter Box:
Depth of filter box = depth of under Crain + gravel + sand + water
depth + free board
= 900 + 500 + 600 + 2200 + 300
=4500mm
Design of Filter Air Wash:
Assume rate at which air is supplied = 1.53 / m2 / min
Duration of air wash = 3 min
Total quantity of air required per unit bed = 1.5 x 3 x 8.6 x 6.8
= 263.16m3
(D) Summary
1 Number of units 2
2 Size of unit 8.6 x 6.8m
3 Depth of sand bed 60cm
4 Depth of gravel 50cm
5 Diameter of perforation 13mm
6 Diameter of central manifold 100cm
7 Spacing for laterals 20cm
8 Number of perforations 86
9 Diameter of laterals 90mm
10 Number of perforations 16
11 Number of troughs 4
12 Size of trough 0.4 x 0.5 m
13 Total depth of filter box 4500mm
14 Duration of air wash 3min
15 Total quantity of air required per unit bed 263.16 m3

6.2.6 Disinfection unit

(a) Chlorination
Treatment method such as aeration, plain sedimentation, coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration, would render the water chemically and aesthetically acceptable with some
reduction in the pathogenic bacterial content. However, the forgoing treatment methods do
not ensure 100 % removal of pathogenic bacteria. And hence it becomes necessary to
disinfect the water to kill the pathogenic bacteria.
Disinfection should not only remove the existing bacteria from water but also ensure their
immediate killing even afterwards, in the distribution system. The chemical which is used
as a disinfectant must, therefore be able to give the “residual sterilizing effect” for a long
period, thus affording some protection against recontamination. In addition to this, it
should be