Engleza

ELENA MARIA EMANDI
Curs de limba engleza

(suport de curs)
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UNIT ONE
“TO BE” AND “TO HAVE”
The Verb “To Be”
The Greek sea god, Proteus, was (like the sea) capable of changing form in an instant. In
order to get any decent information out of him, you had to grab him and hold on tight while he went
through his various forms — lion, wild boar, snake, tree, running stream — it wasn't easy. The verb
“To be” is said to be the most protean of the English language, constantly changing form, sometimes
without much of a discernible pattern. Considering that we use it so often, it is really too bad that the
verb “To be” has to be the most irregular, slippery verb in the language.
Present Tense
I am We are
You are You are
He/She/It is They are
Past Tense
I was We were
You were You were
He/She/It was They were
Perfect Form (Past Participle): I have been, etc.
Progressive Form (Present Participle): I am being, etc.
Simple Questions
We create simple yes/no questions by inverting the order of subject and the “To be” verb.
 Is your brother taller than you?
 Am I bothering you?
 Were they embarrassed by the comedian?
The same inversion takes place when “To be” is combined with verbs in the progressive:
 Am I working with you today?
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 Is it snowing in the mountains?
 Were your children driving home this weekend?
The Linking and Existential “To Be”
The verb “To be” most frequently works in conjunction with another verb: “He is playing the
piano,” “She will be arriving this afternoon.” Occasionally, though, the verb will stand by itself,
alone, in a sentence. This is especially true in simple, brief answers to questions.
“Who’s going to the movies with me?”

“I am.”
“Who’s responsible for this mess in the bathroom?”

“She is.”
In sentences such as these, the subject usually receives the intonation stress and the voice falls
off on the verb.
An auxiliary can be combined with the base form of “To be” to provide simple answers to questions
that use forms of “to be.”
“Is Hector in class this morning?”

“Well, he might be.”
“Is anyone helping Hector with his homework?”

“I’m not sure. Suzanne could be.”
The verb “To be” also acts as a linking verb, doing no action to a sentence: the subject complement
re-identifies the subject; the adjective complement modifies it.
Ex. Professor Moriber is the Director of Online Learning.
Our trip to Yellowstone was fantastic!
In Passive Constructions
A form of the verb “To be” is combined with a past participle to form the passive.
Passive verb constructions are useful when the subject of an action is not as important as what the
subject did (the action of the sentence) or when the subject is unknown.
For instance, the police might report that “The professor was assaulted in the hallways” because
they do not know the perpetrator of this heinous crime.
In technical writing, where the process is more important than who is doing the activity, we might
report that “Three liters of fluid is filtered through porous glass beads.”
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Regardless of the verb's purpose, only the auxiliary form of “to be” changes; the participle stays the
same. The “to be” will change form to indicate whether the subject is singular or plural:
 The foundation is supported by enormous floating caissons that keep it from sinking
into the swamp.
 They were constructed by workers half submerged in the murky waters.
Notice how the information about who did the action is frequently found in a prepositional phrase
beginning with “by.” Passive constructions do not always include this information:
 Wooden caissons were used until fiberglass structures were developed in the 1950s.
 Caissons were also designed to function under water in the construction of bridges.
The “to be” will also change to indicate the time of the action and the aspect of the verb (simple,
progressive, perfect).
 Water is pumped out of the caisson to create an underwater work chamber. (simple
present)
 Some caissons were moved to other construction sites. (simple past)
 While the water was being pumped out, workers would enter the top of the waterproof
chamber. (past progressive)
 Many other uses of caisson construction have been explored. (present perfect)
 Caissons had been used by the ancient Romans. (past perfect)
 Other uses will be found. (future)
The “to be” verb can be combined with other modal forms (along with the past participle of the
main verb) to convey other kinds of information.
 The wall joints may be weakened if the caissons can't be rebuilt.
 Perhaps the caissons should be replaced; I think they ought to be.
 These ancient, sturdy structures might have been rotted by constant exposure to water.
When “To be” verbs are combined with modal forms in this manner, the construction is called a
phrasal modal. Here are some more examples:
 Rosario was able to finish her degree by taking online courses.
 She wasn't supposed to graduate until next year.
 She will be allowed to participate in commencement, though.
 She is about to apply to several graduate programs.
 She is going to attend the state university next fall.
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Tag Questions with “To Be”
When we use “To be” verbs in a tag question, the basic formula follows: the verb is combined with a
pronoun and sometimes with not (usually in a contracted form). Positive statements are followed by
negative tags; negative statements by positive tags.
 Robert Frost was America's favorite poet, wasn't he?
 He wasn't widely accepted in this country at first, was he?
 You were going to skip this poem, weren't you?
 There were several typographical errors in this anthology, weren't there? (Be careful
here. It's not “weren't they.”)
 I am not a very good reader, am I?
 I'm a better reader than you, aren't I?
Order with Adverbs
Notice that adverbs of frequency normally appear after forms of the verb “to be”:
 As a student, he was seldom happy.
 Arturo is always first in line.
 They were never on time.
Notice that the adverb still appears after “to be” verbs but before other main verbs:
 My brotherinlaw still works for the bank.
 He is still a teller after twenty years.
An adverb can be interposed between the infinitive “to be” and a participle, as in the following
sentences. The fear of splitting an infinitive is without grounds in this construction.
 This medicine has to be
administered.
carefully
 She turned out to be
married to her childhood sweetheart.
secretly
The Verb “To Have”
Forms of To Have
Present Past Continuous
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I / you / we / they have had having
he / she / it has had having
Have is one of the most common verbs in the English language. It functions in various ways.
“To have” as a main verb
As a main verb “to have” implies the meaning of possession.
For example: “I have a job.” “I have a car.“ "I don't have any time."
When it is used to indicate possession you can say "I have..." or you might see/ hear "I have got...".
When you are talking about actions, you only use "have".
For example:
Possession: I have a shower in my bathroom, I don't have a bath. = I have got a shower in my
bathroom. I haven't got a bath.
The action: I have a shower every day. - I'm having a shower now.
Note - it does not take the continuous form "I having" - for that you have to use the auxiliary verb
be.
For example: “I am having a shower.” “Are you having a good time?"
The forms of the verb “to have” are have and has for the present and had for the past.
Question Positive Statement (spoken) Negative Statement (spoken)

Singular
Do I have ...? I have I have not
Have I got ...? (I've) (I haven't/I've not)
Does he / she / it
He/she/it has He/she/it has not
have...?
(He/she/it 's) (He/she/it hasn't)
Has he/she/it got ...?
Do you have ...? You have You have not
Have you got ...? (You've) (You haven't/You've not)
Did I / he / she / it I / He / She / It / You had I / He / She / It / You had not
have ...? (I'd / He'd / She'd / You'd) (I / He / She / It / You hadn't)
Had I / he / she / it /
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you got...?
Plural
Do we / you / they
We / You / They have not
have ...? We / You / They have
(We / You / They haven't // We've nof /
Have we / you / they (We've / You've / They've)
You've not They've not)
got ...?
Do you have ...? You have You have not
Have you got ...? (You've) (You haven't/You've not)
Do they have ...? They have They have not
Have they got ...? (They've) (They haven't/They've not)
Did we / you / they
have ...? We / You / They had I / He / She / It / You had not
Had we / you / they (We'd / You'd / They'd) (I / He / She / It / You hadn't)
got ... ?
Examples
Have Have got

Question - ? "Do you have a car?" "Have you got a car?"
Positive Answer - Yes "Yes, I have a car." "Yes I've got a car."
Negative Answer - No "No, I don't have a car." "No I haven't got a car."
”To have” as an auxiliary verb
The verb “to have” is used as an auxiliary verb to help other verbs create the perfect tense -
auxiliary verb have [+ past participle].
For example, “I have read a lot of books,” or “I have never been to America,” or "I have already
eaten."
Present Perfect
I have been a He / She has They have

You have been It has been We have been
teacher for been a student been students
a student for ... nice today. students for ....
over 11 years. for ... for ...
Past Perfect
I had been a You had been a He / She had It had been We had been They had
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been a student been students
teacher for student for nice for students for
for several for several
several years. several years. several hours. several years.
years. years.
Future Perfect
I will have You will have He / She will They will

It will have We will have
been a teacher been a student have been a have been
been nice for been students for
for several for several student for students for
several years. several years.
years. years. several years. several years.
Question Positive Statement Negative Statement (possible short forms)

Singular
You have been ... You have not been ... (You haven't been ... //
Have you been ...?
(You've been ...) You've not been ...)
Plural
We / You / They have been ... We / You / They have not been ...
Have we / you /
(We've / You've They've been (We / You / They haven't been ... // We've / You've
they been ...?
...) They've not been ...)
For example:
Question - ? "Have you washed your face today?"

Positive Answer - Yes " Yes, I have."
Negative Answer - No " No, I haven't."
Question - ? "Have you ever had a heart attack?"
Positive Answer - Yes " Yes, I'm afraid I have."
Negative Answer - No " No, thank goodness, I haven't."
The use of “have to”
In addition to the two forms, there is another use for have as a modal verb; have to or have got to.
This, of course, must be followed by another verb "We have to do something".
Have to Have got to

Question - ? "Do you have to leave early?" "Have you got to leave early?"
Positive Answer - Yes "Yes I have to." or "Yes I do" "Yes I've got to."
Negative Answer - No "No I don't have to." "No I haven't got to."
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“To have something done”
If something is done for you, in other words you haven't actually done it yourself, we use the
structure "to have something done".
For example:
"He had a tooth out." (Only a masochist would go pull their own teeth out. We go to the dentist and
he or she pulls our teeth out for us.)
"I have my hair cut once every six weeks." (I don't cut my own hair, my hairdresser cuts it for me.)
"My husband has the car serviced once a year." (He wouldn't have a clue how to service a modern
car so, he takes it to the garage and they service it for us.)
Present Simple Tense
Structure:
To form the Present Simple Tense we use the verb’s base form (go, work, speak, study). In 3rd
person singular (he, she, it), the base form of the verb takes -s/es. (Auxiliary verbs "be," "do,"
"have", which can also be used as main verbs, are exceptions.)
Affirmative form
I/ you/ we/ they work
he/she/it works /-s/
go - goes /-es/
watch - watches /-es/
play - plays /-s/
study - studies /-es/
! Remember:
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to be
I am
you/we/they are
he/she/it is
to do
I/you/we/they do
he/she/it does
to have
I/you/we/they have
he/she/it has
Negative form
I , you, we, they DO NOT (DON’T) WORK
he, she, it DOES NOT (DOESN’T) WORK
1. She doesn’t often go to the cinema.

2. I don’t get up early at the weekend.
3. They don’t speak English very well.
Interrogative form
I
DO you WORK?
we
they
DOES he/she/it WORK?
1. Do they speak foreign languages?

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2. Do you want a banana?
3. Does your sister play the piano?
Questions and short answers:
Do you like spaghetti?

Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
Does she know Bulgarian?

Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t.
Notes about formation of the 3rd person singular (he, she, it):
If the verb ends in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o, add -es to the base form:
kiss - kisses, finish - finishes, watch - watches, mix - mixes, go - goes
If the verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -es:

study - studies, copy - copies, try - tries, carry – carries
We use the Present Simple Tense:
when we talk about things that happen repeatedly or habitually
With Present Simple Tense we often use time expressions such as always, often, sometimes,
usually, seldom, on Saturdays, rarely, never, every day, etc.
Examples:
1. Philip gets up at 6 o’clock every morning.
2. I go to school every day.
3. She sometimes goes out on Friday night.
4. I usually sleep late on Sunday morning.
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5. Peter works for 8 hours every day.
6. We usually start work at 8 o’clock.
7. My children often watch TV in the afternoon.
8. He always forgets his keys.
When we talk about permanent or long-lasting situations

Examples:
1. I work in a bank.
2. Kate speaks English very well.
3. Tom lives in London.
When we talk about people or things in general

Examples:
1. People make choices because they can’t have everything they want.
2. Nurses work in clinics and hospitals.
3. Football is a very popular sport in Bulgaria.
To indicate general truths, facts and scientific laws

Examples:
1. The Earth is spherical.
2. My birthday is in May.
3. California is in the United States.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. Water freezes at 0°C (32°F).
When we talk about travel plans and timetables (mainly with verbs such as go, leave, arrive, start,
come, return etc.)
Examples:
1. We arrive in Rome at 6 p.m.
2. The train leaves in five minutes.
3. The course starts next Thursday.
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With state (or stative) verbs such as like, dislike, love, think, seem, look, know, feel, understand,
want, need, hate, remember, forget, prefer, believe, mean, taste, hear, see, have (when the meaning
is "possess"), own, belong, etc. These verbs are not normally used in the Continuous Tense (but
there are exceptions).
Examples:
1.She loves jazz music.
2. My aunt hates travelling by train.
3. I like ice cream. I don’t like spinach.
4. I think she is a wonderful person.
5. Do you believe in God?
6. I have no money at the moment.
7. My brother has a new car.
8. That bicycle belongs to me.
To give instructions/directions
Examples:
1. Pour all ingredients into a mixing bowl and mix until smooth.
2. Walk down the street to the corner and then turn right.
The Present Simple Tense is also used in:
sentences after “when”, “after”, “while”, “till” / “until”, “before”, “as soon as” - When the rain
stops, we’ll go out.
I’ll call you back as soon as I return home.
zero conditional sentences (when the result of the condition is always true) - If you heat water to
100°C (212°F), it boils.
first conditional sentences (Often called the “real” conditional because it is used for real (or
possible) situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.) - If you finish your
homework I’ll bring you to the zoo.
List of stative verbs
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Here is a comprehensive list of stative verbs:
to adore to fit to please

to agree to hate to possess
to appear (seem) to have (possession) to promise
to appreciate to hear to realise
to be to imagine to recognize
to believe to include to remember
to belong to to involve to resemble
to concern to know to satisfy
to consist of to lack to see
to contain to like to seem
to cost to loathe to smell
to deny to look (seem) to sound
to depend on to love to suppose
to deserve to matter to surprise
to detest to mean to taste
to disagree to measure to think (opinion)
to dislike to mind to understand
to doubt to need to want
to equal to owe to weigh
to feel to own to wish
Exercises
1. Write down the missing sentences:
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
I I play.
you You help.
he He does not answer.

Does she sing?
she Doesn’t she sing?
it It rains.
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Do we dream?
we Don’t we dream?
you You do not read.
Do they work?
they Don’t they work?
2. Arrange the words to make sentences in the Simple Present.
I / to collect stamps – I collect stamps.

we / to play card games - …………………………………………………….
he / to read comics - ………………………………………………………….
Chris / to sing in a band - …………………………………………………….
we / to have a hamster - ……………………………………………………...
Andy and John / to like cola - ……………………………………………….
she / to be nice - ……………………………………………………………...
they / to help their parents - ………………………………………………….
the children / to speak English - ……………………………………………..
I / to buy a newspaper every Saturday - ……………………………………..
3.Choose the correct form.
We sometimes (read, reads, doesn’t read)……….. books.

Emily (go, don’t go, doesn’t go)…………to the disco.
It often (rain, don’t rain, rains)………. on Sundays.
Pete and his sister (doesn’t drive, drives, drive)………………. the family car.
I always (walks, doesn’t walk, walk)……………….. to the bus stop.
4. Put the verbs into the correct form.
I (to like)……………………. lemonade very much.

The girls always (to listen) ………………………to pop music.
Janet never (to wear) ……………………..jeans.
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Mr Smith (to teach) …………………..Spanish and French.
You (to do) ………………………your homework after school.
5. Fill in the correct form of the verbs.
We (to have) …………………….a nice garden.

She (to be)……………………… six years old.
Simon (to have)……………………. two rabbits and five goldfish.
I (to be)……………………………. from Vienna, Austria.
They (to be) ………………………….Sandy’s parents.
6. Make negative sentences.
My father makes breakfast. →…………………………………………….

They are eleven. →………………………………………………………..
She writes a letter. → ……………………………………………………..
I speak Italian. → …………………………………………………………
Danny phones his father on Sundays. → …………………………………
7. Make questions.
you / to speak / English →…………………………………………………
when / he / to go / home → ………………………………………………..
they / to clean / the bathroom → …………………………………………..
where / she / to ride / her bike → ………………………………………….
Billy / to work / in the supermarket → ……………………………………
8. Find the signal words for the Simple Present.
1. Which is a signal word for simple present?

a. now b. last Monday c. often

a. sometimes b. the moment c.yesterday
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a. last Friday b. every Friday c. next Friday
4. Which is not a signal word for simple present?

a. never b. already c. usually
5. Which is not a signal word for simple present?

a. Listen! b. first ... then ... c. seldom
9. Reading
Read the following text.
Physical education or health and physical education are the areas of knowledge that will
ultimately drive our success engine. We are physical and spiritual beings. Our mind, body, and spirit
are all connected and learning how they work together and how to care for them can save us from
unnecessary pain and suffering. Knowing how to take care of our body, mind, and spirit will lead us
down the path toward happiness, health, and wealth.
The most powerful tool of influence we have is to model good behaviors. We should be sure
we are working on our health and fitness at the same time we preach to others about the value
health, fitness, and participation in sports. Each of us will have our own issues, goals, and obstacles
to living a healthy lifestyle, but we must strive for excellence in this area. When we live it, we will
feel the difference. We will find it much easier to dream, act, achieve, and enjoy.
There are a few areas of health and physical education we will focus on at this time. First, I
will discuss the area of fitness. Fitness has to do with stamina, strength, and flexibility. Our
objective should be fit enough so that a day of physical activity does not lay us up for a week.
To begin a fitness routine you need to visit your doctor and let him or her know what you
want to do. They will give you the practical advice based on your over-all health. In doing this
fitness routine you should build in stretching, anaerobic exercise, and aerobic exercise. You most
definitely do NOT need to buy expensive gym equipment or memberships at clubs to get started.
There are a number of good programs you can do right at home. Having someone who will do this
with you and hold you accountable would be a great benefit. Any fitness program you actually do
and do consistently will help you in all areas of your life. You will have more energy, will perform
better on the job, will feel less stress, and will sleep better. You must take action to achieve those
benefits. The motivation to follow through and the building of the routine is most people's down-
fall. That is topic of a future article.
The second area is that of athleticism. Athleticism covers things like stamina, coordination,
speed, and agility. It encompasses the skills that enable us to do many different physical tasks. It is
also the skills that would allow us to participate in team and individual sports for our entire lives.
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Skiing, swimming, basketball, baseball, softball, cycling, tennis, bowling, and of course golf are
several of many sports that can provide a fun and competitive outlet for people of all ages. For those
who are not naturally athletic becoming fit and actually participating in athletic activities and
exercises can and will improve that athleticism. You can find that competitive outlet and not feel
embarrassed about your performance. Just go get in the game.
Nutrition is a broad topic. There are basic principles that you need to understand. First, your
body needs basic building blocks for your cells. It must get vitamins and minerals in the correct
amount to operate to its maximum abilities. We get those vitamins in minerals from the foods and
drinks we consume. The next basic principle is that the fuel for our body is calories. If we consume
more calories than our body uses it converts the extra calories to fat. When we consume fewer
calories than our body needs we burn excess fat. In each case we can develop serious health
conditions if either problem continues for an extended period of time. One other fundamental
principle is we must keep our bodies hydrated. Dehydration is an often ignored and a serious
problem in America today. Within those foundations there are numerous other nutrition related
topics that can be discussed all of which can impact our overall health. There are a number of books
that would be highly recommended reading.
The final category would be that of our well-being. It is this area that may well be the most
important, yet the most misunderstood and the most difficult to share. Our well-being consists not
only of our general health and fitness, but our spiritual well-being as well. It is that spiritual side that
has be so over-looked in western medicine. We are spiritual beings anyway you look at it and
denying that truth can lead to serious consequences.
Spirituality goes beyond who we are. It includes things like beliefs, values, emotions and
intelligence. These aspects of a person's personality are not easily understood, but profoundly impact
who they are and their well-being. There are psychological processes that can show people how to
change your beliefs, values, and emotions. We can do things to improve our ability to think and
reason. At the same time, genetics plays a role in those areas and will influence health and well-
being as do injuries to the brain. Those factors are only part of the spiritual picture.
Spirituality has played a significant role in healing in most religions of the world. Eastern religions
and native religions have kept more of those healing arts in tact over the centuries than have the
western, Christian nations. Any discussion regarding spirituality and health would be incomplete if it
did not include a discussion of faith and religious creeds. It also must be noted that while religious
people tend to live longer and healthier than non-religious people being religious does not
automatically mean you will be healthy; however, if you are truly a convert of a religious faith you
will tend to be healthier than those who don't.
Does it matter what religious faith you are? First, we must point out that ALL religions are
mutually exclusive. They have core beliefs that set them apart from other religious views and those
core beliefs cannot all be true. Given that fact it is a reasonable conclusion that it does matter
because each will have a different view on how an individual is to live their life and what happens to
you upon death. It then would make sense to investigate the truth claims of the religions of the
world. If you were to start your investigation with Christian truth claims you may find that you can
dismiss all the other claims because a fundamental truth claim of Christianity is that Jesus Christ
was the only way to reach God, the father. If those claims are true then all other claims to the
contrary are false.
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We truly don't fully understand the spiritual realm but we do know it does positively impact our
physical and emotional health and well-being. So, seek the truth, build a relationship with God, and
enjoy improved health and well-being.
(http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Importance-of-Physical-Education&id=4255222)
Answer the following questions:

1. Why do we need to learn how to take care of our bodies, minds and spirits, and make them
work together?
2. Does any type of person, who practises physical education, face the same obstacles?
3. What is the first step in order to begin a fitness routine?
4. Are there any things we have to buy after we decided to start the routine?
5. Are the benefits we gain after a fitness routine strictly physical?
6. Which are the matters that athleticism involves?
7. What do fitness and athleticism have in common?
8. What is the difference we notice between athleticism and fitness?
9. Is athleticism recommended for any kind of people or just for those who have a good
physical condition?
10. Besides practising a sport, which is the most important thing we must pay attention to if we
want our bodies to operate at maximum?
11. Which are the problems we could confront with, if we ignore one side of a sporting life?
12. How is our spiritual side connected with the material one?
UNIT TWO
Present Continuous Tense
Structure
The Present Continuous is made with the present form of the verb “to be” (I am, you are,
he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are) + the ‘-ing’ form of the main verb. The ‘-ing’ form of the
verb is called the Present Participle.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM

FORM
I am reading I am not reading Am I reading?
You are reading You are not reading Are you reading?
He is reading He is not reading Is he reading?
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She is reading She is not reading Is she reading?
It is reading It is not reading Is it reading?
We are reading We are not reading Are we reading?
You are reading You are not reading Are you reading?
They are reading They are not reading Are they reading?
Contracted forms: I am = I’m

you are = you’re
he/she/it is = he’s/she’s/it’s
I am not = I’m not

you are not = you aren’t
he/she/it is not = he isn’t/she isn’t/it isn’t
we are = we’re they are = they’re
we are not = we aren’t they are not = they aren’t
Examples:
1. What are you doing? 3. He is reading a newspaper.
2. I’m having a bath. 4. Are they working?
Using the Present Continuous Tense
We most often use the Present Continuous when we talk about something which is happening at
the time of speaking (now, at the moment):
Examples: 1. Pamela is sleeping in the bedroom.

2. The telephone is ringing!
3. They are doing their homework.
4. I’m waiting for my girlfriend in front of the cinema.
Present Continuous is also used when we talk about something which is happening at present,
but not necessarily at the moment of speaking:
Examples: 1. I’m reading an interesting book.
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2. Tom is looking for a new job.
3. We are studying English and Spanish.
We can use the Present Continuous when we talk about temporary actions taking place only for
a period of time (today, this week, this semester, this year):
Examples: 1. My husband is working hard today.

2. They are spending this week in Paris.
3. She is teaching English this semester.
4. We are staying at the Bristol Hotel tonight.
5. I’m living with my parents at the moment but soon I’ll buy my own house.
Present Continuous is also used to express current trends:
Examples: 1. Fuel prices are rising constantly because of strong demand.

2. On-line shopping is growing rapidly nowdays.
We can use the Present Continuous when we talk about repeated actions which are irritating to
the speaker (always, constantly):
Examples: 1. He is always complaining from his colleagues.

2. My son is always getting into trouble in school.
Sometimes we use the Present Continuous to describe a planned action in the near future:
Examples: 1. I’m leaving for Vienna tomorrow morning.

