Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
60
BASIC ELECTRONIC
40 Diode forward direction
Spiritual enlightenment point
20
Volt
BASIC
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
ELECTRONICS
Published by
Chonan Technical Service Training Center
FOREWORD
http://training.kmc.co.kr
training@kmc.co.kr
CONTENTS
1. General 7 8. Thermistor 45
7. Transistor 31
1. General
Today in automobile there are essentially used application fields of electricity and electronic beginning
from switch for simple on /off of lamp to many equipments of engine management system (EMS ) ,
antilock brake system (ABS ) , transmission control system (TCS ) , airbag, instrumentation system,
body electrical system (BCM), etc. requiring microcomputer control.
Because of use of so many sophisticated electrical equipments and electronic parts, there come forth
also many electronic defects in comparison to traditional mechanical defects as for car trouble
causes. Accordingly learning the basic knowledge of electricity and electronic seems exigent subject
for automobile maintenance and service.
.
Here it is hoped to become opportunity to understand basic principle and to learn how they apply in
automobile, apart from the complicated structure or any academic theoretic.
And it is hoped to be a little help in more efficient maintenance and trouble repair..
Example: water molecule (H2O) = two hydrogen atoms (H2) + one oxygen atom (O)
M Orbit
Electron
K Orbit
Proton
Neutron Atomic
nucleus
L Orbit
Generally nucleus has positive electricity (+) and electron has negative electricity (-) while these
two have mutually attractive character so that atom becomes electrically neutral (positive electricity
quantity = negative electricity quantity). Because attractive force from atomic nucleus to electrons
of outermost orbit (valence electrons) is the weakest , these electrons are easy to escape from orbit
due to external stimulus (heat , electricity, light , ...) and may move to other orbit , These electrons
got out of orbit are called free electrons which are essence of electricity. Movement of these free
electrons directly becomes electric current . Namely, it means that movement of these free
electron started signifies that electric current flows,
As for automobile wiring, multistrand type is contained inside a clothing of cord where copper
(alloy) is mainly used as stuff material . Cord thickness is determined by electric current value,
load, continuity, temperature etc . The larger the electric current , the longer the cord and the
longer the electric current flow time , the thicker the electric cord shall be .
MEMO
4. Semiconductor
4.1 What is semiconductor?
In material, there are conductors easy for electric current to flow and nonconductor difficult for
current to flow by the electronic property. Semiconductor denotes material of medial property
between conductor and insulator. Namely, here electric current is neither easy to flow as in
conductor nor difficult as in nonconductor. Semiconductor is material that has such peculiar electric
property. So semiconductor is material that has medial type character between conductor and
nonconductor.
1010 Bakelite
1012
Therefore among impurity semiconductors, that added of impurity to increase the number of free
electron are called negative type semiconductor while that added of impurity to increase theOrbit
Outer block number
of hole are called positive type semiconductor. S
i
S S S
Si i i
i
S
i
13 Chonan Technical Service Training Center
<Silicon atomic structure> <Silicon covalent bond>
BASIC ELECTRONIC
1) P Type Semiconductor
This is made by adding the material (Ga : gallium ; In : gallium ; B : boron ) having three valence
electron in intrinsic semiconductor. Though silicon has four outer layer electron, if these two kinds
of material meet each other, then silicon atom from these two kind of atoms cannot share one
electron so that electric current can flow easier while this vacancy in octet is called hole. And it is
called P (positive) type semiconductor because it assumes positive (+) electricity by electron
deficiency. When voltage is applied, electron fills the hole site so that the hole continuously moves
down, electric current is said to flow by means of hole in P type semiconductor.
Hole
2) N Type semiconductor
This is made by adding the material ( P : phosphorus ; As : arsenic ; Sb : antimony ) having five
outermost layer electron in intrinsic semiconductor. If element of valence 5 is added to bind with
silicon then one electron remains as surplus in octet so that electric conduction may be accomplished
easier by means of free activity of this remainder electron.
And it is called N (negative) type semiconductor because it assumes negative (-) electricity.
Electric current flows by means of electron in N type semiconductor (carrier : electron ) .
Superfluity electron
3) P-N Junction
If P type semiconductor and N type semiconductor are chemically bonded with each other, there is
made portion where carrier does not exist as hole and free electron are bonded together at narrow
part of junction surface. This junction surface is called depletion layer while semiconductor bonded
thus is called PN junction semiconductor or diode. Accordingly there exists electric charge of
different polarity from each other on either side of depletion layer and there is generated a little
P N is called electric potential barrier.
amount of electric potential difference which
Electron
Depletion15layer Chonan Technical Service Training Center
Hole
BASIC ELECTRONIC
MEMO
Anode(-) Cathode(+)
Anode Cathode
Depletion layer
Current flow
P N
Anode(+) Cathode(-)
Lamp ON
Battery
Depletion layer
No current flow
P N
< Occasion that supply backward voltage / Electric current is not flowing >
Cathode(-) Anode(+)
19
Lamp Off Chonan Technical Service Training Center
Battery
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Forward direction
Breakdown voltage
VD(Volt)
Backward direction
Characteristic curb of diode
Voltage-Current characteristics
Graph of Forward Voltage-Current Characteristics Diode : Diode Current Flow to Applied Voltage
When forward bias voltage is applied below 0.7 V → micro current flows : diode does not operate
When forward bias of threshold voltage of 0.7 V is applied → diode operation current flows : diode
operates
Volt A.C
Time
Diode IR Input voltage
Output voltage
Volt
Time
Input
D2 D1 Voltage
V=
A.C
V=
D4 R D.C
D3
Volt
Time
Output
Voltage
Bridge circuit full-wave rectifier
B Motor
M
C A
Battery
Relay
Controllerㄱ
Anode(+) Cathode(-)
Lamp ON
Battery
Cathode(-) Anode(+)
Lamp Off
Battery
② Open condition : normal if value is near infinity ohm when measuring in forward direction
a n d backward direction .
Resistance : ≒ 0 Ω Resistance : ∞ Ω
Cathode(-) Anode(+)
This small reverse current flows until the diode reaches the zener breakdown point, V2 in figure.
At zener breakdown point, the zener diode is able to maintain a fairy constant voltage as the
current varies over a certain range.
Because of this attribute, the diode provides excellent voltage regulation.
+ Forward bias
Zener
breakdown
region
+
V2 0 Voltage
Voltage
remains
constance
over large
current
range
-
Reverse bias
Current
C1
Supply
Voltage
R3
R1 R4 Controller
Condenser
ZD 12Volts
TR
R2
Earth
Earth
Cathode(-) Anode(+)
28 Chonan Technical Service Training Center
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Photo diode
Cathode(-) Anode(+)
LED
9 Volts. 3 Volts
Battery Switch
7. Transistor
7.1 What’s transistor?
PNP type transistor is that where thin N type semiconductor in a semiconductor crystal has been
inserted between two P type semiconductors while NPN type transistor is that where thin P type
semiconductor has been inserted between two N type semiconductors. For symbols in
semiconductor, E denotes emitter terminal, B denotes base terminal and C denotes collector terminal
Transistor according to association of semiconductor, there are PNP type and NPN type.
P type N type
Collector(C Emitter
N N Collector(C Emitter
) (E) P P
Type Type ) (E)
Type Type
NPN type transmitter structure & PNP type transmitter structure &
symbol symbol >
32 Chonan Technical Service Training Center
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Emitter(E) Collector(C) Ib
[uA]
Current Ic
Base(B)
Current Ib
Holes that could not join with base electrons but come from emitter now move to collector side owing
to VCB of collector side. These make collector current I C . Emitter holes are gradually supplied from
positive pole so that these make emitter current Ic. Accordingly most IE becomes IC but very little
portion becomes base current IB.
IE = IB + IC I E I B I C
Like this, big collector current may be deduced from small base current so as to be called electric
current amplification while relationship (ratio) between I B and I C are called electric current
amplification factor (h F E ).
IC 100
hFE , 100
IB 1 hFE=100
C
B
Ic=100mA
E
Ib=1mA
Meanwhile in how to use transistor, there are three earth methods of emitter earth, base earth and
collector earth among which the Input
emitter earth method as in circuit above is most used.
Output
(Ib=uA)
.
C
B
Output
E (Ic=mA)
Input
And generally amplification means that of alternating current component , which we shall deliberate in
the following example :
In circuit shown in figure here, if AC signal is applied between base and emitter, base current I B
flows only when it is in forward direction (same as in diode). Whence collector current I C also
appears as output while being amplified only of half wave. Namely transistor does not operate during
negative (-) half cycle because here it is in backward direction between base and emitter.
Here let us apply DC between base and emitter. If AC is applied onto DC, AC component is added
upon DC so as to appear like what is shown in the following figure.
Voltage at this time is called bias voltage. Now for the first time we can see completely amplified
output waveform. Also we may obtain the amplified AC waveform only if we remove DC component by
connecting a condenser at output terminal.