2. We are having lunch at 12.30 o’clock.
Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:
Be
be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means ‘behaving’ or ‘acting’
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you are stupid = it’s part of your personality
you are being stupid = only now, not usually
Think
think (stative) = have an opinion
I think that coffee is great
think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head
what are you thinking about? I’m thinking about my next holiday
Have
have (stative) = own
I have a car
have (dynamic) = part of an expression
I’m having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break
See
see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean
I see her now, she’s just coming along the road
see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with
I’ve been seeing my boyfriend for three years
I’m seeing Robert tomorrow
Taste
taste (stative) = has a certain taste
This soup tastes great
The coffee tastes really bitter
taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting
The chef is tasting the soup
(‘taste’ is the same as other similar verbs such as ‘smell’)
Exercises
1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
Example: I am listening (listen) to you.

1. The train to Glasgow ………………(leave) from platform 8.
2. I ……………..(begin) to understand the Present Continuous now.
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3. Sue ………………….(work) tonight.
4. Listen! The telephone ………………….(ring).
5. Ms. Johnson ………………………….(see) a customer at 3 o’clock.
2. Form complete sentences by putting the following words into the correct order:
1 living very We’re flat. in a nice
……………………………………………….…………
2 image. company hard improve its working to The is
………………………………………………..…..…….
3 interesting China. book reading a I’m very about
……………………………………………………………..
4 Saturday. The party a on are having Barrons
……………………………………………………………..
5 playing team are Our today. badly
……………………………………………………………..
6 train new with My playing son his is set.
……………………………………………………………..
7 her Sheila’s mobile. to someone on talking
……………………………………………………………..
8 morning. I’m Bob tomorrow at 12 meeting
……………………………………………………………..
9 is week. Rome flying to Margot next
……………………………………………………………..
10. meet am that you me. hoping will I
……………………………………………………………..
Present Tense Continuous – Negative Form
I ’m not playing football.

You aren’t standing up.
He isn’t listening to music.
She isn’t swimming.
It isn’t playing with the ball.
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We aren’t going home.
They aren’t running.
Exercises
Example: We aren’t watching (not watch) the television.

1. My Dad ……………….(not have) his lunch now.
2. The kids ……………....(not study) tomorrow.
3. It ……………………...(not rain) today.
4. I……………………….(not study) German.
5. We ……………………(not go) to Egypt on summer holiday.
1 homework. isn’t English Anita doing her

……………………………………………………………
2 the Progress having We Test today! aren’t
……………………………………………………………
3 for the dinner. coming aren’t Unfortunately, Petersons
……………………………………………………………
4 The photocopier isn’t working.
……………………………………………………………
5 renting aren’t and flat Lisa sister a her together.
……………………………………………………………
6 aren’t working Saturday. We next
……………………………………………………………
7 anywhere going at Clive and I weekends. aren’t
……………………………………………………………
8 phone isn’t ringing. The
……………………………………………………………
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9 I’m anything not now. doing right
…………………………………………………………….
10. playing Nobody computer games. is
…………………………………………………………….
Present Tense Continuous – Interrogative Form
Am I doing it right?
Are you listening to me?
Is he working today?
Is she speaking Chinese?
Is it working?
Are we going home now?
Are they watching TV?
Exercises
Example: Are you listening (you listen) to me?
1. …………………………. (it start) to rain?

2. ………………………….. (Sue study) to become a doctor?
3. ………………………….. (you take) your daughter with you?
4. …………………………... (the dog play) with the kids?
5. ………………………... (they come) tonight?
1 tennis Is with playing Pamela you tomorrow?

…………………………………………………………..
2 tonight? you Are doing anything
…………………………………………………………..
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3 a they in Are London? bigger office into moving
…………………………………………………………..
4 presentations doing on his Is Sean Wednesday?
…………………………………………………………..
5 staying Is anyone classes? after else
……………………………………………………………
6 Are going they already? home
……………………………………………………………
7 your back? Isn’t coming wife
…………………………………………………………...
8 you joking? Are
……………………………………………………………
9 Are your taking play? part the in kids
……………………………………………………………..
10 watching anyone TV? Is
………………………………………………………………
Wh- Questions
What am I doing?
Where are you living now?
Who is he speaking to?
When is she coming?
What is it doing here?
When are we having the test?
What are they watching?
Exercises
What company …………………………..(you work) for?

What class ………………………………..(they study) in?
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Who ………………………………(John shake) hands with?
What time ………………………………..(your friends come)?
What country …………………………… (they visit) at the moment?
1. time are What friends coming? your

…………………………………………………………….
2 visiting What you vocation? country on are
……………………………………………………………….
3 are speaking to? you Who
………………………………………………………………..
4 you Where tonight? staying are
………………………………………………………………….
5 doing? hell the are What you
…………………………………………………………………..
6 arriving train is your When in Moscow?
………………………………………………………………………
7 with? my dancing wife Who’s
……………………………………………………………………..
8 buying? are What car they
…………………………………….
9 How coming? many people are
…………………………………………………………………………
10 What you are drinking?
................................................................................................................
THE –ING FORMS OF THE VERBS
Usually we add ing

work working
stand standing
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learn learning
When the verb ends in an e, we drop the e and add ing

come coming
have having
write writing
If a one syllable (with only one vowel sound) verb ends in one consonant (for example p, t, r) that
follows one vowel (for example a, o, e), we double the consonant.
swim swimming
get getting
stop stopping
Some verbs have irregular ing form
lie lying
die dying
travel Br. travelling
Am. traveling
Exercises
Make the –ing form of the verbs:

coming ……………..
watch ……………..
skate ……………..
smile ……………..
die ……………..
speak ……………..
run ……………..
meet ……………..
talk ……………..
have ……………..
take ……………..
live ……………..
sit ……………..
go ……………..
listen ……………..
eat ……………..
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lie ……………..
ski ……………..
wear ……………..
chat ……………..
chew ……………..
3. Choose the correct form of the verb depending on whether in this meaning it is an action or a
state verb. If both the Present Continuous and the Present Simple tenses are possible, use the
Present Continuous tense.
1. a) Why are you smelling the soup?

b) Why do you smell the soup?
2. a) She was feeling his arm on her shoulder.

b) She felt his arm on her shoulder.
3. a) Are you having an English dictionary?

b) Do you have an English dictionary?
4. a) What are you thinking about?

b) What do you think about?
5. a) I am feeling much better today.

b) I feel much better today.
6. a) What are you looking at?

b) What do you look at?
7. a) I am not hearing you.

b) I can’t hear you.
8. a) What are you thinking of me?

b) What do you think of me?
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9. a) I am feeling we should go home now.
b) I feel we should go home now.
10. a) This bread is tasting funny.

b) This bread tastes funny.
Present Tense Simple / Present Tense Continuous
Permanent (usual) and Temporary (now, around now) actions.
We use the Present Continuous tense to speak about things which are happening now or things
which are temporary.
I am not working now. I am on holiday.

Sally is listening to a new CD.
Who are you phoning?
The Present Simple tense describes usual, repeated and permanent things
which happen for example, always, usually, often, sometimes, never.
I work as an accountant.
John doesn’t know German.
How often do you play tennis?
Compare how these two tenses are used.
Why are you walking to work? Don’t you usually go by bus?

I live in Kharkiv, but now I am living in Moscow.
Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we are having it at 9.
Some verbs are not normally used in the Continuous Tense. They are called “state” verbs.
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Present Continuous and Present Simple to talk about the future.
We use the Present Continuous Tense for plans and arrangements.
What are you doing tonight?

I’m seeing a very important customer in my office at 4 o’clock.
We are going to the see for our holiday.
Where are you staying in Vienna?
I’m not going anywhere. It is final.
We use the Present Simple in the conditional clauses after if, when, as soon as, until etc, and when
we talk about timetable, schedules, itineraries etc.
What will you do if you fail your exam?

We will wait until she comes.
My plane takes off at 9.00.

The President arrives in Norway on 17 September.
What time does your train leave?
Exercises
1. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, either the Present Simple Tense or the Present
Continuous Tense.
1. I ………………..a very interesting book.(to read)

2. Joanne ………………eight hours a day. (to work)
3. Tonight we …………………a play at the theatre. (to watch)
4. Who……………………………to? (he, to speak)
5. I ………………………him very well. (to know)
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6. What will you do if she……………………..late?(to come)
7. My wife…………………………………coffee for breakfast. (to have)
8. What …………………………………….for breakfast? (you, to have)
9. Your train …………………………..at 17.25 from platform 3. (to leave)
10. What…………………………………? She’s a student. (she, to do)
2. Put the verbs into present progressive.
1. My sister (to clean) ……………………the bathroom.

2. Look! They (to go) …………………….inside.
3. I (to wait) …………………………in the car now.
4. Mrs Miller (to listen)…………………… to CDs.
5. We (to speak) ………………………….English at the moment.
3. Choose the correct form. Note that there are exceptions in spelling when adding ‘ing.’
1. His brother …………………….a test at the moment. (does, is doing, do)

2. They ………………….in the pool. (are swimming, swim, swims)
3. Look! David and Max ………………home. (come, comes, are coming)
4. My dog Charlie ………………..to the park. (go, goes, is going)
5. I ………………..breakfast now. (make, is making, am making)
4. Rewrite the sentences using the short forms (where long forms are given) or the long forms
(where short forms are given).
1. We are reading a letter. ……………………………………..…..

2. He is opening the window. …………………………………......
3. I am playing computer games. ……………………………….....
4. She’s dancing at the party. …………………………………...…
5. They’re drinking a cup of tea. ………………...…………..….…
5. Rewrite the sentences using the negative forms.
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1. We are playing a game. ……………………………………….….
2. I’m drawing a picture. ……………………………………………
3. He is making pizza right now. ……………………………….…...
4. Susan and her brother are taking photos. …………………………
5. Dad is working in the kitchen. ……………………………………
6. Write questions in present progressive.

Robin / to ride / his bike ……………………………………………..
where / she / to go …………………………………………………..
what / your mother / to do / now ……………………………………
7. Which is a signal word for the present progressive?

1. a.often b. now c. sometimes
2. a. always b. Look! c. at the moment
8. Reading
Read the following text. Can you explain the underlined words?
Exclusive Interview with Olympic Athlete Whitney Post
Whitney Post, MA is an amazing woman. An Olympic rower, who describes herself as “chasing
victory” in a highly competitive sport, she has conquered something perhaps more challenging: her
own eating disorder. Since entering recovery, Whitney has been instrumental in helping others to
recover from anorexia, bulimia and binge eating. Whitney is now taking on a new challenge,
supporting college students with eating disorders. Whitney recently shared her story with
Examiner.com.
Examiner: Could you tell us a little bit about you and especially your interest in eating
disorders?
Whitney: Well I come to my interest in the topic from personal and professional experience. I
developed an eating disorder myself in college – where I was in love with the sport of rowing. I
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went on to row for the lightweight National Team for four years, and then went as an alternate to the
Sydney Olympics in 2000. I subsequently earned a degree in psychology, and worked as an eating
disorder therapist, and as a consultant I’ve given trainings on eating disorder prevention and
wellness to college sports teams and coaches. I’m fascinated by the way something as positive as
athletics can contribute to something as destructive as eating disorders, as well as the way the
athletic personality can be leveraged towards recovery. I write about this in a blog for gurze.com
Why are athletes so susceptible to developing eating disorders?
How much time do you have? The short answer is that the profile of a good athlete in many ways
mirrors the traits needed to have an eating disorder; ability to be incredibly disciplined, training in
pushing through pain and discomfort, strong motivation for achievement, strong identity linked to
the body. In eating disorders the body becomes the solution to whatever problems are at hand. They
get played out in the body by starving or binging or purging or some combination of all of the
above.
Do you see any gender differences among athletes in terms of eating disorders?
While eating disorders have mainly impacted women over the past few decades, they are affecting
more and more men. Research has shown that athletes in weight restricted sports or sports where
appearance plays a role in performance are at particularly risk, as well as sports the emphasize
individual over team performance.
What are some changes to traditional treatment for eating disorders that would be beneficial
for athletes?
I think the most important aspect is to be in pursuit of treatment. Many athletes are often resistant to
treatment. I’ve talked to plenty of clinicians on college campuses who say how hard it is to get
athletes to show up for groups or sessions to address eating disorders. It can be threatening to their
identity and sport. I know when I was rowing in college I was horrified that what I was doing might
be viewed as letting my teammates down. While I did seek treatment I was scared that someone
from my team might find out what I was struggling with. I do think that therapeutic modalities such
as Cognitive Behavior Therapy can be a nice fit for athletes because the approach addresses specific
skill development and is goal oriented. And while it may take some effort – taking the time to find a
therapist who has experience working with athletes is a great way to go.
What can you tell us about your latest endeavor, The Eating for Life Alliance?
My colleague and Co-founder, Dawn Hynes, and I are pleased that at long last (18 months of
working and networking) the eatingforlife.org website will be live as of September. This is an
endeavor very near and dear to my heart: a website to provide resources on the treatment and
34
prevention of eating disorders to colleges (students, parents, and college staff). There is amazing
work being done across the country in eating disorder treatment and prevention. Our vision is to
connect colleges to that information, and to provide help in terms of a user friendly website
(www.eatingforlife.org).
Questions
1. Who is Whitney Post?

2. What does the interview refer to?
3. When did her interest for eating disorders appear?
4. What kind of sport did she practise in high school?
5. Do eating disorders affect more women than men?
6. Are there any types of traditional treatments for athletes? What treatment does she think necessary
for athletes?
7. What does the website she created with her colleague Hynes refer to? It is about eating disorders?
UNIT THREE
Past Simple Tense
Structure
The past simple tense of the most English verbs (regular verbs) is formed by adding
"-ed"/"-d" to their base form. (If the verb ends in "-e", we add "-d" to form the past simple.)
There are also some verbs called irregular verbs that have special past tense forms.
Here are some examples of irregular verbs:
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to do – did – done
to be – was/ were – been
to make – made - made
Affirmative form
Regular verbs:
base form + "-ed" or "-d":
work + "-ed" = worked
live + "-d" = lived
I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked
I/you/he/she/it/we/they lived
Irregular verbs: past form only

I/you/he/she/it/we/they saw
To form the negative and interrogative sentences we use the past form of auxiliary verb do -->
did:
Negative form
I
you DID + NOT
he/she/it /DIDN'T/
we + WORK
they
He didn't work yesterday.

She didn't see him last night.
Interrogative form
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I
you
DID he/she/it WORK?
we
they
Did he work yesterday?

Did she see him last night?
If it is the verb "to be" we use was/were before the subject:

Was he at the office the other day?
Questions and short answers:
Did you go to the cinema last night?

Yes, I did.
No, I didn't.
Did he speak with Kate yesterday?

Yes, he did.
No, he didn't.
Spelling rules for the Past Simple of regular verbs:
if a regular verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -ed:

carry - carried, study - studied, fry - fried, try - tried
if a one syllable regular verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant double the final consonant
and add -ed -- > stop - stopped, plan - planned, rob - robbed, beg - begged
if a regular verb has more than one syllable and ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, we
double the final consonant only if the final syllable is stressed -- > preFER - preferred, regRET
- regretted
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Exception: In British English verbs ending in -l have -ll before -ed whether the final syllable is
stressed or not -- > travel – travelled
Pronunciation of final "-ed" (regular verbs):
after an unvoiced consonant sound (sh/ s / ch / p / k / f ) we pronounce /t/: wash (/sh/) -

washed (/t/); kiss (/s/) - kissed (/t/); work (/k/) - worked (/t/); hope (/p/) - hoped (/t/); laugh (/f/) -
laughed (/t/)
after a vowel and voiced consonant sounds we pronounce /d/: phone (/n/) - phoned (/d/); judge
(/dg/) - judged (/d/); turn (/n/) - turned (/d/); play (/ei/) - played (/d/); follow (/ou/) - followed (/d/)
after /t/ and /d/ sounds we pronounce /-id/: visit (/t/) - visited (/id/); start (/t/) - started (/id/);
need (/d/) - needed (/id/)
Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was,
we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a
question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples:
subject main verb
I, he/she/it was here.

+
You, we, they were in London.
I, he/she/it was not there.

-
You, we, they were not happy.
Was I, he/she/it right?

?
Were you, we, they late?
We use the Past Simple Tense:
to describe actions and situations that happened in the past. These actions and situations were
started and finished in the past.
38
Examples:
1. We arrived at 9:00 o'clock.
2. This morning I went to the supermarket.
3. The teacher went to the desk.
4. He didn't hear the telephone.
5. Susan bought her little sister a doll.
6. We came here in 1980.
7. I worked at Johnson & Co. from 1990 to 1995.
8. My brother lived in London for six years. (he doesn't live there anymore)
The sentence often contains an adverb or adverb phrase of time, such as yesterday, the other
day, last night, last week, three days ago, a few minutes ago, in (year), from (year) to (year),
etc.
to talk about habitual or repeated actions that took place in the past
Examples:
1. When she was young, she danced beautifully.
2. He played the violin when he was a child.
3. We often went there.
4. I saw her every day.
Note: This use is also often expressed with used to:

Bob used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.
to tell a story and to express actions which follow each other in a story
Examples:
It happened one night in the winter.
2. She opened her bag, took out the key and unlocked the door.
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to refer to the historical past or to events that have happened in the distant past relative to the
speaker
Examples:
1. World War II ended in 1945.
2. Romans built strong bridges.
for reporting what someone said (converting from direct to reported speech)
Examples:
1. David said that he was tired.
2. The doctor told me that I would have to stay in the hospital for a week.
to talk about action in the past that took place in the middle of another action
Examples:
1. When Peter arrived, I was reading a book.

2. I was having a bath when the phone rang.
for making second conditional sentences (also called conditional type 2) when we talk about an
imaginary or unlikely situation and to describe its result. (If + past simple, would + infinitive)
Examples:
1. If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.
2. If I were you, I wouldn't marry him.
Exercises
1. Put the verbs into the Simple Past:
1. Last year I (go)………………to England on holiday.

2. It (be) ………………………….fantastic.
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3. I (visit) ……………….lots of interesting places. I (be) ……………..with two friends of
mine .
4. In the mornings we (walk) ………………………………in the streets of London.
5. In the evenings we (go) ……………………………………..to pubs.
6. The weather (be) ……………………………strangely fine.
7. It (not / rain) …………………………….a lot.
8. But we (see) ………………………………..some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (spend / you) ………………………………………..your last holiday?
3. Fill in the blanks below with one of the 15 irregular past tense verbs in the box.
ate drank made read took

came gave met saw went
did got ran swam rode
1. He……………………………. his homework before he went to school.

2. It was cold so we ……………………… some hot chocolate.
3. I ………………………….. a sandcastle when I went to the beach.
4. It was a hot day so she …………………………… in the lake yesterday.
5. His car had a flat tire so he ………………………… the bus to work.
6. I …………………………… a horse last summer when I went to my uncle's farm.
7. I was late for class so I …………………………….. to school.
8. I……………………….. two hamburgers so I am full.
9. I………………………………a good book before I went to bed.
10. She ………………………. a lion when she went to the zoo.
11. A letter…………………………….. in the mail today.
12. They ………………………………………….. hiking yesterday.
13. I…………………………………. my brother a game for his birthday.
14. She………………………………….a good report card so her mom was happy.
15. I ……………………………… my friends when we went to the park.
4. Fill in with the correct form of the verb in brackets
1. Yesterday I …………………………..to the movies. (go)
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2 .My sister …………………………..a birthday cake for me last week. (make)
3. Steve ……………………………..his bicycle to school yesterday. (ride)
4. My friends ……………………………………to Los Angeles two weeks ago. (drive)
5. Elizabeth …………………………………some flowers to her mother last Saturday.(take)
6. Kevin ………………………………………his leg while he was playing football. (break)
7. Last week my aunt ……………………………….a baby. (have)
8. When we cleaned the yard, we ………………………………..a lot of work. (do)
9. The child ……………………………………………….some milk last night. (drink)
10. My teacher …………………………………………some new books last month. (buy)
5. Read the text and then answer the questions!
Coughlin, Franklin help U.S. relay break swimming world record
ATLANTA (AP) - Missy Franklin took a break from studying for her high school exams to anchor a
world-record time in the very first race of the night. With that, the Americans were off to another
dominating performance at Duel in the Pool. Led by the 16-year-old Franklin and longtime
American stars Ryan Lochte and Natalie Coughlin, the Americans won 12 of the 14 events Friday at
the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center and are well on their way to staying unbeaten in the Duel series.
The scoreboard said it all: United States 93.5, Europe 28.5.
"When you're setting a world record, it still feels like the first time," said Franklin, a breakout star at
the world championships this past summer and on course to be one of the biggest names at next
summer's London Olympics. "I'm so excited. It's awesome." The Colorado teenager already took her
exams in math, physics and theology before traveling to Atlanta, but she's still got U.S. history and
American literature next week when she gets back home. "I made note cards on the way here to help
me study," the bubbly Franklin said, breaking into a big smile that never seems to leave her face. "I
like being a student. I like going to school every day."
The tone was set in the opening event, the women's 400-meter medley relay. Coughlin got the
Americans off to a quick start in the backstroke, Rebecca Soni blazed through her signature
breaststroke, Dana Vollmer kept it going in the butterfly, and Franklin finished strong in the freestyle
for a time of 3 minutes, 45.56 seconds. That crushed the previous record of 3:47.97, set by the
Americans at the 2009 Duel in the Pool just before high-tech racing suits were banned by the
42
international governing body. "We have four really great girls in that relay," said Coughlin, who
also set an American record in the 100 back with her leadoff leg. "We were confident going in, and
that definitely helped us get the world record." Turns out, the Americans were just getting warmed
up.
Lochte won the 400 individual medley and 200 back despite being in the middle of his toughest
training. Coughlin also picked up an individual win in the 100 back and finished third in the 100
free. Franklin added to her relay world record by touching first in the 200 back. Soni cruised to a
nearly 2-second win over teammate Amanda Beard in the 200 breast. Lochte was motivated by a
dismal showing at the U.S. winter nationals in Atlanta two weeks ago. At the time, he insisted the
results weren't a big deal because he was more focused on his training regimen. Heck, he didn't even
wear a standard racing suit. But clearly, the swimmer who dominated the world championships
didn't like plodding along in everyone else's wake. "When I get to this point," Lochte said, glancing
out at the racing pool, "I hate to lose."
Brendan Hansen, signaling he'll be a factor in London after walking away from the sport for more
than two years, defeated Daniel Gyurta of Hungary in one of the most exciting races of the night.
Hansen beat the world champion by two-hundredths of a second in the men's 200 breast.
The Americans also got wins from Matt Grevers (men's 100 fly), Chloe Sutton (women's 400 free),
Michael Klueh (men's 400 free) and the men's 400 medley relay team: Hansen, Grevers, Tyler
McGill and Nick Thoman.
Europe's only wins came from Hungary's Katinka Hosszu in the women's 400 IM and Ranomi
Kromowidjojo of the Netherlands in the women's 100 free.
"Honestly, it's not very surprising," Hosszu said. "We're not very good in short course. The
Americans are always better than us in short course. I'd like to see the competition in long course. I
think we would match up better." Still, it would be tough for anyone to knock off the world's most
dominant swimming nation. Even with Michael Phelps sitting out the meet to focus on his training
for an Olympic farewell in London, the Americans brought a wealth of talent to the pool that hosted
swimming during the 1996 Atlanta Games, from a veteran such as Beard - a mom and four-time
Olympian - to the up-and-coming Franklin.
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"There's a balance in this team, and that's what we need," Hansen said. "There's so much experience,
but there's so many young kids. We've just got to keep the communication going and stay on the
same page." All they have to do Saturday is show up. That should be enough to wrap up another
easy win at Duel in the Pool, which was launched in 2003 to boost interest in swimming during non-
Olympic years but has mainly been an all-American showcase. The U.S. easily beat the Australians
at the first three Duels, routed the Europeans two years ago and now is on pace for its biggest win
yet.
Franklin sure is enjoying the ride. The youngster has resisted the temptation to turn professional
while still in high school, as Phelps did, costing her a chance to cash in on her success and
increasing notoriety. "It gets difficult as the money becomes larger and larger. It's difficult to turn it
down," Franklin said. "But I've always wanted to go to college, and that hasn't changed. I really
want to be part of that team atmosphere." Coughlin believes that attitude has helped Franklin cope
with her sudden success.
"The attention she's getting is really exciting, but it can also be a little overwhelming," Coughlin
said. "I'm amazed at how well she can handle it. She's better than I was at 16, that's for sure. She has
a really good head on her shoulders. If it was anyone else, I'd be a little worried about them."
(http://www.universalsports.com/news-blogs/article/newsid=571885.html)
QUESTIONS:
1 How did the Americans manage at the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center on Friday?
2 How does it feel setting a world record, according to Franklin?
3 How many girls were on the first places?
4 Which was the thing that motivated Lochte?
5 From which country was the man Brendan Hansen defeated in the men's 200 breast?
6 What did Hosszu say about the short course?
7 Which are the most important things in a team?
8 What should the swimmers do on Saturday at Duel in the Pool in order to win?
9 Does Franklin want to turn professional, while still in high school?
10 What does Franklin say about the money he is offered?
11 Does Coughlin think that the attention can be overwhelming sometimes?
12 What helps Franklin cope with her success, according to Coughlin?
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13 Is there something Franklin has that other children don’t?
UNIT FOUR
The Past Continuous Tense
Structure
The Past Continuous is made with the Past form of the verb "to be" (I was, you were, he/she/it
was, we were, you were, they were) + the '-ing' form of the main verb. The '-ing' form of the verb is
called the Present Participle.
Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Affirmative (Positive)
Negative Form Question Form
Form
I was reading I was not reading Was I reading?
You were reading You were not reading Were you reading?
He was reading He was not reading Was he reading?
She was reading She was not reading Was she reading?
It was reading It was not reading Was it reading?
We were reading We were not reading Were we reading?
You were reading You were not reading Were you reading?
They were reading They were not reading Were they reading?
We use the Past Continuous Tense:
We use the Past Continuous Tense to say that someone was at the middle of doing
something at a certain time. The action or situation has already started before this time but
hadn't finished yet:
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Examples: 1. What were they doing at 10 o'clock?
2. They were working at the garden.
3. Last summer at this time he was visiting Mexico.
4. Karen was walking to school at 8.30 this morning.
5. They were dancing at a friend's birthday party last night at 10.30 p.m.
The Past Continuous is also used together with the Past Simple to say that somehing
happens at the middle of something else:
Examples: 1. David was reading a book in the park when suddenly it began to rain.
2. While I was walking down the street I met an old friend.
3. He phoned as we were leaving the house.
4. They were playing cards when Jim came.
We can use the Past Continuous to indicate that two actions in the past were in the
progress simultaneously (with while):
Examples: 1. While I was studying in one room my older sister was having a party in the
other room.
2. While James was washing the car his wife was cleaning the house.
The Past Continuous is used to express action that were in progress at the time of
another particular time:
Examples: 1. It was snowing all morning.

2. They were driving all night long.
The Past Continuous is also used to talk about irritating repeated actions in the past
(with always, constantly):
Examples: 1. My girlfriend was always coming late.
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2. He was always forgetting to close the door.
We use the Past Continuous to make polite inquiries:
Example: I was wondering if you could lend me your new car for a few hours.
DON’T FORGET: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Past (not in the
progressive form).
 state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit
Example: We were on holiday.
 possession: belong, have
Example: Sam had a cat.
 senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He felt the cold.
 feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
Example: Jane loved pizza.
 brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I did not understand him.
 introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say
Example: “I am watching TV,“ he said.
Exercises
1. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
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Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call)…………. She said she (call)
……………. me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait)
…………….. for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she
(talk)……………………. to me. I couldn't believe she (make) ……………………… a phone call
during the lecture. I asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually)………. in
class. Some of the students (talk)……………….. about their plans for the weekend and the student
next to her (draw)…………. a picture of a horse. When Angela (tell)………………………. me she
was not satisfied with the class, I (mention)……………….. that my biology professor was quite
good and (suggest)…………… that she switch to my class..
While we were talking, I (hear)………………… her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone
call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang)………………… up the phone and went to the kitchen
to make dinner. As I (cut)…………….. vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It (be)
………………….. Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
2. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
1. 1. A: What (you, do)………….. when the accident occurred?

B: I (try)………….. to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
2. After I (find)………….. the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately)………………. to the police
and (turn)…………. it in.
3. The doctor (say)……….. that Tom (be)…………… too sick to go to work and that he (need)
………… to stay at home for a couple of days.
4. Sebastian (arrive)……….. at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not)…………
there. She (study, at the library)………………. for her final examination in French.
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also)
……………… television. That's all she ever does!
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6. A: I (call)…………….. you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) …………. there. Where were
you?
B: I (work)………… out at the fitness center.
7. When I (walk)………… into the busy office, the secretary (talk)…………. on the phone with a
customer, several clerks (work, busily)…………. at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly)
…………………… methods to improve customer service.
8. I (watch)…….……….. a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never
going to find out how the movie ends.
9. Sharon (be)…………… in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear
anything because she (listen, not)……………………
10. It's strange that you (call)……………… because I (think, just)………….…. about you.
11. The Titanic (cross)……………. the Atlantic when it (strike)…………….. an iceberg.
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily)………………..

and (try) ………………… to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) ……………. for
souvenirs. Some young boys (lead)……………… their donkeys through the narrow streets on their
way home. A couple of men (argue)……………… over the price of a leather belt. I (walk)
…………………….. over to a man who (sell)…………………. fruit and (buy)………………. a
banana.
13. The firemen (rescue)…………………. the old woman who (be)…………….. trapped on the
third floor of the burning building.
14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always)……………………. her dirty dishes in the sink. I
think she (expect, actually)…………………… her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect,
actually).
15. Samantha (live)…………………….. in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)
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………………………… there when the Berlin Wall came down.
3. Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence.
1. At a quarter past six, Phil was translating the document.
2. Sheila was waiting in the park.
3. The pupils were talking about the United States.
4. The boss was dictating a letter.
5. Barbara was looking for her necklace.
4. Write sentences in the Past Progressive.
1. the snowman / melt / in the sun
2. we / explore / a new territory
3. the secretary / print out / a document
4. the girls / not / concentrate / on the task
5. Garth / not / practise / on the piano
5. Write questions in the Past Progressive.
1. Jill / dance
2. your cousins / swim / in the lake
3. the student / answer / a question
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4. William / play / the guitar
5. Janet / sit / on the bench
6. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).
1. While Tom (read)……………… Amely (watch)………………. a documentary on TV.
2. Marvin (come)…………………. home, (switch)…………………. on the computer and (check)

…………………. his emails.
3. The thief (sneak)…………….. into the house, (steal)……………. the jewels and (leave)
………………………… without a trace.
4. Nobody (listen)………………… while the teacher (explain)…………… the tenses.
5. While we (do)……………… a sight-seeing tour, our friends (lie)………….. on the beach.
6. He (wake)………………. up and (look)……………… at his watch.
1. The receptionist (welcome)…………………. the guests and (ask)……………. them to fill in the
form.
2. The car (break)……………….. down and we (have)…………………….. to walk home.
3. The boys (swim)…………… while the girls (sunbathe)………………….
4. My father (come)……………… in, (look)…………….. around and (tell)…………… me to tidy

up my room.
5. As long as one group (prepare) …………….. dinner, the others (collect)……………. wood for
their campfire.
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6. While the parents (have)…………… breakfast, their children (run)………………….about.
7. Martha (turn)…………….. off the lights and (go)…………………. to bed.
1. We (wait)………………. for Jane, when suddenly Louis (come)…………………. around the

corner.
2. I (cycle)…………………… through the park, when I (hear)………………. a strange noise.
3. He (pass)……………….. her a message when the teacher (look / not)…………………
4. I (fall)……………….. asleep while I (watch)……………… TV.
5. When Mike and Jane (paint)…………….. the walls, their dog (knock)…………… over the paint
pot.
6. Tom (break)………………… his leg when he (play)……………. frisbee.
7. The phone (ring)…………….. when I (sit)………….. on the toilet.
8. I (jog)………………. in the park, when two squirrels (cross)…………… my way.
9. Robert (fall)……………. off the ladder when he (pick)……………………. cherries.
10. Archimedes (discover)………………. the theory of buoyancy while he (take)…………… a

bath.
11. When we (travel)………………. around Ireland, we (meet)…………… some very nice people.
12. While she (speak)……………….. on the phone, the milk (boil)…………… over.
13. When I (leave)……………. the house this morning, the sun (shine)……………...
14. Caroline (burn)…………… her hand when she (iron)…………….. her clothes.
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15. When I (do)……………… the washing-up, I (break)…………….. a plate.
16. While Tom (play)…………… the piano, his mother (do)……………. the washing-up.
17. He (drink)…………. some juice and then he (eat)………… a few chips.
18. I (have)…………….. dinner when I suddenly (hear)……………. a loud bang.
19. When my father (work)…………….. in the garden, an old friend (pass) …………… by to see
him.
20. She (go)………………….. to school, (take)……………… out her textbook and (begin)
………….. to learn.
21. When it (start)…………….. to rain, our dog (want)…………….. to come inside.
22. When Jane (do)………………. a language course in Ireland, she (visit)…………. Blarney
Castle.
23. When I (be)…………………. on my way home, I (see)…………… an accident.
24. I (not / understand)…………………….. what they (talk)……………… about.
10. Read the following thext and answer the questions!
Skiing
Skiing is the most popular of all winter sports. It is believed that skiing comes from northern Europe
and Siberia, where it was a vital means of transportation during the long, snowbound months of
winter. The pre-historic people of these regions used skis to keep hunters on top of the snow.
Wooden planks were strapped to feet, to prevent sinking and making it possible to glide over the
snow and travel faster. Skiing was such an important way of life in Scandinavia that the Vikings
worshipped Ull and Skade, the god and goddess of winter/skiing. The first written account of skiing
appears circa 1000 A.D. in the Viking “Sagas” where several kings are described as being superb
skiers.
53
The word “ski” is a Norwegian word which comes from the Old Norse word “skid”, a board or a
piece of split wood. The first hints to the existence of skis are on 4,500 to 5,000 years old rock
carving at the Norwegian Island of Rodoy, showing a man on long runners with a hunting
implement in hand. The oldest ski on record, being 1.10 m. long and 20 cm. broad was found in a
peat bog in Hoting, Sweden and it is estimated to be about 4,500 years old. Several other skis have
been found all throughout Scandinavia and Lapland. These ancient skis show regional differences in
length and width, indicating a gradual refinement in technology.
The findings of old skis and its role in literature show that skiing is deeply engrained in Nordic
history. As skis became quicker and more versatile, their application shifted from hunting gear
towards military purposes. Skis were first used in warfare in AD 1200 in the battle of Oslo, in
Norway when Norwegian scouts used skis to spy on Swedish enemies. In 1206, during the
Norwegian civil war, two scouts on skis carried the infant heir to the throne 35 miles to safety in the
middle of winter. The historic event is celebrated today by the “Birchleg Race” over the same route
– so called because the scouts wrapped their legs in birch bark to keep them warm and dry.
Another illustrative example is found in Sweden history. In 1521 the Danes overran Sweden and
massacred all the Swedish nobles but one, Gustav Vasa, who was able to escape. The Swedes were
left without a leader, so two desparate peasants set out on skis to find Gustav. He came back, drove
the Danes out of Sweden, and set up the kingdom that survives to this day.
During the 1700s, the people of Telemark, Southern Norway developed skiing into a sport. They
invented the Telemark and the Christiana (now known as the Christie) turns as methods of artfully
controlling speeds on downhill descents. The ideas of these early pioneers helped pave the way for
the disciplines of both downhill (Alpine) and cross-country (Nordic) skiing.
The first evolution of skiing came in 1868 for downhill skis. Sondre Nordheim from the Telemark
region, an outstanding craftsman and skier, developed the first binding that went around the heel,
stabilizing the boot on the ski. He also tried contouring his skis so that they were slightly waisted in
the middle. The new binding and refinement of the ski shape gave the skier more control, allowing
for sharper turns, faster speeds and the ability to negotiate steeper slopes. Sondre Norheim is often
called the “father of modern skiing”.
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When Europeans became aware of their Norwegian neighbors’ amusement with skiing, the sport’s
popularity grew. By 1870, the skiing had spread to central Europe but soon became apparent that the
techniques used by the Scandinavians were unsuitable for mountainous terrain, especially in the
Alps of south central Europe. Nordic techniques were therefore adapted for the steeper slopes, and
Alpine skiing was born.
Alpine skiing became a popular European pastime in the 1930s, as ski lifts were invented and that
eliminated the labor of climbing a mountain before experiencing an exhilarating descent. The
invention of the ski lift is credited to a young German engineer, Gerhard Mueller, who used parts of
a motorbike and some rope to create the world’s first rope tow.
The ski industry emerged and began in earnest after the Second World War, when Austria and
Switzerland came out with the first Alpine Ski Resorts. The rapid advance of materials and
technology further popularized the sport all over the world. Ski manufacturers developed faster and
safer equipment which combined with the improving skills of the skiers to make the sport of skiing
more intense, and easier to learn.
Nowadays, skiing has about 45 million fans worldwide. There are over 6,000 ski resorts around the
world in more than 70 different countries. Most of these are in Europe, with 1,000 or so each, in
North America and Asia (Russia/Japan). Great ski resorts also exist in Chile, Argentina, Australia
and New Zealand; they are found in hot countries such as Iran, Morocco, Lebanon, Greece, Turkey,
Spain and Portugal; and since the end of the Cold War, East European countries such as Bulgaria
and Romania, with their upgraded winter resorts provide excellent opportunities for ski enthusiasts
of all levels.
Snowboarding is the fastest growing winter sport and is set to become even more popular than
skiing. It is hard to say who actually “invented” the first snowboard because it was influenced by
many different people including Sherman Poppen, Demetrije Milovich, Tom Sims and Jake Burton
Carpenter. Snowboarding’s roots, however, may be traced back to the early 1920’s. Then children in
Vermont built what would now be considered makeshift snowboards out of barrel staves and rode
them sideways down a snowy hill.
Later, there were some people, who built snowboard like sleds. One of them was M.J. “Jack”
Burchett. He cut out a plank of plywood in 1929 and tried to secure his feet with some clothesline
and horse reins. Burchett came up with on of the first “snowboards”.
55
Another snowboard inventor is Sherman Poppen. In 1965 Poppen, a chemical gases engineer in
Muskegon, Michigan, invented “The Snurfer” (a mix between the two words „snow” and „surfer”)
as a toy for his daughter. He made the Snurfer by strapping two skis together and attaching a rope to
the front tip of the snurfer, so the rider could hold it and keep it more stable. Many of his daughters
friends wanted one of those new Snurfers, and soon Poppen lincensed his new idea to a
manufacturer.
Short after that Jake Burton Carpenter (a today’s most popular snowboard factory “Burton
Snowboards) used ski technology in snowboards. In 1977, at the age of 23, Jake Burton founded his
own company in Londonderry, Vermont, and experimented continually with new materials and
designs. Eventually, he was building a snowboard made of steam-bent wood and fiberglass, with
high-back bindings and metal edges.
Another snowboard manufacturing pioneer is the former skateboard champion Tom Sims. Back in
1963, as an eighth-grader, Sims made a snowboard out of plywood in his shop class. He called it a
“skiboard”. After years of improvements, he opened Sims Snowboards in 1977 and with the help of
his friend and employee Chuck Barfoot started making snowboards. Barfoot, who actually made the
snowboards, came up with the “Flying Yellow Banana”.
Snowboarding continued to increase in popularity over the next years but for a long time,
snowboarders were seen as society’s outcasts. Ski resorts banned them and the upper-middle-class
ski community looked down upon them. In 1985 snowboarding was only allowed in 7% of U. S. ski
areas and story was much the same in Europe. As equipment and skill levels improved, though,
snowboarding gradually became more acceptable. Most of the major ski areas had separate slopes
for snowboarders by 1990. Now, about 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow
snowboarding and more than half of them have ramps and pipes. The number of snowboarders
increased from about 2 million in 1990 to more than 7 million in 2000. It is predicted that the
snowboarders will outnumber skiers by 2015.
(http://www.studyenglishtoday.net/skiing-snowboarding.html)
1. What is the origin of skiing?

2. What was the use of skis for pre-historic people living in the northern regions?
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3. What is the origin of the word “ski”?
4. Which is the oldes ski on records and what is its age?
5. What do the different types of old skis indicate?
6. When were skis first used in warfare and with what purpose?
7. What is “Birchleg Race” and what does it celebrate?
8. When did skiing become a sport?
9. Who is the “father of modern skiing”?
10. How did alpine skiing appear?
11. By whom was the ski lift invented? What was it made of?
12. When did snowboarding appear?
13. How many snowboarders were in 2000?
14. What are the predictions for 2015?
UNIT FIVE
Present Perfect Tense
Structure
To form the Present Perfect Tense we use has or have with the past participle form of the verb.
Most past participles end in -ed (worked, studied, etc.). Irregular verbs have special past participles
that must be memorized. (went, spoken, seen, etc.)
Affirmative form
I
you have worked
we
they
he/she/it has worked /-s/
watch - watched /-ed/

play - played /-ed/
study - studied /-ed/
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! Remember:
to be - been
to do - did
to have - had
Negative form
I
you HAVE NOT /haven't/
we WORKED
they
he/she/it HAS NOT

/hasn't / WORKED
1. They haven't been to New York yet.

2. She hasn't seen him so far.
Interrogative form
I
HAVE you WORKED?
we
they
HAS he/she/it WORKED?
1. Have you ever worked from home?

2. Has he ever been to Italy?
We use the Present Perfect Tense:
to express an action that began in the past and continues in the present (often with since and for).
Examples:
1. My sister-in-law has been a teacher since 2000.

2. David has worked in Spain since 1996.
3. He hasn't smoked for three years.
4. We have lived here for fifteen years.
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with adverbs such as ever, already, never, recently, lately, yet, always, etc.
Examples:
1. They have never been abroad.

2. Jane has already received her birthday presents.
3. The child has never asked me such questions before.
4. She has never expected such a change for the worse.
5. My colleague has been very busy recently.
to express an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past (the exact time when it
happened is not important)
Examples:
1. They have watched this film.

2. She has lost her keys.
3. The children have washed the dishes.
4. I have read this book.
5. We have moved into a new house.
6. Diana has changed her job.
to talk about a repeated action in the past with unspecified time of completion (with so far, many
times, since, for the last year, for hours, for a week, several times, etc.)
Examples:
1. I have written many letters since I moved to Canada.

2. We have had five tests so far this semester.
3. He has been in New York many times.
4. I have played tennis every Sunday morning for the last two years.
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to talk about a very recently completed action
Examples:
1. Emma has just washed her hair.

2. We have just finished our lunch.
we often use Present Perfect after a superlatives
Examples:
1. This is one of the most beautiful countries she has ever visited.
2. This is the most delicious food I have ever eaten.
we also use Present Perfect with the expressions "This is the first time...", "It's the first
time...", etc.
Examples:
1. This is the first time I've ever visited your website and I think it is awesome.
2. It’s the first time I've ever eaten Chinese food.
sometimes Present Perfect is used to emphasise on the completion of the act in the time clause
(with time words such as when, until, after, before, as soon as)
Examples:
1. You can go out as soon as you have finished your homework.

2. I will go to bed after I have written my report.
Exercises
60
1. Make questions and use the words in brackets:
a. ……………….the letter? (receive) - No, I haven’t.

b. Where …………….so long? (you/be) - At the disco.
c. ………. the exam? (pass) - Yes, she has.
d. What …………….with his car? (your brother/do) - He has sold it.
e. …………………. their homework yet? (your classmates/write) - Yes, I think so.
2. Use the verb in brackets either in Present Tense Simple or Continuous:

a. We can go home. We ………………(mend) three cars today.
b. We ……………(mend) cars since 1 o'clock and we haven’t finished.
c. Fortunately, I ………………..(find) my credit card. Here it is.
d. I …………….(look for) my keys since we came home. Where are they?!
e. She ……………..(make) puddings all day.
f. How many puddings …………….she……………?
g. What …………..you……………? (do) You are so dirty!
h. Why are you crying? - I ……………(watch) a film.
i. Joy ………………(send) you a letter. Look!
j. I ……………….(clean) windows since lunch time. It's so exhausting.
k. I can see that you ………………(clean) the windows in the hall and in the kitchen
l. You …………………(work) in the garden so long. You shoud take a rest now.
m. How many years ……………..he …………(have) this car?
3. Choose the right answer:
1. When ….. the school?

a. have you joined
b. did you joined
c. did you join
d. have you ever joined
2. …..in Scotland?
a. Did you ever worked
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b. Have you ever worked
c. Worked you
d. Didn't you have worked
3. That’s the best news……..

a. I never heard
b. I didn’t hear
c. I used to hear
d. I’ve ever heard
4. He’s the most interesting person …….

a. I never dealt with
b. I never had to deal with
c. I’ve ever had to deal with
d. I’ve never had to deal with
5. …………….. to them last month

a. I spoke
b. I’ve already spoken
c. I didn’t spoke
d. I speaked
6. …………….. a contract three years ago and it is still valid.

a. We have signed
b. We signed
c. We haven't signed
d. We have sign
7. …………from a nice trip to Portugal.

a. I come back
b. I came back
c. I never came back
d. I’ve just come back
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8. Prices ………. in 2002 but then …… in 2003.
a. rised….falled
b. rose….fell
c. have risen ….have fallen
d. rose ….have fallen
9. You………to a word………
a. listened ……I haven’t said
b. didn’t listen …. I say
c. listened ….. saying
d. haven’t listened …….I’ve said
10. I can’t imagine that …………………. the news/

a. you haven’t read
b. you didn’t read
c. you don’t read
d. you read not
4. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:
a. She is trying to stop smoking. She did not smoke a single cigarette for a week.
b. He has waited for an hour. Then he went away.
c. Here is your car. I just washed it.
d. Have you closed the window before you left?
e. Were you here before? - Yes, last year..
f. Shakespeare has written famous tragedies.
g. I practise skiing since my childhood.
h. Did you order the magazine yet?
i. I never saw the film. But I'd like to see it.
j. I did not finish the letter yet.
k. Where is Timmy? Did he go out?
l. We've done nothing like this at that time.
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m. It's quite complicated. Have you understood?
n. She always loved Spain. She is going there again in June.
o. Aren't you hungry? When have you eaten?
p. It's time we went to bed. By the way, have you called Alice this morning?
q. Did you meet Bill today?
r. Do you know Greg? - No, I don't. But I heard all about him.
s. We missed the plane! What shall we do now?
t. He is our headmaster for four years now.
5. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets in the right tense:
A: Where ……………now, Mrs. Orwell? (work)

B: I …………….for the local council. (work)
A: How long …………….for the local council? (work)
B: I …………..there for five years. (be)
A: And what ……………..before that? (do)
B: I …………law at university. (study)
A: ………….on a computer? (ever/work)
B: Yes. I ………… my own computer since I left university. (have)
A: …………….. German or French? (speak)
B: I ……………..German at university. (study) And I want to learn French. But I …………….yet.
(not start)
UNIT SIX
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure
The Present Perfect Continuous is made by using the present form of the auxiliary verb
"have"+ past participle of the verb "to be"+-ing form of the main verb ("I have been doing").
To form questions we reverse the order of the pronoun and "have/has" (Have I, Has he ...?).
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Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Form
I have been doing I have not been doing Have I been doing?
You have been doing You have not been doing Have you been doing?
He has been doing He has not been doing Has he been doing?
She has been doing She has not been doing Has she been doing?
It has been doing It has not been doing Has it been doing?
We have been doing We have not been doing Have we been doing?
You have been doing You have not been doing Have you been doing?
They have been doing They have not been doing Have they been doing?
Contracted forms: I've, you've, she's, he's, etc.
Examples: 1. Jane has been playing the piano for five years.
2. I haven't been smoking for a long time.
3. Have you ever been thinking about moving to Canada?
4. How long have you been reading that book?
Using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about an action which began in the past and has
recently finished or just finished (without time words):
Examples: 1. Bob and Gloria have just come back from the park. They have been jogging and they
are very tired now.
2. Your shirt is so dirty. What have you been doing?
3. Susan has been talking to Mike.
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long something has been happening. The
action began in the past, continues in the present (or has just stopped), and may continue into the
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future (with time words such as since, for, all day, all afternoon, every day this year, etc.):
Examples: 1. Ann has been playing tennis for two hours. (Ann is playing tennis now. She began to
play tennis two hours ago and she is still playing.)
2. I have been waiting for my girlfriend since 6 o'clock.
3. He has been smoking for ten years.
4. Nancy has been skiing since she was 8 y.o.
5. We have been living here for seven years.
6. He has been watching TV all evening.
7. We have been meeting every Friday this year.
We can use the Present Perfect Continuous to express an action or general activity in progress
(without time words or with recently, lately):
Examples: 1. Victoria has been thinking about changing her job.