Output
Input
C (Ib=uA)
B
Input E
Output
(Ic=mA)
Bias voltage
To avoid inconvenience of using two electric supplies due to bias voltage as in the depicted circuit ,
actual circuits use various forms adequate to purpose of each circuit by such as an electric current
feedback bias, a fixed bias using a resistance, condenser etc. on the supply electricity source
connected to the output terminal..
* For reference to say, there is limit area where collector current does not increase any more even
though transistor base current continues to increase so as to be called the saturation region.
Accordingly transistor 's amplification action is accomplished only in specific area where collector
current increases in accordance with base current increase so as to be called the active area .
So far we have learned electric current amplification but now let us think case of voltage amplification .
According to the above explanation, we learned that collector varies proportionately with base
current . Let us think this as a variable resistor to control electric current . Then we can think the
following equivalent circuit .
E
E
R
Output (Eo) R
Output
C (Eo)
B
Current Ic Input current
Current Ic
E (Ib=uA)
<Equivalent circuit>
Output Current
(Ic=mA)
Output voltage
(Eo=E-(Ic*R)
36 Chonan Technical Service Training Center
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Under condition as above, output voltage to the base input waveform shows up reversely as may be
seen in figure. It is explained as total voltage E = voltage drop between collector and emitter (Eo) +
voltage drop due to resistance R (Ic × R). Namely, if electric current Ic increases, voltage drop due
to resistance R also increases so that the output voltage Eo decreases. (Output voltage Eo = E – (Ic
× R))
Now let us learn base earth and collector earth methods along with transistor 's switching action .
Base earth circuit
Method of base earth is type of circuit as shown in figure to take base as earth and apply input signal
to emitter. Output
E
C
B
Input
If there is no electric potential difference between emitter and base, emitter current does not flow as
well as their flows no electric current at collector where voltage is applied in backward direction
through resistance. If forward voltage is applied between emitter and base as in circuit shown by
figure, collector current may also flow through resistance.
In this case, because sum of base current and collector current is equal to emitter current , ratio of
collector current to emitter current is below 1 so that electric current is not amplified.
In case of voltage amplification, if we suppose for example that 10mA flows in emitter, then some
1mA and 9mA flows in base and collector respectively so that voltage drop occurs, through
resistance, in collector that is the output .
Accordingly it becomes 9mA × resistance [kΩ] = output voltage so there is accomplished voltage
amplification to the input signal .
As above, we learned three types of earth methods according to terminals used in common . Among
them the most general and usually used method is emitter earth method whereas to summarize it
may be explained by the following characteristics table.
.
Characteristic of earth methods
High frequency
Bad Best Good
characteristics
R1=1㏀
M
Collector
Motor
12V D235 (NPN TR)
Base
Emitter
1~100Ω
variable resistor
Circuit description
- The R1's resistance changes NPN transistor base and bias that is approved to emitter voltage to 3
volts. There is serving resistance
- Variable resistor is thing to control NPN transistor's bias voltage by 0 ~ 3 volt
- That is, become transistor's base and emitter bias voltage high if variable resistance value is high,
and resistance value two. If is low, bias voltage becomes low
- Therefore flowing electric current is passed much to collector and emitter according to bias voltage
- Therefore, can control turning number of motor according to position of variableness resistance
passing as motor's electric current by bias voltage differs.
IC
I E I B IC hFE
IB
hFE:The electric current amplification rate,
IB:Base current,
Ic:Collector current)
We can make role like of relay if using transistor 's switching action as shown in figure.
Batt Batt
ON/OFF input signal
ON/OFF
C
Load Input signal Load
Current
B Ic
E
Transistor 's base current corresponds to relay 's excitation current so that transistor may act as the
relay while not using mechanical contact as in relay 's contact point . And if load increases then
electric current Ic also increases, whereas, when we cannot
From supply
ignitionsufficient
key switchelectric current by a
transistor, we can make use of electric current amplification by means of connecting transistors in
multistage in accordance to load capacity.
So transistor 's switching action has the following advantages to the relay.
- Switching speed is fast (more than thousand times per second).
- Operation is stable and there is no chattering when on / offing the contact point as that in relay
because there is no mechanical contact . It is small type with less electric power consumption .
It has longer life than mechanical relay.