2. Michael has been studying hard lately.
3. Robert has been having problems with his back recently.
3. Differences between the Present Perfect Continuous and the Present Perfect Simple.
Remember that we use the Present Perfect Continuous to put emphasis on the duration
of an activity or to say how long something has been happening. It is not important whether
the action has been finished or not.
When we are interested in the result and not in the action itself we can use the Present
Perfect Simple. The action has results at present (it has been finished) or it may still
continue in the present.
Sometimes the Present Perfect Simple and the Present Perfect Continuous have
identical or slightly different meaning:
1. I have lived here for 6 years. (the situation may be permanent)
2. I have been living here for 6 years. (the situation may be temporary)
The state (stative) verbs such as be, know, own, like, hear, see, have (when we mean
"possess"), think (when we mean "believe"), etc. do not normally have continuous form. We
use them with the Present Perfect Simple.
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1. Jack and Barbara have known each other since early childhood.
2. Tom has had this car for many years.
Exercises
1. Match the following sentences:

A.
1 We have visited England
2 We have been visiting England
a six times.
b since we started learning English.
B.
1 Why is the table in such a mess?
2 Have something to eat. Here you are.
a I've been making a salad.

b I've made a salad.
C.
1 Someone has eaten our toasts.
2 Someone has been eating our toasts.
a There is only one toast left.

b They are all gone
D.
1 Paul has gone
2 Paul has been going
a out with Charlene for a couple of months.

b to Paris for a few days.
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E.
1 How long
2 How many times
a have you been trying to contact me?

b have you tried to contact me?
F.
1 I've typed
2 I've been typing
a three letters since you came home.

b letters since you came home.
G.
1 What have you been doing?
2 What have you done?
a Your face is so red.

b Have you sent him an e-mail?
2. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tense:
1. Peter …………. football yesterday. (to play)

2. Mark ………. the car. It looks new again. (to clean)
3. Last year we ……….to Spain. (not to go)
4. Our friends ………………………….(to read) the book. Now they can watch the film.
5. He……..(to visit) my friend two days ago.
6. Mary …………….(not to visit) another country before.
7. Our neighbours ……… (to buy) a new car in 2011.
8. I'm sorry, but I ……….(to forget) to do my homework for today.
9. (he, to win) the game of chess?
10. The children ………….(to eat) their lunch yet.
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3. Reading activities
A Look at the Intriguing History of Snowboarding

By Keith Kingston
To say who actually invented the sport of snowboarding would be

impossible because people have always loved to slide down a snow-covered hill. Soaring through
the snow on some kind of seat or board is nothing new. The ways to enjoy the snow are numerous,
and people have devised ways to turn garbage can lids and cardboard into ‘snow boards’ to enjoy an
afternoon frolic outdoors. The various ways to glide through snow have become more sophisticated
and have evolved into using polished boards or skis in much the same manner as a surfboarder
would ride a wave.
There have been many attempts at developing a modern snowboard. In 1965, the ‘Snurfer’ (a word
play on ‘snow’ and ‘surfer’) was developed as a child’s toy. Two skis were bound together and a
rope was placed at the front end to afford control and stability. Over 500,000 ‘Snurfers’ were sold in
1966 but they were never seen as more than a child’s plaything even though organized competitions
began to take place. The year 1969 brought a slightly more sophisticated snowboard based on the
principles of skiing combined with surfboard styling.
The ‘Flying Yellow Banana’ was developed in 1977. This was nothing more than a plastic shell
covered with a top surface like that of a skateboard, but at the time it was considered a major
advance in the little known sport of snowboarding. The first national snowboard race was held in the
area outside Woodstock and was known as ‘The Suicide Six.’ The race consisted of a steep downhill
run called ‘The Face’ in which the main goal was probably mere survival.
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Snowboarding continued to increase in popularity over the next several
years. In 1985 the first magazine dedicated specifically to snowboarding hit the news stands with
huge success and furthered the popularity of this exciting sport. Hoards of fans began to organize
regional events and pretty soon snowboarding events were held in all parts of the world. In the year
1994 snowboarding was finally declared an Olympic event, much to the delight of fans. The not-so-
new sport of snowboarding was finally recognized and meant a huge victory for serious
snowboarders across the globe.
A collection of snowboarding tricks and stunts was released on video in 1996. Filmed in Alaska, the
breathtaking beauty and captivating snowboarding techniques featured in the video exposed
snowboarding to a new generation, and by 1998 snowboarding constituted almost 50% of all winter
activity. Today, nearly all ski resorts accept snowboarders. There are still a few holding on to the
past but this is unlikely to continue as the number of snowboarders continually increases.
From the first crudely built snowboards to the advanced and specialized models available today,
snowboarders have carried a ‘bad boy’ image. This rebel reputation is still common today in spite of
the fact that snowboarding appeals to men, women, and children of all nationalities and social
groups. At most major ski resorts you can find snowboarding gear, information, and lessons.
Olympic and world wide snowboarding events are among the most popular of winter sports and the
competition to be the best is fierce.
Retailers nation wide and around the world carry many types of snowboards, and the choice in
specially made snowboarding gear is immense. Snowboarders have participated in the X Games and
even charity events such as Boarding for Breast Cancer. From its early meager beginnings
snowboarding has progressed into a fully recognized sport, and large numbers of people are turning
to snowboarding for adventure, fun, and professional recognition.
(article source: EzineArticles.com)
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Questions
2. Who invented the sport of snowboarding?
3. “Soaring through the snow.” means a.“Rising upwards in the air.”
b. “Descending through the snow.”
c. Falling through the snow.”
3. Could you name some attempts at developing a modern snowboard?
4. When and where did the first national snowboard race take place?
5. When was snowboarding finally declared an Olympic event?
6. When did the first collection of snowboarding tricks and stunts appear? What did it
consist of?
7. What connotation have snowboarders carried so far?
8. What events have snowboarders participated to?
B. The Ancient Olympic Games
The first written accounts of the Olympic Games date from 776 BC, although it is sure that these
Games were not the first ones to be held. The Games, like all Greek Games, were an intrinsic part of
a religious festival held in honor of Zeus (supreme among the gods) in Olympia, a worshipping
place for the Greek gods near the town of Elis. Here the Greeks erected statues and built temples
dedicated to Zeus. The greatest shrine was an ivory and gold statue of Zeus created by the Greek
sculptor Phidias. The beauty of the statue was considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the
World.
The Olympic Games were held in four-year intervals, and later the Greek method of counting the
years even referred to these Games, using the term Olympiad for the period between two Games.
The Games took place during the first full moon after the summer solstice.
When it was time for the games, the rulers of Elis sent out messengers all over Greece and to the
Greek colonies around the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. They declared a truce throughout the
Greek world for a month. No matter who you had a war with, you had to stop the war and let their
athletes and performers go through your city-state safely to get to the Olympic Games.
According to Hippias of Elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victors c.400 BC, at first the only
Olympic event was the stadion race, a race over about 190 meters, measured after the feet of
Hercules. The word stadium is derived from this foot race. This was the only event until 724 BC,
when a two-stadium race was added.
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Over the years, other events were added: boxing, wrestling, pankration (combination of boxing and
wrestling), horse and chariot racing, several other running events (the hippios, dolichos, and
hoplitodromos), as well as a pentathlon, consisting of wrestling, running, long jump, javelin throw
and discus throw (the latter three were not separate events). The addition of these events meant the
festival grew from 1 day to 5 days, 3 of which were used for competition. The other 2 days were
dedicated to religious rituals.
Only freeborn male Greek citizens not accused of murder or sacrilege were eligible to participate.
Training began as early as one year before the games in the athlete's home city. A month before the
games, the athletes were the obligated to move to Elis or Olympia for their final training. It was here
that the athletes were taught the rules of fair play and honorable competition.
Athletes usually competed nude. They originally wore shorts but, according to one ancient writer,
Pausanias, a competitor deliberately lost his shorts so that he could run more freely during the race
in 720 BC, and clothing was then abolished.
Spectators also abided by strict rules. Only free men not convicted of any sacrileges could attend.
Women were not allowed to watch the games, but that had nothing to do with the nudity of the male
athletes. Rather, it was because Olympia was dedicated to Zeus and was therefore a sacred area for
men. Punishment for breaking the rules was an automatic death sentence by being thrown off Mt.
Typeo.
The first day of the games began with sacrifices to the gods, for the games were meant as religious
tributes. At the great altar of Zeus, the athletes vowed that they were eligible to participate in the
games and that they would obey the Olympic rules while competing. Judges, trainers, and even the
athlete's parents all had to make a similar vow.
On the final fifth day, there was a banquet for all of the participants, consisting of 100 oxen that had
been sacrificed to Zeus on the first day. It started with a procession to the Temple of Zeus, referred
to by the Greeks as the Altis, where each winner received his wreath of live branches from olives.
Then crowds showered them with flowers.
The victors of the Olympic games were hailed as heroes. Statues were built in their honor around the
magnificent Temple of Zeus and the stadium of Olympia. Parades with chariots, songs, and poems
written in their honor were given in their hometowns. Other special privileges awarded to the
athletes were choice seats at all public spectacles; statues carved in their image were placed in
prominent locations in the city, and they were also exempt from paying taxes. Cash rewards were
common. In some Greek cities, part of a wall was torn and victorious athlete was led in though the
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opening. This ritual signified that any city with strong citizens had no need to defend itself with a
wall from its enemies.
In 146 BC, the Romans gained control of Greece and, therefore, of the Olympic games. In 85 BC,
the Roman general Sulla plundered the sanctuary to finance his campaign against Mithridates. Sulla
also moved the 175th Olympiad (80 BC) to Rome.
The ancient Olympic Games were abandoned in AD 394 by the Roman emperor Theodosius I, who
considered the Games to be a savage celebration.
Centuries of earthquakes and floods buried Olympia and the Temple of Zeus until 1870 when
German excavations unearthed the beauty and magnificent statues of the classical Greek Games.
These archeological findings in the sacred ground of Olympia fascinated French historian and
educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin so much that he was inspired to conceive the idea of reviving
the modern Olympic Games. On June 23, 1894, speaking at the Sorbonne in Paris to a gathering of
international sports leaders from nine nations proposed that the ancient Games be revived on an
international scale. The idea was enthusiastically received and the Modern Olympics, as we know
them, were born.
(Article source www.northpark.edu)
4. Fill the gaps in the sentences, using the words below:
sacred, stadium, abided, hailed, chariot, sacrifices, solstice, wreath, conceive, sacrilege,
worshipping, obligated, excavations, truce, Mediterranean, abandoned, convicted, obey
1. The Games began as a religious, sporting and cultural festival in honour of Zeus (supreme
among the gods) in Olympia, a ……………..place for the Greek gods near the town of Elis.
2. The greatest …………………was an ivory and gold statue of Zeus created by the Greek
sculptor Phidias.
3. The Games took place during the first full moon after the summer……………..
4. When it was time for the games, the rulers of Elis sent out messengers all over Greece and to
the Greek colonies around the Black Sea and the……………..
5. They declared a …………………throughout the Greek world for a month.
6. According to Hippias of Elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victors c.400 BC, at first the
only Olympic event was the …………….race, a race over about 190 meters, measured after
the feet of Hercules.
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7. Over the years, other events were added: boxing, wrestling, pankration (combination of
boxing and wrestling), horse and………………………. racing, several other running events
(the hippios, dolichos, and hoplitodromos), as well as a pentathlon, consisting of wrestling,
stadion, long jump, javelin throw and discus throw (the latter three were not separate events).
8. Only freeborn male Greek citizens not accused of murder or ………………..were eligible to
participate.
9. A month before the games, the athletes were ……………………to move to Elis or Olympia
for their final training.
10. Spectators also ………………………by strict rules.
11. Only free men not ……………………….of any sacrileges could attend.
12. Women were not allowed to watch the games, but that had nothing to do with the nudity of the
male athletes. Rather, it was because Olympia was dedicated to Zeus and was therefore a
……………………..for men.
13. The first day of the games began with ……………to the gods, for the games were meant as
religious tributes.
4. At the great altar of Zeus, the athletes vowed that they were eligible to participate in the games
and that they would ……………..the Olympic rules while competing.
15. On the final fifth day, there was a banquet for all of the participants, consisting of 100 oxen
that had been sacrificed to Zeus on the first day. It started with a procession to the Temple of
Zeus, referred to by the Greeks as the Altis, where each winner received his
………………….of live branches from olives.
16. The victors of the Olympic games were …………………as heroes.
17. The ancient Olympic Games were ……………………in AD 394 by the Roman emperor
Theodosius I, who considered the Games to be a savage celebration.
18. Centuries earthquakes and floods of buried Olympia and the Temple of Zeus until 1870 when
German …………………..unearthed the beauty and magnificent statues of the classical Greek
Games.
19. These archeological findings in the sacred ground of Olympia fascinated French historian and
educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin so much that he was inspired to ………………………the
idea of reviving the modern Olympic Games.
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UNIT SEVEN
Past Perfect Simple
Structure
To form the Past Perfect Tense we use had with the past participle form of the verb. Most past
participles end in -ed (painted, arrived, visited, etc.).
Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized. (told, said, spoken, eaten, etc.)
Affirmative form
I
you
he/she/it had painted
we
you
they
ask - asked /-ed/

finish - finished /-ed/
want - wanted /-ed/
! Remember:
to be - been
to do - did
to have - had
Negative form
I
you
he/she/it HAD NOT /hadn’t/
we PAINTED
you
they
1. I wish I hadn’t painted the door red.

2. I knew that he hadn’t told you the truth.
3. The doctor realised that the patient hadn’t taken the medicine.
Interrogative form
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I
you
HAD he/she/it PAINTED?
we
they
1. Where had Steven gone?

2. When had Debora arrived?
We use the Past Perfect Tense:
to say that something had already happened before another action or specific time in the past
(often with adverbs like already, until, already... by, before, after, just)
If either before or after is used Past Simple may be used instead Past Perfect)
the action which occurs previously in time is expressed in the Past Perfect Tense, and the action
which occurs later is expressed in the Past Tense
Examples:
1.When Linda arrived her husband had left.

2. I read in the newspaper that he had made a great discovery.
3. They were sure they had met the girl before.
4. John had repaired the car by 6 o’clock.
5. Lilly had already finished her homework when Victoria came.
6. Dan had painted (painted) the fence before his friends arrived.
7. After I had cooked (cooked) the dinner I watched TV.
in reported speech after verbs like told, asked, said, wanted, wondered, explained
Examples:
1.He told me that he had never been in London.

2. I asked him how many books he had sold.
76
3. Your parents wanted to know what you had done yesterday.
4. We wondered if Daniel had passed his final exam.
5. She said she hadn’t left her job yet.
6. They told me they had been on vacation for a month.
to show regret about the past
Examples:
I wish I had brought my camera. (but I didn’t)

2. I wish we had stayed at another hotel.
in third conditional, also called conditional type 3 (if + Past Perfect in the ‘if’ clause, Perfect
Conditional in the main clause). This is a structure we use to talk about unreal conditions in the past.
Examples:
If I had written the report last week I would have given it to you.
2. If the children had been good their mother would have taken them to the zoo.
3. He would have solved the problem if he had known how.
with conjunctions like no sooner ... than or hardly/barely ... when
Examples:
1. No sooner had I returned home than it began to snow.

2. Hardly had he finished working, when his girlfriend arrived.
a state that started in the past, and continued up to some time in the past
Examples:
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1.I had lived in Spain for 3 years before I got used to the country.
2. He had worked there for two years before he got fired.
3. They had lived in New York for 5 years before they moved to Los Angeles.
Exercises
1. Write the story! Put the verbs in the correct tense (Past Tense or Past Perfect)
A.
Bob (wake) ……….up early in the morning. He (feel) ………………very tired because he (sleep /
not) …………………very well the night before. A strange noise in the garden (keep)
…………..him awake. Now it (be) …………six o'clock and Bob (get) ………..up and (go)
………………..to the bathroom where he (have) ……………..a cold shower to wake up. Then he
(make) ……………himself a nice cup of coffee. When Bob (look) ………………..out of the
kitchen window, he (believe / not) …………..his eyes. There (be) ………………a bear in his
garden! He (search) …………..Bob's garden for food last night. Bob (knock) …………………at
the window. The bear (hear) ……..that and (run) …………….away. But what a mess the bear
(make) …….in the garden!
B.
The Pilgrims
Fill the gaps with the correct tense. Use Simple Past or Past Perfect Simple.
In the 17th century, there (be) ………………..lots of religious tensions in England.
King James I (not / allow) ……………..freedom of religion in England as he (have)
………………..problems with certain religious groups in the past.
That's why during his reign some people (leave) ………………….the country.
In September 1620 for example, members of the English Separatist Church (go) …………………
aboard the Mayflower to emigrate to America.
Before their journey to America, they (live / already) …………………..in Holland for a while.
Now on the Mayflower, storms (make) ………………….the journey to America difficult.
The Pilgrims only (reach) ………………….America after they (sail) …………………..the Atlantic
for 66 days.
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Because of the delay, the Pilgrims (not / build) ……………………..enough houses and they (not /
collect) ………………….enough food when winter (begin) ……………….
By spring, half of the 100 Pilgrims (die) …………………….of hunger and cold.
But then, in March 1621, the Pilgrims (meet) ……………………….the friendly Wampanoag.
One member of the Wampanoag, Squanto, even (know) ………………..English because several
years before he (spend) ……………………some time in Europe.
The Wampanoag (show) ……………………………..the Pilgrims how to hunt and fish.
They also (give) …………………………the Pilgrims seeds to grow corn and beans.
After the Pilgrims (harvest) ………………….the food in autumn, they (celebrate)
……………………..their good harvest with the Wampanoag. This event is known today as the first
Thanksgiving.
2. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect).:
1. When my alarm clock (ring) …………..in the morning, it (be) ………….half past five.
2. After I (switch) …………..the alarm clock off, I (turn) …………….around and (fall)
………….asleep again.
3. After an hour I (wake) …………….up again.
4. When I (look) ……………..at the alarm clock, I (get) …………..a fright – I (oversleep)
…………...
5. When I (come) ………………into the kitchen, I (brush / already) ……………….my teeth.
6. When I (take / just) ……………a few bites from my sandwich, I (hurry) ………………to get
dressed.
7. I (rush) …………………out of the house before I (finish) …………….my breakfast.
8. When I (reach) ……………….the bus stop, the bus (leave / already) ………………...
9. So I (start) ………………..to run. I (run) …………………about 1 km before I finally (catch)
…………………..a taxi.
10. I (arrive) ……………….at the station just a few minutes before my train (depart)
………………...
3. Reading
Coughlin, Franklin help U.S. Relay Break Swimming World Record

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ATLANTA (AP) - Missy Franklin took a break from studying for her high school exams to anchor a
world-record time in the very first race of the night. With that, the Americans were off to another
dominating performance at Duel in the Pool. Led by the 16-year-old Franklin and longtime
American stars Ryan Lochte and Natalie Coughlin, the Americans won 12 of the 14 events Friday at
the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center and are well on their way to staying unbeaten in the Duel series.
The scoreboard said it all: United States 93.5, Europe 28.5.
“When you’re setting a world record, it still feels like the first time,” said Franklin, a breakout star at
the world championships this past summer and on course to be one of the biggest names at next
summer’s London Olympics. “I’m so excited. It’s awesome.” The Colorado teenager already took
her exams in math, physics and theology before traveling to Atlanta, but she’s still got U.S. history
and American literature next week when she gets back home. “I made note cards on the way here to
help me study,” the bubbly Franklin said, breaking into a big smile that never seems to leave her
face. “I like being a student. I like going to school every day.”
The tone was set in the opening event, the women’s 400-meter medley relay. Coughlin got the
Americans off to a quick start in the backstroke, Rebecca Soni blazed through her signature
breaststroke, Dana Vollmer kept it going in the butterfly, and Franklin finished strong in the freestyle
for a time of 3 minutes, 45.56 seconds. That crushed the previous record of 3:47.97, set by the
Americans at the 2009 Duel in the Pool just before high-tech racing suits were banned by the
international governing body. “We have four really great girls in that relay,” said Coughlin, who also
set an American record in the 100 back with her leadoff leg. “We were confident going in, and that
definitely helped us get the world record.” Turns out, the Americans were just getting warmed up.
Lochte won the 400 individual medley and 200 back despite being in the middle of his toughest
training. Coughlin also picked up an individual win in the 100 back and finished third in the 100
free. Franklin added to her relay world record by touching first in the 200 back. Soni cruised to a
nearly 2-second win over teammate Amanda Beard in the 200 breast. Lochte was motivated by a
dismal showing at the U.S. winter nationals in Atlanta two weeks ago. At the time, he insisted the
results weren’t a big deal because he was more focused on his training regimen. Heck, he didn’t
even wear a standard racing suit. But clearly, the swimmer who dominated the world championships
didn’t like plodding along in everyone else’s wake. “When I get to this point,” Lochte said, glancing
out at the racing pool, “I hate to lose.”
80
Brendan Hansen, signaling he’ll be a factor in London after walking away from the sport for more
than two years, defeated Daniel Gyurta of Hungary in one of the most exciting races of the night.
Hansen beat the world champion by two-hundredths of a second in the men’s 200 breast.
The Americans also got wins from Matt Grevers (men’s 100 fly), Chloe Sutton (women’s 400 free),
Michael Klueh (men’s 400 free) and the men's 400 medley relay team: Hansen, Grevers, Tyler
McGill and Nick Thoman.
Europe’s only wins came from Hungary’s Katinka Hosszu in the women’s 400 IM and Ranomi
Kromowidjojo of the Netherlands in the women’s 100 free.
“Honestly, it’s not very surprising,” Hosszu said. “We’re not very good in short course. The
Americans are always better than us in short course. I’d like to see the competition in long course. I
think we would match up better.” Still, it would be tough for anyone to knock off the world's most
dominant swimming nation. Even with Michael Phelps sitting out the meet to focus on his training
for an Olympic farewell in London, the Americans brought a wealth of talent to the pool that hosted
swimming during the 1996 Atlanta Games, from a veteran such as Beard - a mom and four-time
Olympian - to the up-and-coming Franklin.
“There’s a balance in this team, and that’s what we need,” Hansen said. “There’s so much
experience, but there’s so many young kids. We’ve just got to keep the communication going and
stay on the same page.” All they have to do Saturday is show up. That should be enough to wrap up
another easy win at Duel in the Pool, which was launched in 2003 to boost interest in swimming
during non-Olympic years but has mainly been an all-American showcase. The U.S. easily beat the
Australians at the first three Duels, routed the Europeans two years ago and now is on pace for its
biggest win yet.
Franklin sure is enjoying the ride. The youngster has resisted the temptation to turn professional
while still in high school, as Phelps did, costing her a chance to cash in on her success and
increasing notoriety. “It gets difficult as the money becomes larger and larger. It’s difficult to turn it
down,” Franklin said. “But I’ve always wanted to go to college, and that hasn’t changed. I really
want to be part of that team atmosphere.” Coughlin believes that attitude has helped Franklin cope
with her sudden success.
“The attention she’s getting is really exciting, but it can also be a little overwhelming,” Coughlin
said. “I’m amazed at how well she can handle it. She’s better than I was at 16, that’s for sure. She
has a really good head on her shoulders. If it was anyone else, I’d be a little worried about them.”
(http://espn.go.com/olympics/swimming/story/_/id/7361280/united-states-sets-short-course-world-
record-women-400-meter-medley-relay)
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Questions:
1 How did the Americans play at the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center on Friday?
2 How does it feel setting a world record, according to Franklin?
3 How many girls were on the first places?
4 Which was the thing that motivated Lochte?
5 From which country was the man Brendan Hansen defeated in the men’s 200 breast?
6 What did Hosszu say about short course?
7 Which are the most important things in the team?
8 What should the swimmers do on Saturday at Duel in the Pool, in order to win?
9 Does Franklin want to turn professional, while still in high school?
10 What does Franklin say about the money he is offered?
11 Does Coughlin think that the attention can be overwhelming sometimes?
12 What helps Franklin cope with her success, according to Coughlin?
13 Is there something Franklin has that other children don’t?
UNIT EIGHT
Past Perfect Continuous
The Past Perfect Progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place
before a certain time in the past.
Form
 A: He had been talking.
 N: He had not been talking.
 Q: Had he been talking?
 Hadn’t he been talking?
Use
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 action taking place before a certain time in the past
 sometimes interchangeable with Past Perfect Simple
 puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
Signal words: for, since, the whole day, all day
Mind
We use Simple Past if we give past events in the order in which they occurred. However, when we
look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect.
Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past?
Do you just want to tell what happened some time in the past or do you want to tell what had
happened before/up to a certain time in the past?
Simple Past Past Perfect Simple
some time in the past before/up to a certain time in the past
Example: Example:
Jane got up at seven. She opened her birthday Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never
presents and then the whole family went to the been to the zoo.
zoo.
Signal Words
Simple Past Past Perfect Simple
first already
then up to then
before that day
after*
Note: After is only used as a signal word for Past Perfect if it is followed by a subject +
verb, meaning that one action had been completed before another action began (the new
action is in Simple Past).
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Example:
After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo.
However, if "after" is followed by object + subject + verb, the verb belongs to the new action and is
therefore in Simple Past.
Example:
After her visit to the zoo, Jane was exhausted.
More exceptions with signal words
When
Depending on the situation, when can be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect.
Compare the following examples:
Example:
When Jane saw the elephants, she was amazed. (at the same time)
When Jane had seen the elephants, she wanted to see the giraffes. (second action happened
after the first action had been completed)
When Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions. (second action had been
completed when the first action took place)
Before
"Before" as well can either be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect. If the action after "before" is a
new action, use Simple Past. If the action after "before" started (and was not completed) before a
certain time in the past, use Past Perfect.
Compare the following examples:
1 Jane had read a lot about elephants before she went to the zoo.
2 Jane went to the zoo before she had finished reading her new book about elephants.
Exercises
1. Put the verbs into the correct form (Past Perfect Progressive).
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1. We (sleep) ……………….for 12 hours when he woke us up.
2. They (wait) ……………………at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived.
3. We (look for) ………………….her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom.
4. I (not / walk) ………………..for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.
5. How long (learn / she) ………………….English before she went to London?
6. Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he (sing) ……………………in the rain too long.
7. He (drive) …………………less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.
8. They were very tired in the evening because they (help) …………………on the farm all day.
9. I (not / work) …………………all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night.
10. They (cycle) ……………………….all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
2. Choose the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect).
1. The wind (blow) …………….away the leaves that we (gather)……………….

2. She (throw) …………. away the letter that she (receive)…………………..
3. They (show) …………………me the pictures, they (take)………… during their holidays.
4. In the evening, the children (tell)………… their daddy what they (see)…………….. at the
zoo.
5. The boy (feel)……………… very sorry for what he (do)…………………...
6. My friend (eat) ………….up all the biscuit we (bake) ………………...
7. The teacher (correct) ………………..the tests we (write)
8. I (give) ……………………them some of the candies I (buy)
9. My sister (see / not) ………………….the note that I (lay)…………..on the kitchen table for
her.
10. We (want) …………………to watch a film that we (see / not) …………….before.
11. When Simon (go)…………………out to play, he (finish / not)……………………his
homework.
12. Jenny (get)…………………home, (sit)………………….down and (watch)…………… the
telly.
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13. Before that day in winter, the African boy (see) ……..snow in winter.
14. She (tell) …………….me about the book that she (buy).
15. When he (wake up)………….., his mother (already / prepare) ………………breakfast.
16. We (visit) ……..the museum that our friend (tell)………..us about a week before.
17. We (go) ……………..to London because the Queen (invite) ……………….us for tea
18. When she (start) …….to learn English, she (already / learn) ….French.
19. Jane (already / type) …………..ten pages when her computer. (crash)
20. Before that day we (never / think) …………………..of going to Japan.
3. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses (Past Perfect
Simple, Past Perfect Continuous):
1. I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the show started at
8:00. I (try) …………..to get tickets for that play for months, and I didn't want to miss it. By the
time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have) …………five cups of
coffee and I (wait) ……………….over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange) ……………to
meet Kathy in front of the theater.
2. When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already) ………..up the tickets and she was waiting for
us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait) …………….for more than half an
hour. She said she (give, almost) ……………..up and (go) …………..into the theater without us.
3. Kathy told me you (be) …………..late several times in the past and that she would not make
plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss) ………………..several movies
because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on
time!
6. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses (Paste
Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous):
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1. It is already 9:30 PM and I (wait) ………..here for over an hour. If John does not get here in the
next five minutes, I am going to leave.
2. I was really angry at John yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait) ………………..for
over an hour. I almost left without him.
3. Did you hear that Ben was fired last month? He (work) …………..for that import company for
more than ten years and he (work) …………..in almost every department. Nobody knew the
company like he did.
4. I (see) ……………..many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the
monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
5. Sarah (climb) …………….the Matterhorn, (sail) ……………around the world, and (go)
………………on safari in Kenya. She is such an adventurous person.
6. Sarah (climb) …………….the Matterhorn, (sail) ……………..around the world and (go)
……………..on safari in Kenya by the time she turned twenty-five. She (experience) ………………
more by that age than most people do in their entire lives.
7. When Melanie came into the office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think she (cry)
……………………..
4. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses
1. You look really great! (you, work) …………….out at the fitness center recently?
2. A: What (you, do) ……………..when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) ……………..to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
3. I (have) …………..the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one.
4. If it (snow) ………………..this weekend, we (go) …….skiing near Lake Tahoe.
5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries?
B: They (call) …………….librarians.
6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I
return to Australia, I (study) ……………for nine months and I (be) …..in England for exactly one
year.
7. Sam (arrive) …………….in San Diego a week ago.
8. Samantha (live) ……………in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) ……………
there when the Berlin wall came down.
9. If Vera (keep) ……….drinking, she (lose, eventually) ………………..her job.
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10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their
culture (disappear, virtually) …………………..by the time Europeans first (arrive) ……………..in
the New World.
11. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) …………….
12. It (rain) …………all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go to the beach.
13. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) ……………..the bus this morning. You (be)
……………………..late to work too many times. You are fired!
14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) ……………up tomorrow
morning, the sun (shine) …………….
15. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit) ………………..the Grand Canyon and San
Francisco by the time I leave the United States.
16. I (see) ……………….many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the
monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) …………….much easier and very comfortable. In
the 19th century, it (take) ……………..two or three months to cross North America by covered
wagon. The trip (be) ……………..very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)
………………..a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to
Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
18. Joseph's English (improve, really) ………….., isn't it? He (watch) ………..American television
programs and (study) ……………….his grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego.
Soon he will be totally fluent.
19. When I (arrive) …………home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) ………a beautiful
candlelight dinner.
20. If you (need) …………to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) …………at the Sheraton in
San Francisco.
5. Complete questions 1-10 below with the appropriate tenses and answer questions 11-15.
1. When Carol (call) ……………..last night, I (watch) ……my favorite show on television.
2. I (work) …………….for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I
retire!
3. Sharon (love) …………to travel. She (go) ……….abroad almost every summer. Next year, she
plans to go to Peru.
4. Thomas is an author. He (write) ……………..mystery novels and travel memoirs. He (write)
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……………..since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he (write) …………..seven novels, three
collections of short stories and a book of poetry.
5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get) …………to the train
station, Susan (wait) ………………for us for more than two hours.
6. Sam (try) …………….to change a light bulb when he (slip) ……………..and (fell)
……………...
7. Everyday I (wake) ……………….up at 6 o'clock, (eat) ………………breakfast at 7 o'clock and
(leave) …………..for work at 8 o'clock. However, this morning I (get) ………..up at 6:30, (skip)
…………..breakfast and (leave) ……………for work late because I (forget) ………….to set my
alarm.
8. Right now, Jim (read) …………..the newspaper and Kathy (make) ……….dinner. Last night at
this time, they (do) ……………the same thing. She (cook) ………and he (read) …………..the
newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) …………….the same thing. She (prepare)
………………dinner and he (read) ………….. They are very predictable people!
9. By this time next summer, you (complete) ……………your studies and (find) ……….a job. I, on
the other hand, (accomplish, not) ……………anything. I (study, still) …………..and you (work)
………………..in some new high paying job.
10. The students (be, usually) …………….taught by Mrs. Monty. However, this week they (teach)
……………..taught by Mr. Tanzer.
11.
Jane talks on the phone.
Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour.
Mary is talking on the phone.
Who is not necessarily on the phone now?
12.
I'm going to make dinner for Frank.
I'm making dinner for Judy.
I'll make dinner for Mary.
I make dinner for Ted.
I will be making dinner for Tony.
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Who are you offering to make dinner for?
13.
Jane left when Tim arrived.
Bob left when Tim had arrived.
When Tim arrived, Mary was leaving.
John had left when Tim arrived.
After Tim arrived, Frank left.
Who did not run into Tim?
14.
Jane is talking in class.
Bob always talks in class.
Mary is always talking in class.
Whose action bothers you?
15.
Jane never left Jamestown.
Bob has never left Jamestown.
Who is still alive?
6. Reading
FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa
The FIFA World Cup takes place every four years, two years after and before the UEFA European
Championship.
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The World Cup competition is a quadrennial event that first took place in Uruguay in 1930. It is
sponsored by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) – the world’s football
association. The last World Cup was held in Germany in 2006, where Italy became the world cup
holder. South Africa is the host of this year’s World Cup.
The 32 countries qualified for the World Cup first play in groups (A-H). The teams are awarded 3
points for a win, 1 point for a draw and no point for a loss. The best two teams of each group
advance to the Round of 16. The best eight of them move on to the quarter final, of which the top
four teams get a place in the semi final. The winner of the World Cup 2010 is the team that wins the
World Cup final on Sunday, 11 July in Johannesburg.
Introduction
Soccer is a ball game played by two teams. The ball is advanced with the feet, that’s why the sport is
also called football. As not to confuse it with other variants of football, e.g. American football,
rugby, or Gaelic football, the official name of this sport is association football (after the London
Football Association). But English native speakers usually just call it soccer, football, footie, footy
or footer.
Basic rules in football
Object: The object is to score goals.

Players: Each team has 11 players:
a goalkeeper (also called goalie) who tries to block the shots by the opposing team
the fullbacks (defense) who try to prevent the opposing team from scoring goals
the halfbacks (or midfielders) who play both offense and defense
the forwards (or strikers) who try to score goals for their team
Duration: The game is played in two halves of 45 minutes each. At halftime the teams change ends.
Playing: Except for the goalie and at throw ins, players must not touch the ball with their hands or
arms. They can, however, use any other part of the body.
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Scoring: A goal is scored when the ball has crossed the goal line between the posts and under the
crossbar.
Field: This is what a soccer field looks like.
Soccer vocabulary
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The Field: penalty area
field goal area
goal goal line
centre circle touchline
centre line
penalty mark
The Match:
match penalty kick
first league dropped ball
ball header
tip-off bicycle kick
final whistle free kick
kick-off allowance
corner kick extra time
throw in
The Team
team
opposing team That was a goal!
referee Come on, kick a goal!
linesman Pass the ball!
goalkeeper/goalie Which team do you support?
forward/striker What's the score?
midfielder Who's winning?
fullback/back It's 2-1 for ManU.
sweeper They're still tying.
substitute It's a draw.
starting lineup The match was tied./The match ended in
defending champions a draw.
Phrases: He was sent off.
Goal! The ball is out of bounds/out of play.
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Offside! Foul!
Quizz
1. What is “soccer” officially called?

a. association football
b. London Football Association
c. Gaelic football
2. What does the goalie do?

a. He tries to score goals for his team.
b. He tries to block shots from the opposing team
c. He controls the game
3. Are players allowed to touch the ball with their hands?

a. It is allowed in certain situations only.
b. No. Nobody is allowed to do this.
c. Yes. The players can use their hands all the time.
4. “They’re still tying.” - What does it mean?

a. One team has scored more goals than the other but the game isn’t over yet
b. The number of goals scored by each team is equal but the game isn’t over yet.
c. The game is over and the number of goals scored by each team is equal.
5. Who can be awarded a corner kick?

a. the referee
b. the defending team
c. the attacking team
6. Which country does Simon Cox play for in the European Championship 2012?
a. Netherlands
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b. England
c. Ireland
d. Austalia
7. What's it called when a player kicks the ball that hasn’t touched the ground yet?
a. tackle
b. high kick
c. volley
d. throw in
8. Who won the European Soccer Championship in 2000?

a. France
b. Italy
c. Germany
d. Greece
UNIT NINE
Future Simple Tense
English does not have a verb form specifically used to express future tense. We have to
choose from a variety of forms (using “will”/”shall”, “going to”, the present continuous,
the present simple, etc.) to talk about future events. The future expressed with the modal
auxiliaries will and shall + the base form of the verb is known as the Future Simple Tense
or “Will” Future. Keep in mind, however, that “will” doesn’t always serve to indicate the
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future. We can use “will” to talk about events happening at the present. (For example:
This car won’t start.)
Structure
The future simple tense is composed of two parts: will/shall + base verb. Will and
shall are often contracted to ‘ll.
Affirmative form
I + shall / will + work

we
you
he/she/it + will + work
they
1. I shall/will write her tomorrow.

2. We shall/will go shopping together during the holidays.
Note: “Will” is used with all persons. “Shall” can be used instead of “will” with I/we.
In modern English, particularly in American English, “shall” with a future reference is
rarely used.
Negative form
I SHALL + NOT
we /SHAN’T/ + WORK
I
you WILL + NOT
he/she/it /WON’T/
we + WORK
they
I won’t answer that question.

They won’t accept this offer.
Interrogative form
To form interrogative sentences we use will with all persons:
WILL I WORK?
we
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you
WILL he/she/it WORK?
they
Will you open the window, please?

Will you do it for me?
Note: We use shall to make offers, ask for advices or suggestions, etc. (mainly in
British English)
1. Shall I close the door?

2. Shall we go to picnic tomorrow?
3. Shall I study English?
‘Shall’ is also used as an imperative in formal or legal written statements:
1. The Chairman shall be present at the Company’s general meetings.

2. The accused shall be present during the trial.
We use the Future Simple Tense:
to say that something will happen in the future. Adverbs of time that will indicate such
tense may include, tomorrow, today, later today, in five minutes, in two hours, on
Monday, on Saturday afternoon, next week/month, this year, etc.
! Note that when we talk about prior plans, strong intentions or fixed arrangements we do
not normally use ‘will’:
I am going to meet him this afternoon. (‘to be’ + ‘going to’ + main form of the verb)
I'm going to buy a new car this year. (‘to be’ + ‘going to’ + main form of the verb)
I am going to a party tomorrow night. (the Present Continuous)
Tina is getting married next month. (the Present Continuous)
! Note: ‘Will’ is used instead of ‘going to’ when a formal style is required, particularly in
the written language (See example no 12)
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Examples:
I will finish my report later today.

2. The sun will rise at 6:03 am.
3. I'll go to the market tomorrow.
4. There will be another conference next month.
5. I'll come to see you on Sunday.
6. We'll be back on Friday afternoon.
7. Tom will visit his parents next week.
8. They will paint the fence blue.
9. I will return in two hours.
10. He will finish his homework in twenty minutes.
11. Jane will turn 18 this year.
12. The wedding will take place on May 8th. The ceremony will begin at 4pm, followed
by a meal and a big party.
Note: In certain situations we use ‘will’ to emphasize:
13. You will drink your milk!

14. I will find a job.
to express spontaneous decision /

to volunteer to do something (the action is decided at the moment of speaking)
Examples:
1. I’ll close the window.

2. I’ll have a cup of tea, please.
3. - The phone is ringing.
- I’ll answer it.
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4. - Oops, I dropped my pencil.
- I’ll pick it up.
to predict future events (for example, to say what we think or believe will happen), we
use both ‘will’ and ‘going to’
! But note that we use ‘going to’ (not ‘will’) to make predictions about events when there
is a concrete evidence:
Look at those dark clouds in the sky. It is going to rain soon.
Examples:
I think it will rain.

2. The weather tomorrow will be sunny and warm.
3. I think David Brown will be the next mayor of our city.
4. Everything will be fine.
5. You are going to be a famous artist some day.
6. I think you are going to marry a wrong person.
to make promises or threats
Examples:
I'll be there at 7 p.m., I promise.

2. I'll tell your parents what you did.
to request help or to offer help
Examples:
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Will you please help me to do my homework?
2. That suitcase is too heavy. I’ll help you.
with words and expressions such as: probably, possibly, perhaps, (I’m) sure, (I) expect
Examples:
I'll probably get there by my car.

2. You must read this book. I'm sure you'll like it.
3. I expect Tom will pass his exam.
to talk about consequences (with if, when, provided, unless, as, as soon as, as long as,
etc.)
Examples:
If it begins to rain, I’ll certainly need an umbrella.

2. She will tell him when he calls.
when the main verb is “be” even if we talk about planned events
Examples:
I’ll be in Athens tomorrow.

2. I’ll be at a conference next week.
More examples:
1. Will you go shopping?

2. I will not permit that kind of behaviour.
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3. Will our teacher come with us?
Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.
4. Our teacher won’t come with us.
Exercises
(Will or Going To)
A: Why are you holding a piece of paper?

B: I (write) ……………………….a letter to my friends back home in Texas.
2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!
B: I (get) …………………………….you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.
3. A: I can't hear the television!
B: I (turn) ………………………………..it up so you can hear it.
4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit)
………………………Paris, Nice and Grenoble.
5. Sarah (come) …………………….to the party. Oliver (be) …………………..there as
well.
6. Ted: It is so hot in here!
Sarah: I (turn) …………………………the air-conditioning on.
7. I think he (be) ………………………….the next President of the United States.
8. After I graduate, I (attend) ……………………….medical school and become a doctor.
I have wanted to be a doctor all my life.
9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply
too small for four people.
B: That man at the service counter (help) ……………………..you.
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) ………………………..down to the
beach and go swimming.
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(Will or Going To)
1. Mark: What are you doing with those scissors?

Beth: I (cut) …………………….that picture of the ocean out of the travel magazine.
Mark: What (you, do) …………………….with it?
Beth: I (paint) …………………….a watercolor of the ocean for my art class, and I
thought I could use this photograph as a model.
2. Mark: (you, do) ……………………….me a favor, Sam?

Sam: Sure, what do you want me to do?
Mark: I (change) …………………the broken light bulb in the lamp above the dining
room table. I need someone to hold the ladder for me while I am up there.
Sam: No problem, I (hold) …………………….it for you.
3. Gina: Where are you going?

Ted: I (go) ……………………..to the store to pick up some groceries.
Gina: What (you, get)……………………?
Ted: I (buy) …………………some milk, some bread, and some coffee.
4. John: Wow, it's freezing out there.

Jane: I (make) ………………….some coffee to warm us up. Do you want a piece of pie
as well?
John: Coffee sounds great! But I (have) …………………..dinner with some friends
later, so I'd better skip the pie.
Jane: I (go) …………………..to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a piece of pie
anyway.
5. Frank: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college.

Tom: Yeah, I (go) ………………….to Guatemala next spring and I thought knowing a
little Spanish would make the trip easier.
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Frank: I (visit) …………………..my brother in Marseilles next year. Maybe I should
take a French class.
Tom: I have a course catalog in the other room. I (go) …………………..get it, and we
can see whether or not they're offering a French course next semester.
6. Michael: Do you think the Republicans or the Democrats (win) ……………….the

next election?
Jane: I think the Republicans (win) …………………….the next election.
John: No way! The Democrats (win)………………………..
7. Susan: We (go) ………………camping this weekend. Would you like to come along?
Sam: That sounds great, but I don't have a sleeping bag.

Susan: No problem. I (lend) ………………….you one. My family has tons of camping
gear.
8. Barbara: I (buy) ……………….a new car this weekend, but I'm a little worried
because I don't really know much about cars. I'm afraid the salesman (try)
…………………to take advantage of me when he sees how little I know.
Dave: I used to work for a mechanic in high school and I know a lot about cars. I (go)
…………………….with you to make sure you are not cheated.
9. Gina: Fred and I (visit) …………………Santa Fe next summer. Have you ever been
there?
Margaret: My family lives in Santa Fe! I (give) ……………..you my parents' phone
number. When you get to Santa Fe, just call them and they (give) ……………..you a
little tour of the town. They can show you some of the sights that most tourists never see.
10. Pam: Can you see my future in the crystal ball? What (happen) ………………next
year?
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Fortune Teller: You (meet) ……………..a man from the East Coast, perhaps New York
or maybe Boston. You (marry) ………………that mystery man.
Pam: Forget the man! I want to know if I (get) ………………a new job.
(Simple Present / Simple Future)
1. Today after I (get) ………………..out of class, I (go) …………………….to a movie

with some friends.
2. When you (arrive) …………………..in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show)
…………………you around the city and help you get situated.
3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate)……………………?
B: After I (receive) ……………………..my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go)
…………………to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) ……………….to
complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science.
4. If it (snow) …………………this weekend, we (go) ………………..skiing near Lake
Tahoe.
5. Your father (plan) ………………to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He
(meet) ………………..you across the street near the ice cream shop. If something
happens and he cannot be there, I (pick) …………………you up instead.
6. If the people of the world (stop, not) ……………..cutting down huge stretches of rain
forest, we (experience) ………………..huge changes in the environment during the
twenty-first century.
7. If Vera (keep) ………………..drinking, she (lose, eventually) …………………her
job.
8. I promise you that I (tell, not) ………………..your secret to anybody. Even if
somebody (ask) ……………….me about what happened that day, I (reveal, not)
………………..the truth to a single person.
9. She (make) ……………….some major changes in her life. She (quit)
…………………..her job and go back to school. After she (finish)
……………..studying, she (get) ………………a better-paying job and buy a house. She
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is going to improve her life!
10. Tom (call) ……………..when he (arrive) …………..in Madrid. He (stay)

………………with you for two or three days until his new apartment (be)
……………………..available.
1. Michael: After you (leave) ………………….work, will you please drop by the
grocery store and pick up some milk and bread?
Marie: No problem, I (pick) ………………….up the groceries and be home by 6
o'clock.
Michael: Great. You will probably get home before I (do)……………………..
2. Ari: By the time we (get) …………………to the movie theater, the tickets are going
to be sold out.
Sarah: Don't worry. I told Jane we might be arriving just before the movie (start)
……………….. She (buy) ………………..our tickets and meet us in the lobby.
Ari: That place is huge! We (find, never) ………………her in that crowded lobby.
Sarah: Calm down, we (meet) ………………….each other near the entrance.
3. Terry: If the weather (be) ……………..good tomorrow, maybe we should go to the

beach.
Jennifer: I have a better idea. If it (be) ……………….nice out, we'll go to the beach; and
if it (rain)………………., we'll see a movie.
Terry: I guess we will have to wait until we (get) …………….up in the morning to find
out what we are going to do.
4. Max: What are you going to do tomorrow after work?

Sean: I (meet) ………………some friends at the cafe across the street. Would you like to
come along?
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Max: No thanks! My brother is coming to town and I (pick) …………….him up from
the airport at 7 o'clock.
Sean: We (be, probably) …………….at the cafe until 9 o'clock. Why don't you join us
after you (pick) …………….him up.
Max: Sounds good. We (see) ………………..you around 8 o'clock.
5. Lucy: I (call) …………………you as soon as I arrive in Dublin.

Dwain: If I am not there when you (call)……………….., make sure to leave a message.
Lucy: I will. And please don't forget to water my plants and feed the cat.
Dwain: I promise I (take) ……………………..care of everything while you are in
Ireland.
UNIT TEN
Future Continuous Tense
Structure
The Future Continuous is made with the future form of the verb “to be” (I will be, you
will be, he/she/it will be, we will be, you will be, they will be) + the ‘-ing’ form of the
main verb. The ‘-ing’ form of the verb is called the Present Participle.
Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense
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Form
I will be reading I will not be reading Will I be reading?
You will be reading You will not be reading Will you be reading?
He will be reading He will not be reading Will he be reading?
She will be reading She will not be reading Will she be reading?
It will be reading It will not be reading Will it be reading?
We will be reading We will not be reading Will we be reading?
You will be reading You will not be reading Will you be reading?
They will be reading They will not be reading Will they be reading?
Contracted forms:
I will = I’ll
you will = you’ll
he/she/it will = he’ll/she’ll/it’ll
I will not = I won’t
you will not = you won’t
he/she/it will not = he won’t/she won’t/it won’t
we will = we’ll
they will = they’ll
we will not = we won’t
they will not = they won’t
Examples: 1. I’ll be watching TV

2. She won’t be swimming at the pool.
3. They’ll be having a lunch.
4. Will you be waiting for me?
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2. Using the Future Continuous Tense.
The most common use of the Future Continuous Tense is to describe an activity that
will occur in the future and continue for a certain period of time. We can specify the time
when the activity is going to take place:
Examples: 1. Tom will be attending the conference next month.

2. They’ll be shopping all afternoon.
3. I’ll be working late at the office tonight.
4. We’ll be flying over the Atlantic Ocean for three hours.
5. Tonight at 11 p.m, we will be dancing at the party.
The Future Continuous is also used when we talk about an activity that will continue
over a period of time from now into the future (an activity in progress that started at the
present moment or at some time around the present moment):
Examples: 1. They’ll be studying until 5 o'clock.

2. She’ll be playing tennis until she gets tired.
3. Susan will be waiting for the bus 10 more minutes.
We can use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be
interrupted by a shorter action in the future (in this case the shorter action in the future is
expressed with Present Simple):
Examples: 1. I’ll be making dinner when he arrives tonight.

2. She’ll be playing the piano when her parents come home.
We can also use the Future Continuous to project ourselves into the future and see
something happening:
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Examples: 1. You’ll recognize me when you get there. I’ll be wearing jeans and a white
t-shirt. I’ll be sitting at a table at the corner and reading a newspaper.
2. This time tomorrow I’ll be having dinner at one of the New York’s finest
restaurants.
The Future Continuous is used to talk about what we believe or guess is happening at
the moment of speaking (1, 2) or will be happening at a particular time in the future (3):
Examples: 1. Don’t call him now, he’ll be doing his homework.

2. I don’t want to disturb them. I’m sure they’ll be cleaning their house at the
moment.
3. Please, don’t come at 9 o’clock. She’ll be sleeping at that time.
We can also use the Future Continuous to talk about things that we expect to happen
in the usual course of events (the event is certain and will happen naturally):
Examples: 1. I will be seeing Ann tomorrow at the office. (we work together)
2. We will be meeting Mike at the festival this weekend.
The Future Continuous is also used for predictions or expected trends in the future:
Example: By 2030, most people in Africa will be living in urban areas.
Sometimes we can use the Future Continuous to make polite enquiries, when we
wish to know what somebody's plans are:
Examples: 1. Will you be coming with me to the concert tonight?

2. Will you be going to the next meeting in December?
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Exercises:
1. Make the future continuous:
1. At three o’clock tomorrow, I ………………….(work) in my office.

2. At three o’clock tomorrow, you ……………………….(lie) on the beach.
3. At three o’clock tomorrow, he …………………………….(wait) for the train.
4. At three o’clock tomorrow, she …………………………(shop) in New York.
5. At three o’clock tomorrow, it …………………………(rain).
6. At three o’clock tomorrow, we ……………………….(get) ready to go out.
7. At three o’clock tomorrow, they …………………….(meet) their parents.
8. At three o’clock tomorrow, he ………………………..(study) in the library.
9. At three o’clock tomorrow, she ………………………..(exercise) at the gym.
10. At three o’clock tomorrow, I ………………………………….(sleep).
2. Rewrite the underlined verb forms and use future simple or continuous.
1. Don't call me at 10 o'clock. I am going to fly to Spain ………………………..

2. I suppose we are going to stay at a hotel next summer……………………….
3. Come to see me in the afternoon. I work in the garden………………………….
4. Do you think it is snowing at the weekend?
5. Is the coat O.K.? - Yes, I am taking it.
6. This time on Sunday we are going to ski in France
7. I don't know if I will stay here. Perhaps I move to a big city one day
8. Every student is using a computer in the future
2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets and use future simple or continuous
1. I can buy it for you. I …………………………(shop) in the afternoon anyway.

2. Is Bill at school? - No, he isn't. I suppose he……………………... (come).
3. I hope Simon ……………………..(be) there.
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4. Did you remember to invite Mrs. Oates? - Oh, no! I forgot. But I ………..(call)
her now.
5. I'll have a holiday next week. I ……..(not get up) at 6 o'clock as usual.
6. You are so late! Everybody …………..(work) when you arrive at the office.
7. Be careful or the cars ………….(knock) you down.
8. We …………….(move) our house this time tomorrow.
9. He ……………..(play) tennis at 7.30. He usually starts at 7 o'clock. Could you
come before that?
10. Your suitcase is so big. I ………………………..(take) it for you.
3. Make questions with the expressions in brackets. Use future simple or continuous.
1. I am not sure if I can offer this room……..? (our guest/like/it)

2. Can I borrow your laptop tonight?................? (you/use/it/at about 9 o'clock)
3. We arrive in Aberdeen at 1 o'clock……………….? (we/have/time/for lunch)
4. The show starts at 8. Please,………………….? (you/drive me/there)
5. Your journey will be so long. How ……………..while you are on the train?
(you/spend/your time)
6. I've just missed the train. How…………………..? (I/get/to school)
7. I'd like to see your project. If I come at 4.30,………………..? (you/work/on it)
8. If your teacher asks you,………………..? (you/translate/the text)
9. What …………..while I am cleaning the windows? (you/do)
10. ……………………….if the coach is booked? (you/take/a taxi)
4.Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses
(Simple Future / Future Continuous)
1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us?

Marcus: He (wait)…… for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand)……………
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on the platform when we pull into the station
Sandra: And then what?
Marcus: We (pick)…………….. Michele up at work and go out to dinner.
2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch)……………….. TV, Sam (make)
………………. drinks, Beth (dance)…………… by herself, and Thad (complain)
…………… about his day at work.
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things.
Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do)…………….. the same things; they always do the
same things.
3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash)……………… all of
those?
Jack: I promise I (do)……………. them when I get home from work.
Florence: Thanks.
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of
sparkling clean dishes (sit)……………. in the cabinets.
4. Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay) …………… at the Hoffman
Hotel.
Nancy: I (call)……………… you if there are any problems.
Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids.
Nancy: Don't worry, they (be) ……………. be fine.
5. Samantha: Just think, next week at this time, I (lie)………….. on a tropical beach in
Maui drinking Mai Tais and eating pineapple.
Darren: While you are luxuriating on the beach, I (stress)…………….. out over this
marketing project. How are you going to enjoy yourself knowing that I am working so
hard?
Samantha: I 'll manage somehow.
Darren: You're terrible. Can't you take me with you?
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Samantha: No. But I (send)……………. you a postcard of a beautiful, white sand beach.
Darren: Great, that (make)………………… me feel much better.
(Simple Present / Simple Future Present Continuous / Future Continuous)
1.Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch)……………. TV as

well.
2. Tomorrow after school, I (go) …………………… to the beach.
3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do)……………….. paperwork
and (talk ) ……………… to annoying customers on the phone, I (lie) …………… on a
sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous?
4. We (hide)………………… when Tony (arrive)……………….. at his surprise party. As
soon as he opens the door, we (jump) ……………… out and (scream)
………………."Surprise!"
5. We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you (come)……………..
over while we (work) …………………. out, we will not be able to let you into the house.
Just to be safe, we (leave)………………. a key under the welcome mat so you will not
have to wait outside..
6. While you (study) …………… at home, Magda (be),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, in class..
7. When I (get)…………………… to the party, Sally and Doug (dance) …………….. ,
John (make) ……………. drinks, Sue and Frank (discuss)…………. something
controversial, and Mary (complain) …………………… about something unimportant.
They are always doing the same things. They are so predictable.
8. When you (get)………………………. off the plane, I (wait)……………. for you.
9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) ….………… up
tomorrow morning, the sun (shine)
10. If you (need)…………… to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) …………… at
the Sheraton in San Francisco.
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Future Perfect Tense
Structure
To form the Future Perfect Tense we use the future simple of have (will have) and
the past participle of the verb. This is also called the past in the future. Most past
participles end in -ed (painted, arrived, visited, etc.). Irregular verbs have special past
participles that must be memorized. (told, said, spoken, eaten, etc.) The future perfect
tense is not commonly used in English.
The Future Perfect Tense is often used with expressions like by the time, by next
week, by then, by next year, by the year 2020, etc.)
Affirmative form
I
you
he/she/it WILL HAVE FINISHED
we
you
they
Negative form
I
you
he/she/it WILL NOT HAVE
we FINISHED
you
they
1. She will not have finished her work.

2. He will not have left.
Interrogative form
I
you
WILL he/she/it HAVE FINISHED?
we
they
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1. Will they have arrived?
2. Will our children have returned from school?
We use the Future Perfect Tense:

to express an action that will be completed in the future (usually before another action
or event in the future)
Examples:
1. I will have accomplished the task by the time my colleague returns.

2. She will have cooked dinner by the time her husband repairs the car.
3. Tina will have washed the dishes.
4. By the time you arrive, my foreign guests will have left.
5. He will have written his report.
6. By the time we get to the cinema the movie will have started.
to say that an action will be completed before a specific time in the future
Examples:
1. The student will have passed his exam by Friday.

2. I will have finished the writing by midnight.
3. By next January I will have lived here for 10 years.
4. By 10 o'clock I will have finished the translation.
5. By the end of the month we will have finished the course.
6. They will have known each other for eight years this June.
to express what we thing or guess has probably happened in the recent past
Examples:
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1. Why don’t you visit them? They will probably have returned from their
vacation.
2. I suppose, you will have heard the news of the day.
We can also form the Future Perfect Tense with "be going to". "Will" form and "be
going to" form can be used interchangeably:
She is going to have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate arrives.
She will have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate arrives.
We use the Future Perfect in the following situations:
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future
The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in
the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the
future.
Examples:
By next November, I will have received my promotion.
By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this
afternoon.
By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple
Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses,
and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
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USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the
Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.
Examples:
I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs
and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study"
are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc.
Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.
Examples:
I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct
I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only,
never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will only have learned a few words.
Will you only have learned a few words?
You are only going to have learned a few words.
Are you only going to have learned a few words?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
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Examples:
They will have completed the project before the deadline. ACTIVE
The project will have been completed before the deadline. PASSIVE
They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. ACTIVE
The project is going to have been completed before the deadline. PASSIVE
Exercises:
1. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate
tenses (Simple Future / Future Perfect)
1.Margaret: Do you think everything will be finished when I get back from the store?
Jerry: Don't worry. By the time you get back, I (pick) ……………….up the living room
and (finish) …………………washing the dishes. Everything will be perfect when your
parents arrive.
Margaret: I hope so. They (arrive) ………………around 6 o'clock.
Jerry: Everything (be) ………………………..spotless by the time they get here.
2.Nick: I just have two more courses before I graduate from university. By this time next
year, I (graduate)…………………., and I will already be looking for a job.
Stacey: Does that scare you? Are you worried about the future?
Nick: Not really. I (go) …………………..to a career counselor and get some advice on
how to find a good job.
Stacey: That's a good idea.
Nick: I am also going to do an internship so that when I leave school, I (complete, not
only) ……………over 13 business courses, but I (work, also) ……………………….in
the real world.
3. Stan: Did you hear that Christine (take) ………………….a vacation in South America
this winter?
Fred: I can't believe how often she goes abroad. Where exactly does she want to go?
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Stan: She (visit) ………………………Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.
Fred: At this rate, she (visit) …………………….every country in the world by the time
she's 50.
4. Judy: How long have you been in Miami?

Elaine: I have only been here for a couple of weeks.
Judy: How long do you plan on staying?
Elaine: I love Miami, so I (stay) ……………..here for an extended period of time. When
I go back home, I (be) …………………here for more than three months.
Judy: Wow, that's quite a vacation! You (see, definitely) …………………..just about
everything there is to see in Miami by then.
5. Jane: I can't believe how late we are! By the time we get to the dinner, everyone
(finish, already) …………………..eating.
Jack: It's your own fault. You took way too long in the bathroom.
Jane: I couldn't get my hair to look right.
Jack: Who cares? By the time we get there, everyone (left)……………………. Nobody
(see, even) ……………………..your hair.
2. Reading
Skill Related Fitness
Skill related fitness refers to fitness that is related to a particular skill, ability or activity.
For example a professional footballer is likely to be far fitter than your average Joe, but
in particular will have fitness that’s relevant to the sport. For a footballer this would
probably mean they had good quads and other leg muscles, a high VO2 max, good
running speed and great cardiovascular fitness. It would not mean that they had a bulky
or strong upper body, and in fact may be no more muscular in their arms than you or I.
That’s skill related fitness.
The reason for this is that fitness and skill really come down to the exact thing – repeated
practice, and in fact in many cases fitness and skill are almost interchangeable. If you
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have incredibly powerful arms it will automatically improve your gold swing and you’ll
probably be able to hit the ball far further than a regular guy. You wouldn’t describe
yourself as skilled however, but really the ability of the professional golfer relies on
essentially the same key points. A golfer also has large and powerful arms, but their
strength is less localised to just the bicep or tricep and also includes all the tiny little
supporting muscles in the forearm, upper arm and shoulders that enable them the fine
control and precision they require to have a perfect swing time after time. Meanwhile the
connections between their neurons and nerve fibres are used over and over each time and
so become strengthened in much the same way the muscle becomes strengthened
resulting in them becoming easier to access. In much the same time, repeatedly playing
football will strengthen the leg muscles and increase cardiovascular fitness through lots
of exercise and running – you see your body simply reflects your lifestyle – and that’s
really the one secret you need to know to sculpt your body into shape and make it perfect
for any purpose. Simply performing the action will force it to adapt to that behaviour so if
you want to become better at something or have muscles it requires, simply practice
while you’re bad. This is an ability that we’ve developed through evolution, and one
that’s enabled us to survive where our competitors died out. The ability to adapt to a
situation or a behaviour is one of mankind’s most vital skills.
So effective is this process of ‘skill related fitness’ that you can actually identify
someone’s lifestyle and skills simply by looking at them much of the time. Firstly you’ll
obviously be able to spot someone who doesn’t have any kind of fitness – they’ll either
be horribly thin or largely overweight. This shows that they don’t really have any kind of
physical skill or their body would have adapted to their practice. Even if they did have
the skill once, the fact that they’ve lost the skill related fitness necessary to perform those
actions will mean that they no longer can with anywhere near the talent. You see it works
both ways and you can’t really have one without the other.
More impressively though, and if you want to start sounding like Sherlock Holmes you
can actually identify a particular skill by someone’s physique. For example, the footballer
as discussed will have very little bodyfat (a sign of lots of cardiovascular fitness), strong
powerful legs (more so in the quadriceps than the hamstrings) and be fairly light and fast
in their movements. Meanwhile a rock climber will have a gigantic lat spread (the ‘wing’
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like muscles under the armpits), powerful forearms for gripping onto the rocks, powerful
legs and fairly flat pecs (they also tend to have a fairly long reach and light frame – some
elements of skill related fitness are genetic you see). A gymnast will similarly have
incredibly powerful lats but will also have stronger forearms and shoulders for/from
handstands etc. A martial artist or boxers will have low bodyfat and powerful shoulders,
triceps, traps, serratus muscles and pecs (the muscles used in punching). Swimmers have
low bodyfat and powerful triceps. Finally, the bodybuilder, for whom the fitness literally
is the skill, the aim is to have perfectly evenly proportioned muscles (so as to appear to
lean towards no particular sport but be powerful in all movements) and very low bodyfat.
We could go on with these descriptions all day, but largely the deductions are just down
to common sense. In polls gymnasts, swimmers, martial artists and runners have
generally been voted to have the best bodies. It’s not just sports that lead to skill related
fitness however though and you can also find those who play instruments have large
forearm muscles or if they’re wind instruments, large chests and lungs.
The individual components of skill related fitness are muscle strength, speed,
cardiovascular fitness, power, muscle control, hand eye coordination and reaction time.
While these will all be improved naturally through repeated practice of your chosen skill,
you can speed up your improvement by training the individual aspects specifically.
UNIT ELEVEN
Adjectives and adverbs
Comparison of adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following
expressions:
as … as
Example: Jane is as tall as John.
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not as … as / not so … as
Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever)
Positive form Comparative form Superlative form

Clean cleaner (The) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est

silent ‘e’ is dropped
Example: late-later-latest
final ‘y’ after a consonant becomes i
Example: easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled
Example: hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)

difficult More difficult (The) most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

good better best
bad / ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much / many more most
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far (place + time) further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
old (people and things) older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
Exercises
1. Fill in the correct forms:
Positive form Comparative Superlative

Good
Far
Stormy
Strong
2. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).
1. My house is (big) bigger than yours.

2. This flower is (beautiful) …………………than that one.
3. This is the (interesting) …………………book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) ……………………..than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous) ……………………………animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good) ……………………..than a holiday in the mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) …………………….than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich) ……………………………..woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad) ……………………………than last summer.
10. He was the (clever) ………………………thief of all.
3. Fill in the comparison with as ... as.
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1. John is (tall) as tall as Glen.
2. Janet is (beautiful) …………….Jeniffer.
3. You are (crazy) …………………….my sister.
4. We can run (fast) …………………….they can.
5. My mom is (not / strict) …………………..your mum.
6. Your mobile phone is (not / trendy) …………………….mine.
7. Matrix II was (not / interesting) …………………….Matrix I.
8. This yoghurt (not / taste / good) ……………………the one I bought yesterday.
9. I can do (many / press-ups) ……………………you.
10. I (not / earn / much / money) ……………………..you do.
4. Put the adjectives into the correct form.

1. Los Angeles is (large) …………………….than Chicago.
2. But New York is the (large) ………………..city of the United States.
3. The weather in Hollywood is (good) ……………….than in New York or New Jersey.
4. Nestor Studios is the (old) …………………..movie company in Hollywood.
5. Disneyland is (interesting) ……………………….than any other amusement park.
5. Fill in the correct form of the following adjectives.

London is the (large) ……………………..city in Great Britain.
No other British city has as (many) ………………………inhabitants as London.
The London underground, the tube, is the (old) ………………………underground in the
world.
The Tower of London is one of the (famous) ………………………London sights.
Another sight is the London Eye. With its 135 metres, it is (tall) …………………than
any other big wheel in the world.
6. Put in the adjective in bold from the first sentence into the second sentence in its
correct form (comparative or superlative).
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Example: I have a fast car, but my friend has a ______ car.
Answer: I have a fast car, but my friend has a faster car.
1) This is a nice cat. It's much …………………than my friend's cat.

2) Here is Emily. She's six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is……………………...
3) This is a difficult exercise. But the exercise with an asterisk (*) is the
…………………….exercise on the worksheet.
4) He has an interesting hobby, but my sister has the ………………..hobby in the world.
5) In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even
…………………….one last weekend.
6) School is boring, but homework is …………………….than school.
7) Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is …………………..than
skateboarding.
8) This magazine is cheap, but that one is………………………..
9) We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is even ………………than ours.
10) Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the …………………….joke I've
ever heard.
7. Put in the adjective from the first sentences into the second sentence in its correct form
(comparative or superlative).
Example: I have a fast car, but my friend has a ........car.

Answer: I have a fast car, but my friend has a faster car.
1) My father is heavy. My uncle is much …………………than my father.

2) The test in Geography was easy, but the test in Biology was…………………….
3) Florida is sunny. Do you know the …………………….place in the USA?
4) Stan is a successful sportsman, but his sister is …………………….than Stan.
5) My mother has a soft voice, but my teacher's voice is …………………..than my
mother's.
6) Amy has a beautiful baby, but my daughter has the …………………..baby on earth.
7) I live in a large family, but my grandfather lived in a ………………….family.
8) We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we'll have even
……………………time.
9) Lucy is clever, but Carol is …………………than Lucy.
10) Have you visited the old castle? It was the ……………………castle we visited during
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our holidays.
8. Use either as … as or not as … as in the sentences below.
Example: Ben Nevis is.......................... as Mont Blanc (not/high).

Answer: Ben Nevis is not as high as Mont Blanc.
1) The blue car is ………………..the red car. (fast)

2) Peter is ……………………………Fred. (not/tall)
3) The violin is …………………………..the cello. (not/low)
4) This copy is ………………………..the other one. (bad)
5) Oliver is …………………………….Peter. (optimistic)
6) Today it's ………………………..yesterday. (not/windy)
7) The tomato soup was ………………….the mushroom soup. (delicious)
8) Grapefruit juice is …………………..lemonade. (not/sweet)

9) Nick is …………………………Kevin. (brave)
10) Silver is ………………………….gold. (not/heavy
Form and Comparison of Adverbs
Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone
or something is).
Example: The dog sleeps quietly. The dog is absolutely quiet.
Form
In general: adjective + -ly
adjective adverb
slow slowly
Exceptions in spelling
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exception example
silent e is dropped in true, due, whole true → truly
y becomes i happy → happily
le after a consonant is dropped sensible → sensibly
after ll only add y full → fully
Adjectives ending in -ic: adjective + -ally (exception: public-publicly)
adjective adverb
fantastic fantastically
Adjectives ending in -ly: use ‘in a … way / manner’ or another adverb with similar
meaning
adjective adverb
friendly in a friendly way
in a friendly manner
likely probably
Exceptions
adjective adverb (meaning) adverb (meaning)

good well
difficult with difficulty
public publicly
deep deep (place) deeply (feeling)
direct direct directly (=soon)
hard hard hardly (=seldom)
high high (place) highly (figurative)
late late lately (=recently)
most most mostly (=usually)
near near nearly (=almost)
pretty pretty (=rather) prettily
short short shortly (=soon)
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The following daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long,
adjectives are also low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly, …
used as adverbs
(without
modification):
Comparison
Comparison (-er/-est)
Comparative ending in Superlative ending in
-er -est
one-syllable adverbs (hard) harder hardest
adverbs with the same form as earlier earliest
adjectives (early)
Comparison (more / most)

Comparative formed with Superlative formed with
more most
adverbs ending in -ly more happily most happily
(happily)
Irregular comparisons
positive form comparative superlative
well better best
badly worse worst
ill worse worst
little less least
much more most
far (place + time) further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
Exercises
128
1. Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill in the blanks with the corresponding
adverb.
James is careful. He drives…………..

The girl is slow. She walks…………………...
Her English is perfect. She speaks English……………...
Our teacher is angry. She shouts…………………..
My neighbor is a loud speaker. He speaks…………………..
He is a bad writer . He writes…………………...
Jane is a nice guitar player. He plays the guitar……………….
He is a good painter . He paints…………………...
She is a quiet girl. She does her job……………….
This exercise is easy. You can do it…………………...
2. Fill in the correct adverb form (comparative or superlative) of the adjectives in

brackets.
I speak English (fluent) ……………….now than last year.
She greeted me (polite) ………………….of all.
She smiled (happy) ………………..than before.
This girl dances (graceful) …………………….of all.
Could you write (clear)……………………..?
Planes can fly (high) ………………………than birds.
He had an accident last year. Now, he drives (careful) …………………than before.
Jim can run (fast) ………………………than John.
Our team played (bad) ……………………..of all.
He worked (hard) ………………………….than ever before.
3. Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its usual position.
Example: I play tennis. (on Mondays)
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Answer: I play tennis on Mondays.
1) Our friends must write a test. (also)

………………………………………………
2) I was joking. (only)
………………………………………………
3) Did you enjoy the flight? (both)
………………………………………………
4) Mary watches TV. (hardly) (ever)
………………………………………………
5) He drives his car. (carefully)
………………………………………………
6) The children play football. (in the garden)
………………………………………………
7) We went to the cinema. (yesterday)
………………………………………………
8) John fell off the bike. (almost)
………………………………………………
9) Her boyfriend will buy her some flowers. (probably)
………………………………………………
10) My uncle is moving to Stockholm soon. (definitely)
……………………………………………….
4. Complete the following exercise with adjective or adverb form of the words.
1. That pitbull looks……………. (angry)

2. She spoke………………. (quiet)
3. Erica listened to her mother…………………. (careful)
4. Mary makes ………………..mistakes. (careless)
5. Children grow ……………………(quick)
6. He is very …………………..today. (happy)
7. It's raining…………………….. (heavy)
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8. Morgan was ………………………hurt in a car accident. (serious)
9. His situation was very……………………. (serious)
5. Complete the exercise with adjective or adverb form. (Good vs Well)
1. I play tennis but I'm not very……………….

2. Your exam results were very………………..
3. You did very ……………….in your exams.
4. The weather was very …………………while we were on holiday.
5. I didn't sleep very ………………….last night.
6. How are you? Are you doing……………?
7. George speaks German very………………….
8. George's German is very………………….
9. Our new business is going very ……………………..at the moment.
10. I like your jacket. It looks …………………….on you.
11. I've played with him a few times. He plays very……………………….
6. Complete the following exercise with comparative adjectives / adverbs. Use than
where necessary.
big crowded early easily
high important interested peaceful
reliable serious simple thin
1. I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed earlier than usual.
2. I'd like to have a ………………car. The one I've got keeps breaking own.
3. Unfortunately her illness was ……………..we thought at first.
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4. You look………………….. Have you lost weight?
5. I want a …………………flat. We don't have enough space here.
6. He doesn't study very hard. He's ……………in having a good time.
7. Health and happiness are …………….money.
8. The instructions were very complicated. They could have been ……………..
9. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was …………………usual.
10. I like living in the countryside. It's …………………living in a town.
11. You'll find your way around the town ………………if you have a good map.
12. In some parts of the country, prices are ……………………in others.
7. Complete the exercise using comparative adjectives / adverbs.
quiet x2 interesting often warm
strong expensive bad good
difficult long small far
1. It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter?
2. This engine is very weak. I like it a bit…………………..
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3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be……………..
4. The hotel was very cheap. I expected it to be………………..
5. The weather is too cold in this country. I'd like to live somewhere …………………...
6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something……………...
7. I was surprised how easy it was to learn English. I thought it would be……………
8. Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do……………………..
9. Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be…………………...
10. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to …………………….
11. You're talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit……………………….
12. You hardly ever phone me. Why don't you phone me…………………..?
13. You're standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit ………………..away?
8. Fill in the blanks with the expressions in the box
the least developed far more expensive much worse
many more people the safest a lot more complicated
the most influential the oldest much funnier
less cold the more suitable much more interesting
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1. I heard a little polite laughter when I told my jokes but every one laughed loudly when
Gaby was telling hers. Her jokes are always much funnier than mine.
2. The negative effects of watching too much television are ……………….. than they
appear to be at first glance.
3. The Japanese islands have a climate modified and moderated by the sea; winters are
…………………. than in those areas that are in the same latitude on the Asian continent.
4. Only by multilateral action, can we give people in …………….. countries the chance
to escape the ugly misery of poverty, ignorance and disease.
5. That movie we saw last night was ………………….. than the one on television.
6. ……………….. known dam, an engineering wonder of the ancient world, lies near
Marib, once the home of the Queen of Sheba.
7. I broke my nose in a football game yesterday. Today it's very painful. For same reason,
the pain is ……………………… today than it was yesterday.
8. ……………….. die in car accidents than in plane accidents. Statistics show that
driving your own car is more dangerous than flying in an airplane.
9. Marcel Duchamp is considered as one of ……………… artists of the 20th century by

the modern art world.
10. From my point of view, of the two applicants, the latter one is ………………. for the
post.
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11. It is ………………… to live in London than any other city in Britain. Rents are much
higher and it is difficult to find accommodation of any kind.
12. Titanic was said to be ……………………. ocean liner in the world. When it set sail,
all the cabins were full, from the most expensive to the cheapest ones on the lower deck.
9. Use the adjectives in either the comparative or the superlative form.
late young young cheap fast
hard tall exciting long old
1. The movie lasted ……………… it was expected.
2. I find detective stories …………………. than any other ones.
3. Steve was much …………………… any of his classmates.
4. Although she looks younger, she is ……………………. of the two.
5. We could barely catch ………………….. train to London.
6. Tom put up his hand to solve ………………. question on the worksheet.
7. The man went to all the shops to find ……………… shoes he could find.
8. I don't think we could have come any ………………………. Besides, there was a
speed limit.
9. Of his three daughters, the king loved ……………………… best.
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10. Edward is ………………… his twin Fernando since Fernando was born first.
Reading
Read the following texts. Then answer the questions.
A.
Lionel Messi exclusive interview: I would play football for nothing if I

had to
Lionel Messi is acclaimed as the highest paid footballer in the world on an annual
salary that is close to £30million. Yet the 22-year-old current World and European
Footballer of the Year claims he would be happy to kick a ball around for nothing and is
still to fulfill his true destiny until Argentina are acclaimed as world champions. All eyes
will be on Messi as he arrives in England to take on Arsenal in the first leg of the
Champions League quarter-final clash at the Emirates on Wednesday. But for all the
money he earns Messi claims it has no bearing on the way he plays the game or indeed
acts as any motivation to becoming a better player.
“Money affords you a better way of life but it doesn’t inspire me,” he said. “I would play
for nothing if I wasn’t a professional footballer. I live for playing the game, not for the
financial benefits. And I play for the team, not myself.
“Individual awards are nice, but it’s the collective success of the team, be it Barcelona or
Argentina, that is more important.”
Barca, the defending champions and favourites to retain the trophy, are relishing the clash
with an Arsenal side who freely abandon defensive football in favour of all-out attack.
“At this stage of the tournament we’re not too concerned who we face, because to be the
best you have to beat the best,” said Messi.
“Arsenal, like Manchester United, are a very offensive side, and I wouldn’t expect them
to abandon that and employ different tactics to deal with us.
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“But it’s more about us imposing ourselves on the game and not abandoning the way we
play.
“If anything it suits us to be playing a side like Arsenal who give their players freedom to
play without restrictions.”
Messi went on: “The Premier League is very strong and we expected the main
challenge to come from England again this season.
“But last year we beat two English sides to lift the trophy.
“If we’re honest, the game against Chelsea was probably more difficult than the match
against Manchester United because they are far more defensive.
“They set out to stop us from playing, whereas teams like Arsenal and Manchester United
find it hard to change the way they play which suits us.”
There is no doubt Arsenal will have their work cut out to stop Messi who is in the
form of his life. It’s not a question of when the next goal is coming for Messi more about
who can stop him? “It’s not just me, but the team is in a good moment,” he said. “We
always try to play well, entertain and score as many as we can.”
Yet for all the accolades and awards, Messi still believes he will not achieve true
greatness unless he wins the World Cup.
“It’s the only stage where greatness can be achieved.
“The best players in the world have won and performed at the World Cup and that is what
I’m striving to achieve.”
Interview by Paul Smith
Questions
1. Who is Lionel Messi?

2. How much money does he make a year?
3. How old is he?
4. What title does he have?
5. What destiny does he wish to fulfill?
6. What is his belief about money?
7. For which team does Messi play?
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8. What tactic does Manchester United and Arsenal use?
9. From which country does Messi think the main challenge will come from?
10. What sides does FC Barcelona beaten last year?
11. Which game was the most difficult in Messi’s view?
12. What does Messi believe about his team?
13. When does Messi believe he will achieve true greatness?
14. Where have performed and won the best players in the world?
15. Who is the interviewer?
B.
Test team confirmed

British team named as hosts go for Olympic qualification
British Gymnastics has confirmed the team who will compete for Olympic
qualification at the London Prepares test event at the North Greenwich arena next week.
The focus will be on the men's artistic team and the rhythmic group, both of whom will
compete at the test event for places at London 2012. The men need to finish in the top
four of the eight teams to get a full quota of places for 2012 and the rhythmic group need
to set a benchmark score. The men's artistic team has been confirmed as Olympic bronze
medallist Louis Smith, two-time British all-around champion Daniel Purvis, former
European pommel horse champion Daniel Keatings, alongside Kristian Thomas, Ruslan
Panteyleymonov and Max Whitlock, with Sam Hunter as the reserve.
Rhythmic gymnast Francesca Jones has already booked her place for London
2012 as an individual at the 2011 World Championships and will compete at the test
event in order to aid her preparation. The rhythmic group - Georgina Cassar, Jade
Faulkner, Francesca Fox, Lynne Hutchison, Louisa Pouli, Rachel Smith and reserve
Annabelle Bartlett - have been set a benchmark score of 45.223 at the test event in order
for a nomination to be submitted to the British Olympic Association to accept a host
country place. The British women's artistic team have already qualified for a full berth for
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2012 and therefore will not be in action at the test event, while in trampoline, world
number one Kat Driscoll will compete despite having already a secured place for Britain
at the games.
British Gymnastics Olympic performance director Tim Jones said: "After a very
productive month-long preparation camp, we are now pleased to be able to name a very
strong men's team for the test event. "With the amount of experience we are able to call
upon, we remain confident and are backing ourselves to produce a reliable and
professional performance. This will give us the best chance of qualifying a full team for
the 2012 Olympic Games".
Questions
1. Where will the London Prepares test event take place?

2. What teams will be the focus?
3. What places does the men’s team need to achieve?
4. What kind of score needs the rhythmic group?
5. How many members have the men’s artistic team?
6. What are the names of the members of the men’s artistic team?
7. Who is Francesca Jones?
8. What did Francesca Jones do to compete at the 2012 London Olympics?
9. What are the names of the members of the rhythmic group?
10. What is the benchmark score for the rhythmic group in order to participate to the
2012 London Olympics?
11. Is the British women’s artistic team qualified in the 2012 London Olympics?
12. Who is Kat Driscoll?
13. Will Kat Driscoll compete in the London Prepares test event?
14. Who is the British Gymnastics Olympic performance director?
15. What does Tim Jones believe about the men’s artistic team?
UNIT TWELVE
139
Direct and reported speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct
speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there
is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for
example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous
conversation
Examples
She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?" and I said "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."
Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change
the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may
use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.
“That” may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy.

She told him she was happy.
'Say' and 'tell':
140
Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.
Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.
'Talk' and 'speak' are used:
- to describe the action of communicating:
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.
- with 'about' to refer to what was said:
He talked (to us) about his parents.
Tense Changes When Using Reported Speech
Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct
speech:
She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired.
The changes are shown below:
Simple present Simple past

"I always drink coffee", she said She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was reading a
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book
Simple past Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. He said that Bill had arrived on
Saturday
Present perfect Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he had been to Spain
Past perfect Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he He explained that he had just turned
explained. out the light.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been They complained that they had been
waiting for hours". waiting for hours.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told They told me that they had been living
me. in Paris.
Future Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he He said that he would be in Geneva
said on Monday.
Future continuous Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next She said that she would be using the
Friday". car next Friday.
You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the
original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.
He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
2. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech:
might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.
We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
She said that she might bring a friend to the party.
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Time/place references change when using reported speech
"I will see you here tomorrow", she said. She said that she would see me there the
next day.
The most common of these changes are shown below:
Today that day

"I saw him today", she said. She said that she had seen him that
day.
Yesterday the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said. She said that she had seen him the day
before.
The day before yesterday two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", He said that he had met her two days
he said. before.
Tomorrow the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said He said that he would see me the next
day.
The day after tomorrow in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after They said that they would come in two
tomorrow", they said. days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/year the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", She said that she had an appointment
she said. the following week.
Last week/month/year the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told He told us that he had been on holiday
us. the previous week.
ago before
"I saw her a week ago," he said. He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time) that
"I'm getting a new car this week", She said she was getting a new car
she said. that week.
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this/that (adjectives) the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked He asked if I liked the shirt.
here there
He said, "I live here". He told me he lived there.
Other changes:
In general, personal pronouns change to the third person singular or plural, except when
the speaker reports his own words:
I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours him/his/her/hers

we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours they/their/theirs:
He said: "I like your new car." He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." I said that I was going to my friend's house.
Question Forms and Reported Speech
Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the
verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':
“Where does Peter live?" She asked him where Peter lived.
Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether +
clause:
1."Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English.

2."Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American.
"Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining.
"Have you got a computer?" He wanted to know whether I had a computer.
"Can you type?" She asked if I could type.
"Did you come by train?" He enquired whether I had come by train.
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"Have you been to Bristol before?" She asked if I had been to Bristol before.
Question words:
This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question
word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the
necessary tense change.
"What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.

"How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was.
The policman said to the boy, "Where do you live?" The policeman asked the boy
where he lived.
"What time does the train arrive?" she asked. She asked what time the train arrived.
"When can we have dinner?" she asked. She asked when they could have dinner.
Peter said to John, "Why are you so late?" Peter asked the John why he was so late.
ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-
clause.
e.x. He told me to go away.
The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
(The indirect object is the person spoken to.)

Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn,
ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.
Examples:
145
a. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". The doctor told me to stop smoking.
"Get out of the car!" said the policeman. The policeman ordered him to get out of
the car.
"Could you please be quiet," she said. She asked me to be quiet.
The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!" The man with the gun warned us not
to move.
Requests for objects are reported using the pattern ask + for + object:
Examples:
"Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple

"Can I have the newspaper, please?" He asked for the newspaper.
"May I have a glass of water?" he said. He asked for a glass of water.
"Sugar, please." She asked for the sugar.
"Could I have three kilos of onions?" He asked for three kilos of onions.
Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in
these clauses:
She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I
should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at
the car.
Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose
Examples:
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It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. My mother suggested I
see the dentist.
The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". The dentist
recommended that I should use a different toothbrush.
My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting."
My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.
"Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. She suggested that I sleep
overnight at her house.
Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.
HOPES, INTENTIONS & PROMISES

When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb
followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
"I'll pay you the money tomorrow."

He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.
Other verbs used in this pattern include:

hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.
Examples:
"I'll be back by lunchtime."

He promised to be back by lunchtime.
He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.
"We should arrive in London before nightfall."
They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.
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"Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
Summary of reporting verbs
Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups.
Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause:
ask say
know see
remember
Verbs followed by a that-clause:
add doubt reply

admit estimate report
agree explain reveal
announce fear say
answer feel state
argue insist suggest
boast mention suppose
claim observe tell
comment persuade think
complain propose understand
confirm remark warn
consider remember
deny repeat
Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
decide promise
expect swear
guarantee threaten
hope
Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should

(but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive):
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advise insist recommend
beg prefer request
demand propose suggest
Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word:
decide imagine see

describe know suggest
discover learn teach
discuss realise tell
explain remember think
forget reveal understand
guess say wonde
Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive
advise forbid teach

ask instruct tell
beg invite warn
command
Exercises:
1. Complete the sentences.
1. "It is too late." - I said …………..

2. "I have replied." - He claimed that…………………
3. "I met you yesterday." - Sam told me………………
4. "I cannot come." - Mary explained that……………….
5. "I could fall down." - He was afraid…………………………
6. "I will pay tomorrow." - He said…………………………..
7. "The Himalayas are the highest." - He knew that…………..
8. "I may lend you some money." - Bill promised…………………….
9. "I have been watching a film." - He replied that…………………..
10. "Claire must rest." - The doctor said……………………
11. "I have not done it today." - I explained that……………..
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12. "If I was younger, I would accept it." - He thought that…………
13. "I was with him last week." - Jill admitted that…………………
14. "I was with him last week." - Jill admitted that……………..
15. "You needn't change your shoes in our house." - She reminded me that………….
16. "I am calling my mum." - She said………………
17. "I will finish this picture tomorrow." - Diana supposed that…………….
18. "I would buy it." - She said……………….
19. "Greg used to be my friend." - He told us……..
20. "They were calling their mum." - She said……………….

1. "Put it here." - He told me…………..
2. "What do you do?" - She wondered………….
3. "Do you want it?" - Joe asked me……………….
4. "Don't forget!"- He reminded me………………
5. "Where did you live?" - He wanted to know…………..
6. Park your car behind the house, please." - He asked me……………
7. "Do not hesitate." - He told me………….
3. Rewrite the sentences in direct speech.

1. He admitted that he had never met us. -……………………….
2. They told us they would start the following day. - ………………
3. We called them that we were walking in the park. -……………..
4. She said she worked for Ford. -…………………….
5. I replied that I had been trying to mend it since morning. -…….
6. He said that at one o'clock he had been doing nothing. -……
7. They explained that they had closed down the previous year. –
8. Neil said he wished he could be independent. -….
9. She told us we had better accept it. -..
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10. He claimed that while he was sleeping someone screamed in the garden. -
4. Read the dialogue and report it.
Mike: "What are you doing here, Liz? I haven't seen you since June."
Liz: "I've just come back from my holiday in Ireland."
Mike: "Did you enjoy it?"
Liz: "I love Ireland. And the Irish people were so friendly."
Mike: "Did you go to the Wicklow Mountains?"
Liz: "It was my first trip. I can show you some pictures. Are you doing anything
tomorrow?"
Mike: "I must arrange a couple of things. But I am free tonight."
Liz: "You might come to my place. What time shall we meet?"
Mike: "I'll be there at eight. Is it all right?"
Mike asked Liz …………………... and he said………………………..

Liz explained that ………………….
Mike wondered……………………...
Liz told him that …………………….and that …………………………
Mike wanted to know ……………….
But he added that ……………………
Liz suggested that …………………….and asked him………………….
Mike said…………………………….
And then he asked...............................

1. "Where are you?" - He asked me……………….
2. "What will you choose?" - He asked me…………
3. "Please, get in touch with them today." - He asked me………….
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4. "Don't leave your luggage unattended." - He asked me
5. "Are you flying soon?" - He asked me ……………………...
6. "May I ask you a question?" - He asked me………….
7. "Jump in!" - He asked me………….
8. "Have you set your alarm clock?" - He asked me……..
9. "Is Prague the capital?" - He asked me…….
10. "You mustn't touch the screen!" - He asked me……………
11. "Would you rather dance?" - He asked me………..
12. "How long have you been standing here?" - He asked me………..
13. "Stop laughing!" - He asked me
6. Write the correct ending:

1. I got the message while I was waiting at the bus stop." He told me that….
2. "We will set off tomorrow." They said….
3. "Get out of my way!" He ordered us
4. "I invited him last week." She told me this week that……
5. "I will resign today." This morning he announced that he…..
6. "She'd better refuse this job." He insisted that….
7. "We used to take the same medicine." She thought that…
8. "I entered the university a year ago." He told me last year ….
9. "It is time we had an agreement." She suggested that….
10. "We must go skiing in winter." He said that…..
UNIT THIRTEEN
If Clause
There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language.
Examples:
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The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains.
The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late.
The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the
airport.
The third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her.
Grammar rules with examples

►The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the same
meaning as when or whenever.
If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.)
If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally,
you pay a fine.)
We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses.
► The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that
can really happen at present or in future.
We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses).
If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on
time. If you don't get the ticket, what will you do?
We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive.
► In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably
never happen at present or in future.
If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you).
If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not
realistic.)
We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive.
Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause.

If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her.
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(But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would
marry her.)
But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than
was.)
► The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about
situations that happened or did not happen in the past.
If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win
anything.)
If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.)
If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.)
We make if clauses with if + past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive
(have + past participle).
But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences.
We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the
house.
She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have
been sitting next to her.
I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I
wouldn' t have fallen off the bike.
Compare the first and second conditionals

The main difference between the first conditional and the second conditional is about
probability: the first conditional is realistic, the second conditional is unrealistic.
Sometimes we can use both with the following difference in meaning.
If I see him, I will tell him. (I suppose I will see him, because we go to the same school.)
If I saw him, I would tell him. (I don't think I will see him, because he is ill.)
If I need your help, I'll call you. (It is probable that I will need your help.)
If I needed your help, I'd call you. (It is not very probable that I will need your help.)
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Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional to make it
clear that the situation is real or unreal.
If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation)
If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation - I
am not from your country.)
Other forms
Apart from the basic structures (if + the present simple + will and if + the past simple +
would), we can also make different combinations.
Examples - type 1:
If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill.
If you are feeling tired, take a rest.
If he is a good skier, he might make it.
If you want to be slim, you should eat less.
If you meet her, could you let me know?
Examples - type 2:
If I knew his address, I might go and see him.
If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now.
Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more
interesting.
Mixed conditionals
In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional.
If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't
here.)
If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I
am a porter.)
If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost
now. (We told him and he isn't lost.)
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Inverted conditionals
We can also make conditional sentences by changing the word order in the if clause.
Had he booked the hotel room, he wouln't have slept at the camp. (If he had booked ... )
Were I in your position, I would accept it. (If I were ... )
This is less common, quite formal and is mostly used in writing.
Note
If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible.
even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case
Examples:
You will leave tonight even if you don't want to.
You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy.
We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash.
You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words.
Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... )
Exercises:
1. Tell her if you ………………..her. (see, will see)

2. I would have gone by air if I …………………..more money. (had, had had)
3. If I were younger ………………………you marry me? (did, would)
4. I could have a drink provided I ………………………drive. (would not, did not)
5. If I had lost my job what ……………………..now? (would I do, would I have
done)
6. I would have eaten the meat if it ……………………..tough. (was not, had not
been)
7. If she ……………………..her hairstyle she would be pretty. (changes, changed)
8. Unless she ……………………a coat she'll catch a cold. (puts on, will not put on)
9. If he had asked you what would you…………… (do, did).
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10. What will you do in case Bob …………………….?(would come, comes)
2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.
1. …………..we ………………(have) enough time if we wanted to see the castle?

2. In case you ………………..(buy) a car, will you teach me to drive?
3. If I ………………….(not be) in a hurry, I wouldn't have made so many mistakes
4. She won't finish it on time if she ………………..(not start) right now
5. She …………………(get angry) if you had told her.
6. On condition that they …………………..(support) our product, they would get a
discount
7. Even if I …………………(ask) him, he won't come
8. Had I driven slowly, I ……………………..(not crash).
9. It will be a disaster unless they …………………..(help) us.
10. If you ……………………(have) something to eat, you wouldn't have felt sick.
11. I wouldn't risk it if I ……………………….(be) you.
12. She would get fat if she ………………..(not stop) eating.
13. The chicken wasn't good. It ……………………(taste) better if you had put some
spices on it
3. Answer the questions. Use the verbs in brackets.
1. What would you do if you had more free time? (travel)

If I ……………..more free time, I ………………….a lot.
2. Where would you spend your holiday provided that a sponsor paid for it? (in Provence)
If I ……………..more free time, I ………………….a lot.
3. If you had not started this grammar course, what would you have done to improve your
English? (go to Britain)
If I ………………….this course, I ………………….to improve my English.
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4. Where will you go at the weekend, if you aren't too busy? (go to see my friend)
If I …………………..too busy next weekend, I ………………….
5. If you found a stranger in your bedroom, how would you react? (scream)
If I ………………a stranger in my bedroom, I …………………..
6. If you finish this test in fifteen minutes, what will you do? (have a drink)
If I ………………..it soon, I …………………...
7. If you had not decided to study English, what language would you have chosen
instead? French)
If I …………………….to study English, I ……………………instead.
4. Use if - clauses to respond to the situations.

1. I don't know his address. I can't contact him. But if I ………..his address, I
……………him
2. He was ill. He couldn't go skiing. But if he …………………ill, he
…………………skiing.
3. He didn't buy any tomatoes. I couldn't make a salad. He didn't buy any tomatoes. I
couldn't make a salad.
4. We haven't enough room in our house. You can't stay with us. But if we
…………………enough room, you …………………with us.
5. You were not lucky. You didn't win. But if you …………………..lucky, you
………………….
6. I am eighteen. I can vote. But if ………………..eighteen, I …………………….
5. Make if - clauses with similar meaning.

1. Go to Corfu. You will like it. If you ………………………..
2. Don't hurry. You will not make mistakes. Unless you ………………………...
3. Will you see her? Say hello to her. If you ……………………..
4. Be careful. You will not fall down. Provided that you …………………..
5. You mustn't panic. You will manage it. If you ………………….
6. She can't give it up. She will succeed. In case she …………………..
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7. Correct mistakes or copy the correct form if there is no mistake.
1. He would not have been arrested if he informed the police after the robbery. He
……………if he ………………….the police after the robbery
2. If I had been sent to hospital now, how long would I stay there? If I
……………….to hospital now, how long ……………….there?
3. What will happen if I will push this button? What ………………if I
………………..this button?
4. If you had not overslept, you would not have missed the train yesterday. If you
…………………., you …………………..the train yesterday.
5. Unless she is not careful, she will fall off the bike. Unless she …………………
careful, she …………………..the bike.
6. What a pity! Had I arrived on time, I would not miss it. What a pity!
………………….on time, I ………………..it.
7. I would give you the information if I had had it. Shall I fetch it? I
……………………..you the information if I …………………it. Shall I fetch it?
8. I can't tell you now if she comes. Will you wait for her? I can't tell you now if she
………………... ………………………for her?
9. Even if I will lend you some money, it will not be enough. Even if I
…………………you some money, it ………………….enough.
10. I could have offered you my help in case I knew all about it. But I didn't. I
……………….you my help in case I …………………all about it. But I didn't.
11. If you did not shout at her so many times, she would not leave you now.
If you …………………at her so many times, she ……………….you now
8. Complete the sentences with if, when or unless.

1. What time will you come? - I'll come …………………I finish my project.
2. I will not be able to do it ………………….you help me.
3. …………………..it gets dark we are going to observe the stars.
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4. I'd like to sit down here ………………..you don't mind
5. …………………..you turn off the stereo I'll go mad.
6. ……………………….the weather is nice at the weekend we'll go to the seaside.
7. I'll tell you ………………….I come back from work.
8. How much will it cost ………………..we pay in advance?
9. He can't go to the States …………………….he asks for a visa.
10. Make questions.

1. ……………….if you were rich? I wouldn't be happy.
2. What …………………..if you hadn't found her telephone number? I would have
called her mother.
3. Where …………………..if you hadn't spent your holiday in Spain last year? We
would have gone to Italy.
4. How ………………..them the prices in case we don't meet at the trade-fair? I'll
send them the prices by fax.
5. What ………………….if you were me? I wouldn't answer his letter if I were you.
6. Who …………………if the party had been at your place? I would have invited
my close friends.
11. Choose the most appropriate answer.
1. I like this coat. If it…….. cheaper, I would buy it.
a. is b. would be c. were d. had been
2. If I ……… you, I would call him.
a. am b. would be c. were d. had been
3. She would write to him if she ……….. his address.
a. knows b. would know c. knew d. had known
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4. Even if I had enough money, I …………..buy this car.
a. could b. might c. would d. would not
5. What would happen if someone …………………this button accidentally?
a. will press b. would press c. pressed d. had pressed
6. What would you do if you…………….. a million dollars?
a. have b. had c. had had d. would have
7. If I had a bicycle, I …………….for a ride with you.
a. can go b.could go c. could have gone d. would have gone
8. I hope she ………………… mind if I stayed here.
a. doesn’t b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. would
9. …………………Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock.
a. could b. might c. should d. would
10. She would be disappointed if we …………..her a present.
a. won’t bring b. wouldn’t bring c. didn’t bring d. hadn’t brought
11. If I ……………… her telephone number, I would have called her.
a. knew b. had known c. would know d. would have known
12. If he …………….. harder, he would have passed his exams.
a. studied b. had studied c. would study d. would have studied
13. If he ……………….us, we wouldn't have finished our work so quickly.
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a.hasn’t helped b. didn’t help c. hadn’t helped d. wouldn’t help
14. If I ………………. enough money, I could have stayed at a five-star hotel during my
vacation.
a. had b. had had c. would have d. would have had
15. If you had asked him, he …………able to help you.
a. was b. had been c. would be d. would have been
16. They……………….. for a picnic yesterday if the weather had been warmer.
a. would go b. would have gone c. went d. had gone
17. It ……………………………….. if he had been more attentive.
a. did not happen b. had not happened c. would not happen d. wouldn’t have
happened
18. If he hadn't been so busy at work last week, he ………..more time with his children.
a. may spend b. might spend c. could spend d. could have spent
19. We were terribly late. If we had taken a taxi instead of a bus, we ……….. on time.
a. could arrive b. may arrive c. might arrive d. might have arrived
20………. I known his true intentions, I would not have allowed him to stay in my house.
a. have b. had c. should d were
My bungee nightmare: Briton hits water at 80mph after elastic cord flies loose
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As he hurtled towards the water at 80mph on a bungee jump, Rishi Baveja
anxiously awaited the moment when the elastic cord snapped him back aloft. It never
came. The harness around his feet worked free and he continued accelerating until he hit
the surface of a Thai lagoon.
Fortunately he managed to take the full force of the impact on his chest, escaping
catastrophic head injuries. But the Cambridge graduate still suffered a ruptured spleen,
torn liver, collapsed lungs and massive bruising. Surgeons, who likened his injuries to
those of a car crash victim, had to remove the spleen and he spent a month in a Bangkok
hospital before he was well enough to return to his home near Wakefield, West Yorkshire.
“All the doctors were staggered that I lived,” he said. “I’m very lucky. If I had landed
head first I would be brain damaged or dead.”
Mr. Baveja, whose father Amarjeet is a GP, was in Phuket on a month-long holiday to
celebrate gaining a 2.2 degree in engineering. He paid £50 to make the jump at the Jungle
Bungy centre in Kathu.
A crane took him to a 165ft platform where a harness was placed around his feet and
fastened to a bungee cord with several wraps of material.
A video of the jump records his yelp of fear just before he hits the water, while an
instructor appears to say “Oh”, as the realisation of what is happening dawns on him.
Mr. Baveja said it was not clear how the harness was able to work loose and he would not
be suing the operators because he feels there is little prospect of success. “I knew the
jump would be scary but I didn’t think it was dangerous. I had a long phone conversation
with my mum telling her it was safe.”
”She only believed me when I told her that the website of the jump centre claimed it had
a 100 per cent safety record. It still says that I didn’t need to do that jump. I wish I
hadn’t.”
Mr. Baveja’s parents flew out to his bedside when they were told of the accident. Despite
losing his spleen he hopes to return to full health - and has not been put off extreme
sports. He plans to go skydiving when he has recovered.
QUESTIONS:
1 What did Rishi Baveja expect to happen?
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2 What did actually happen?
3 What were his injuries compared to?
4 How much time did he have to spend in hospital?
5 What was the doctors’ reaction regarding his state?
6 If he had landed head first would he have survived?
8 What din his equipment consist of?
9 Is Rishi Baveja going to sue the operators? Why (not) ?
10 What does the say about the accident?
11 In the future, after this experience, will give up doing extreme sports?
Read the joke! Tell your colleagues a joke in English!
Reaching the end of a job interview, the Human Resources person asked the young MBA
fresh out of MIT, "And what starting salary were you looking for?" The candidate said,
"In the neighborhood of $125,000 a year, depending on the benefits package." The HR
person said, "Well, what would you say to a package of 5 weeks vacation, 14 paid
holidays, full medical and dental, company matching retirement fund to 50% of salary
and a company car leased every 2 years - say, a red Corvette?" The MBA sat up straight
and said, "Wow!!! Are you kidding?" And the HR person said, "Certainly, ... but you
started it."
UNIT FOURTEEN
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here
are some important differences:
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1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
Examples:
 He can speak Chinese.
 She should be here by 9:00.
2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple
Past.
Examples:
 He should not be late.
 They might not come to the party.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.
Examples:
 He will can go with us. Not Correct
 She musted study very hard. Not Correct
4. The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.
Examples:
 He can to go with us. Not Correct
 He can go with us. Correct
Common Modal Verbs

Can Ought to
Could Shall
May Should
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Might Will
Must Would
Modal Example Uses

Can They can control their own budgets. Ability / Possibility
We can’t fix it. Inability / Impossibility
Can I smoke here? Asking for permission
Can you help me? Request

Could Could I borrow your dictionary? Asking for permission.
Could you say it again more slowly? Request
We could try to fix it ourselves. Suggestion
I think we could have another Gulf War. Future possibility
He gave up his old job so he could work for us. Ability in the past
May May I have another cup of coffee? Asking for permission
China may become a major economic power. Future possibility
Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating Present possibility
their dinner now. Future possibility
They might give us a 10% discount.
Must We must say good-bye now. Necessity / Obligation
They mustn’t disrupt the work more than Prohibition
necessary.
Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or correct
Shall Shall I help you with your luggage? Offer
(More
Shall we say 2.30 then? Suggestion
common in
the UK
166
than the Shall I do that or will you? Asking what to do
US)
Should We should sort out this problem at once. Saying what’s right or correct
I think we should check everything again. Recommending action
Profits should increase next year. Uncertain prediction

Will I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. Instant decisions
I'll do that for you if you like. Offer
I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. Promise
Profits will increase next year. Certain prediction

Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with Asking for permission
me?
Request
Would you pass the salt please?
Request
Would you mind waiting a moment?
Making arrangements
"Would three o’clock suit you?" - "That’d be
Invitation
fine."
Preferences
Would you like to play golf this Friday?
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea

please."
Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to
know the substitutes to these modal verbs.
Modal Verb Substitute Example
167
must to have to I must swim. = I have to swim.
must not not to be allowed to I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.
can to be able to I can swim. = I am able to swim.
may to be allowed to I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.
need to have to I need to swim. = I have to swim.
need not not to have to I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.
shall / should/ to be supposed to / to be I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am

ought to expected to / to be to supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. /
Past Modals:
Form: modal verb + have + past participle
1. Past ability
Form: Could have... / Couldn’t have ...
Example:
The boy could have done the dishes himself, but his father decided to help.
2. You did or didn't do something that was a good idea.
168
Form: Should have ..../ shouldn’t have ....
Example
The girl shouldn't have spun around so many times. She fell down.
3. Past condition / past situation
Form: would have.... / wouldn’t have ......
Example
This house of cards would have fallen over if the person who built it hadn't been so careful.
4 .Past possibility
Form: may have ....../ may not have .......
Example
My grandfather may have used this camera when he was a young man, but I'm not sure.
5. Past possibility
Form: might have ....../ might not have ......
Example
Her mother might have put mustard on her sandwich. She hopes not.
6. Something probably happened in the past
Form: must have ...../ must not have .......
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Example
They must have practiced a lot because they're very good musicians.
Exercises:
1. Choose the most appropriate answer:
1. You don't look well. You……….. see a doctor. (Advice)
1. are to 2. could 3. need to 4. should
2. ………….mind lending me your CD player for a couple of days? (Request)
1. can you 2. could you 3. would you 4. would you mind
3. Whose book is this? – I am not sure. It ………be Anna's. (Possibility)
1. might 2. must 3. should 4. would
4. She ……….home yesterday because her little son was sick. (Necessity) (
1. could have stayed 2. had to stay 3. must have stayed 4. should have stayed
5. You ……..leave work at 3:30 today. (Permission)
1. can 2. could 3. might 4. will
6. Though he was ill and weak, he ……….get out of the burning building. (Ability)
1. could 2. might 3. should 4. was able to
7. The windows look clean. You ………. wash them.
1. can’t 2. don’t have to 3. mustn’t 4. are not to
170
8. You ……..disturb him during his work! (Prohibition)
1. can’t 2. don’t have to 3. mustn’t 4. couldn’t
9. Whose car is this? – It ……… be Anton's. I think I saw him driving a red car like this
one. (Strong probability)
1. might 2. could 3. must 4. would
10. I don't believe it. It ……… be true.
1. can’t 2. mustn’t 3. shouldn’t 4. wouldn’t
2.Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing ability.
1. Maria……. type 80 words per minute.
1. may 2. can 3. could 4. has to
2. Ella …………..speak French and German.
1. may 2. can 3. could 4. has to
3. Tom's teacher says that he ……….play the violin pretty well in half a year.
1. can 2. could 3. will be able to 4. will have to
4. I ……….meet him at the airport tomorrow
1. can 2. could 3. should 4. would
5. I'm sure that Nina ………explain everything when she returns.
1. can 2. could 3. will be able to 4. will have to
6. My dog ……….very high when he was younger.
171
1. could jump 2. could have jumped 3. might be able to jump 4. might have
been able to jump
7. One of the boys ……… get out of the cave. He ran to the village for help.
1. could 2. might 3. was able to 4. had to
8. Several criminals …….escape into the woods.
1. could 2. might 3. managed to 4. had to
9. I wanted to talk to Jim yesterday, but I …….. find him
1. didn't 2. might not 3. wouldn't 4. couldn't
10. Anyone…….. make a mistake.
1. may 2. can 3. could 4. is able to
3. Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing advice.
1. It's a great town. You ………visit it some day.
1. could 2. might 3. should 4. had better
2. If she wants to buy an apartment, she ……….. consult a good real estate agent.
1. has to 2. should 3. may need to 4. could
3. ……….I ask John to help us?
1. Should 2. Ought 3. Could 4. May
4. Children ……… eat too much chocolate.
1. must not 2. may not 3. could not 4.should not
172
5. You ……..come here again, or I'll report you to the police!
1. can't 2. won't 3. mustn't 4. 'd better not
6. He………. be punished for his terrible attitude to people.
1. might 2.ought to 3. could 4. would
7. I……. write an article on English grammar tonight, but I have a bad headache. I think
I'll go for a walk instead.
1. have to 2. must 3. should 4. had better
8. I……… harder for the exam. It was very difficult, and I didn't pass it.
1. should study 2. had to study 3. should have studied 4. must have studied
9. They…….. invited that guy to the party. He got drunk and started a fight.
1. mustn't have 2. shouldn't have 3. couldn't have 4. wouldn't have
10. I recommend ……. to one of the local health resorts. Change of scene and fresh air
will do you good.
1. to go 2. going
4. Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing the idea specified in
parentheses.
1. It's getting late. I …….. go now.
1. can 2. may 3. have to 4. would rather
2. Mike broke his leg yesterday. His leg is in a cast, and he ……..use crutches for a
month.
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1. will be able to 2. will have to 3. had better 4. should
3. I…….. talk to Ann about it.
1. have got to 2. would like to 3. may have to 4. may need to
4. She ………to the bank yesterday.
1. must go 2. had to go 3. should have gone 4. must have gone
5. We can't just go away! We……..help him!
1. have to 2. need to 3. should 4. must
6. Tomorrow is Sunday. I…….. go to school.
1. can't 2. may not 3. must not 4. don't have to
7. You …….. go to the supermarket. There is enough food in the refrigerator. (Absence of
necessity)
1. mustn't 2. don't need to 3. shouldn't 4. ought not
8. She ……..work yesterday, so she spent the whole day in the park by the river.
(Absence of necessity)
1. couldn't 2. shouldn't 3. mustn't 4. didn't have to
9. It's a secret. You………. tell anyone about it. (Strong necessity NOT to do something /
Prohibition)
1. can't 2. may not 3. must not 4. don't have to
10. I ……forget to call him today. (Strong necessity NOT to do something)
1. cannot 2. must not 3. may not 4. will no
174
5. Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing the idea specified in
parentheses.
1………. I speak to Mr. Smith, please? (Formal polite request)
1. Can 2. May 3. Would 4. Would you mind if
2. ……………. you open the window, please? It's hot in here. (Polite request)
1. Could 2. Couldn't 3. Won't 4. Wouldn't
3. ………buying two loaves of bread on your way home? (Polite request)
1. Could you 2. Will you 3. Would you 4. Would you mind
4. Would you mind if ………………. I your dictionary for an hour or so? (Polite request)
1. borrowed 2. will borrow 3. would borrow
5. Would you mind if I…….. come to your party? (Asking for permission)
1. didn't 2. won't 3. wouldn't
6. Mrs. Redding,……… lend me two hundred dollars till next week, please? (Polite
request)
1. can't you 2. could you 3. do you mind 4. would you mind
7. Would you mind …….. here? I have a headache. (Polite request)
1. not to smoke 2. not smoke 3. no smoking 4. not smoking
8. Betty, …… help me with this grammar exercise, please? (Informal request)
1. can you 2. can't you 3. won't you 4. do you mind
175
9. Could I use your cell phone, please? – Sorry, you …… . (Permission not given)
1. can't 2. couldn't 3. mustn't 4. won't
10. Could I stay here for a while? – Yes, you….. . (Permission given)
1. could 2. can 3.will 4. must
6. Choose the most appropriate answer to express possibility that is NOT very
strong.
1. He …… be able to help you.
1. may 2. must 3.should 4. will
2. She ……….. have to sell her car and other belongings to pay her debts.
1. will 2. will probably 3. might 4. would
3. Where is Anna? – I don't know. She ……..be at the swimming pool or in the park.
1. could 2. should 3. must 4. has to
4. It…….. be as easy as you think.
1. can't 2. couldn't 3. might not 4. must not
5. Don't ring the doorbell when you get there. Maria's little baby ……. sleeping.
1. must be 2. should be 3. may be 4. may not be
6. How did the robbers get in? – We don't know yet. The old woman…………to lock the
door.
1. might forget 2. could forget 3. might have forgotten 4. must have forgotten
176
7. I called her but there was no answer. She …… left for New York already.
1. may have 2. must have 3. should have 4. has probably
8. When can I see him?........... come back before six today?
1. May he 2. Might he 3. Would he 4. Is he likely to
9. I wonder who wrote that letter……… Jim have written it?
1. May 2. Might 3. Could 4. Is it possible that
10. He said that he …….go to Italy in June or July.
1. can 2. should 3. might 4. would
7. Choose the most appropriate answer to express strong probability. Strong

probability means that you are about 90 percent sure.
1. It's 10:00 a.m. He ……..in the office now.
1. must be 2. may be 3. might be 4. can be
2. They live in a very big house. They…….. rich.
1. must be 2. are 3. may be 4. can be
3. Try calling him in the evening. He ……….home by eight.
1. must be 2. should be 3. is going to be 4. will be
4. You …….our report tomorrow.
1. must receive 2. should receive 3. are going to 4. will receive
177
5. Let's watch the film about meteorites on Channel 6. It …… interesting.
1. must be 2. should be 3. could be 4. would be
6. I can't find my car keys. I ……. them in my office.
1. should leave 2. ought to have left 3. must have left 4. should have left
7. There is no one by the name Lisa here. You ………misdialed.
1. may have 2. should have 3. ought to have 4. must have
8. I'm worried. He …….. two hours ago. Where can he be?
1. ought to arrive 2. should arrive 3. must have arrived 4. should have arrived
9. He ………go to France next month.
1. should 2. must 3. ought to 4. will probably
10. I need to see him as soon as possible. ……. come back soon?
1. Should he 2. Must he 3. Will he 4. Is he likely to
8. Choose the most appropriate answer.
1. You ……. go there with me. I can handle it, it's not difficult. (Absence of necessity)
1. may not 2. must not 3. don't have to 4. had better not
2……………. bring me a glass of cold water? (Request)
1. Could you 2.Can't you……3. Would you mind 4. Why don't you
3. I………give you a lift to the station. My car broke down yesterday. (Ability)
1. must not 2. should not 3. may not 4.can't
178
4. I don't know what to do. – You ………your father for advice. (Suggestion)
1. are able to ask 2. could ask 3. must ask 4. have to ask
5. He didn't go to the park with us yesterday because he …….. write a report. (Necessity)
1. should 2. must 3. had to 4. could
6. I left my bag here just five minutes ago. You…….. it! (Strong probability)
1. may have seen 2. must have seen 3. were able to see 4. could see
7. You……. the bills two weeks ago. (Advice)
1. had better pay 2. should pay 3. ought to pay 4. should have paid
8. I don't know how to help you. Try asking Anton for help. He …….be able to find a
solution. (Possibility)
1. must 2. has to 3. might 4. will
9. I……… play tennis every day when I was younger. (Repeated action in the past)
1. had to 2. was able to 3. used to 4. could
10. You want to call them now? It's already after midnight! They……. . (Strong
probability)
1. must sleep 2. should sleep 3. may sleep 4. must be sleeping
9. Read the text and answer the questions:
Lionel Messi is acclaimed as the highest paid footballer in the world on an annual salary
that is close to £30million.
179
Yet the 22-year-old current World and European Footballer of the Year claims he would
be happy to kick a ball around for nothing and is still to fulfil his true destiny until
Argentina are acclaimed as world champions.
All eyes will be on Messi as he arrives in England to take on Arsenal in the first leg of the
Champions League quarter-final clash at the Emirates on Wednesday.
But for all the money he earns Messi claims it has no bearing on the way he plays the
game or indeed acts as any motivation to becoming a better player.
“Money affords you a better way of life but it doesn’t inspire me,” he said. “I would play
for nothing if I wasn’t a professional footballer. I live for playing the game, not for the -
financial benefits. And I play for the team, not myself.
“Individual awards are nice, but it’s the collective success of the team, be it Barcelona or
Argentina, that is more important.”
Barca, the defending champions and favourites to retain the trophy, are relishing the clash
with an Arsenal side who freely abandon defensive football in favour of all-out attack.
“At this stage of the tournament we’re not too concerned who we face, because to be the
best you have to beat the best,” said Messi.
“Arsenal, like Manchester United, are a very offensive side, and I wouldn’t expect them
to abandon that and employ different tactics to deal with us.
“But it’s more about us imposing ourselves on the game and not abandoning the way we
play.
“If anything it suits us to be playing a side like Arsenal who give their players freedom to
play without restrictions.”
Messi went on: “The Premier League is very strong and we expected the main challenge
to come from England again this season.
“But last year we beat two English sides to lift the trophy.
“If we’re honest, the game against Chelsea was probably more difficult than the match
against Manchester United because they are far more defensive.
180
“They set out to stop us from playing, whereas teams like Arsenal and Manchester United
find it hard to change the way they play – which suits us.”
There is no doubt Arsenal will have their work cut out to stop Messi who is in the form of
his life.
It’s not a question of when the next goal is coming for Messi more about who can stop
him? “It’s not just me, but the team is in a good moment,” he said. “We always try to play
well, entertain and score as many as we can.”
Yet for all the accolades and awards, Messi still believes he will not achieve true
greatness unless he wins the World Cup.
“It’s the only stage where greatness can be achieved.
“The best players in the world have won and performed at the World Cup – and that is
what I’m striving to achieve.”
Interview by Paul Smith
(http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/blogs/mirror-football-blog/Lionel-Messi-
exclusive-interview-World-s-highest-paid-player-on-Barcelona-v-Arsenal-money-
awards-and-his-desire-to-win-the-World-Cup-with-Argentina-article370181.html)
1. Who is Lionel Messi?
2. How much money does he make a year?
3. How old is he?
4. What title does he have?
5. What destiny does he wish to fulfill?
6. What is his belief about money?
7. What is the team he plays for?
8. What tactics do Manchester United and Arsenal use?
9. From which country does Messi think the main challenge will come from?
10. Which was the most difficult game according to Messi?
181
11. When does Messi believe he will achieve true greatness?
12. Where have performed and won the best players in the world?
Read the joke! Tell your colleagues a good joke in English!
A man goes into a pet shop to buy a parrot. The shop owner points to three identical
looking parrots on a perch and says: "The parrot on the left costs $500." "Why, does the
parrot cost so much?", asks the first man. The owner says, "Well the parrot knows how to
use a computer." The man then asks about the next parrot. He is told that this one costs
$1000, because it can do everything the other parrot can do, plus it knows how to use the
UNIX operating system. Naturally, the increasingly startled man asks about the third
parrot. He is told that it costs $2000. Needless to say this begs the question, "What can it
do?" To which the owner replies, "To be honest I have never seen it do a thing, but the
other two call him boss!"
182

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“TO BE” AND “TO HAVE”

The Verb “To Be”

You are You are

He/She/It is They are

Perfect Form (Past Participle): I have been, etc.

Progressive Form (Present Participle): I am being, etc.

The Linking and Existential “To Be”

“Who’s going to the movies with me?”

“Who’s responsible for this mess in the bathroom?”

“Is Hector in class this morning?”

“Is anyone helping Hector with his homework?”

Ex. Professor Moriber is the Director of Online Learning.

Order with Adverbs

The Verb “To Have”

“To have” as a main verb

As a main verb “to have” implies the meaning of possession.

For example: “I am having a shower.” “Are you having a good time?"

Question Positive Statement (spoken) Negative Statement (spoken)

Have Have got

”To have” as an auxiliary verb

I have been a He / She has They have

I will have You will have He / She will They will

Question Positive Statement Negative Statement (possible short forms)

Question - ? "Have you washed your face today?"

The use of “have to”

Have to Have got to

Present Simple Tense

I/ you/ we/ they work

he/she/it works /-s/

I , you, we, they DO NOT (DON’T) WORK

he, she, it DOES NOT (DOESN’T) WORK

1. She doesn’t often go to the cinema.

DOES he/she/it WORK?

1. Do they speak foreign languages?

Questions and short answers:

Do you like spaghetti?

Does she know Bulgarian?

If the verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -es:

We use the Present Simple Tense:

when we talk about things that happen repeatedly or habitually

When we talk about permanent or long-lasting situations

When we talk about people or things in general

To indicate general truths, facts and scientific laws

List of stative verbs

to adore to fit to please

1. Write down the missing sentences:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

you You help.

he He does not answer.

2. Arrange the words to make sentences in the Simple Present.

I / to collect stamps – I collect stamps.

3.Choose the correct form.

We sometimes (read, reads, doesn’t read)……….. books.

4. Put the verbs into the correct form.

I (to like)……………………. lemonade very much.

5. Fill in the correct form of the verbs.

We (to have) …………………….a nice garden.

6. Make negative sentences.

My father makes breakfast. →…………………………………………….

8. Find the signal words for the Simple Present.