Base Base
42 Chonan
Base Technical Service Training Center
NPN Transmitter
BASIC ELECTRONIC
1. When multi-meter measures between B~E and B~C in forward direction under normal condition,
it is electrified ( showing ordinarily some hundred mV in case of digital meter but a low resistance
value in case of analog type meter). Inversely when measured in reverse direction, it is not
electrified so that there is little change in indication value of multi-meter (by which there is
displayed a voltage same as for case when measuring rod was not connected in case of digital
meter while there is displayed an approximately infinite resistance value is displayed in case of
analog meter).
2. Next if also measured for interval of E~C forwardly and backwardly with the measuring rod, there
is little change in indication value of multi-meter for both of the reciprocal cases because it is not
electrified for both cases. Whereas in some cases according to transistor sort and characteristic
when red (+) rod is connected to collector and black (-) rod is connected to emitter (in case of
NPN, but reversibly in case of PNP), quite a high resistance value may be displayed even though
it would not be infinite ( so namely a little current may flow).
For reference to say, when testing transistor or diode, if measuring under condition where it has been
connected to circuit , it may be affected by connected circuit resistance value, it is desirable to
measure under condition isolated from circuitry. And in case where generally transistor or diode has
been broken , it is displayed as primarily short circuit form .
Emitter Base
Collector
Base Emitter
Collector
44 Chonan Technical Service Training Center
BASIC ELECTRONIC
8. Thermistor
To semiconductor element that use change of resistance according to temperature, there are NTC
thermistor and PTC thermistor
8.1 NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistor)
- Characteristic
If temperature rises, there is characteristic that resistance decreases
Resistance
Temperature
- Usage in car
Engine coolant temperature sensor, Air intake temperature sensor, and Low fuel-warning sensor
Lamp
R1
12 Volts Battery
NPN TR
NTC
Thermistor
Lamp Thermistor
Battery
Switch
9. Photoconductive cell
According to brightness of light, value of resistance changes.(increase or decrease) .
Material that convey light is Cds (Cadmium sulfide) and CdSe (Cadmium selenide)
- Characteristic
Resistance decreases if brightness of light is strong, and there is Characteristic that resistance
increases if light becomes feeble
KΩ
10,000
1,000
100
10
- Usage in car
Auto light sensor, FATC air conditioning system
- To understand circuit that use CDS
1) If transmitter1 does ON, lamp turned ON.
2) For TR1 does ON, TR2 must do ON
3) TR2'sR1=10㏀ R2=4.7㏀
ON operates according to cds's resistance value
Lamp
4) If receive a lot of raises in CDS, TR2 does ON because TR2's bias voltage rises
5) If quantity of light decreases, TR2's bias voltage decreases, because cds's resistance
cds R3=1㏀ 12 volts
increases lamp Off BATT.
NPN TR1
2SC372
NPN TR2
R4=4.7 2SC372
㏀
Knock sensor
When you put hall IC in magnetic field at concentric position with current flowing, both hall IC end can
produce some voltage.
In the following picture, if you put any conduct in magnetic field and make some current flow through
this, A1 and A2 can produce some voltage out.
A1
Iv
Current “I”
A2
If you simulate the magnetic field then the output voltage between A1 and A2 becomes on and off.
When tone wheel destroy the magnetic filed the output voltage between A1 and A2 in the following
picture, becomes on. When this tone wheel reaches without any damage to the magnetic field the
output voltage becomes off
- Usage in car
CMP sensor, CKP sensor, Speed sensor ect.
- Signal waveform
Volt
Time
Type of I.C
Classification by Scale of Integration
○ SSI (Small Scale Integrated Circuit) : Less than 100 elements
○ MSI (Medium Scale Integrated Circuit) : 100 to 1,000 elements
○ LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) : 1,000 to 100,000 elements
○ VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) : 100,000 or more elements
Input Output
▣ Digital IC I.C that performs switching only. According to input ON/OFF signal conditions, the
output is obtained as ON/OFF switching signal.
Input Output
Features of I.C.
○ Size reduced to minimum by integration
○ High reliability thanks to integrated structure
○ Low price thanks to volume production
○ Low power consumption
++
A (Va)
c +
d -
Operating conditions
Output(Va volt) is made when Vc<Vd
Vc
Vd Output(Va volt) is not made when Vc≤Vd
b (Vb)
Switch
12 volts
Battery Vce
0 volts
ON ON ON TR
A B C
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
This figure shows an example of AND circuit using transistors. When both input signals A and B
are 1(H), 1(H) voltage is obtained at output C.
For output C to be high, it is necessary that both Tr 2 be off and for these two transistors to be off,
it is necessary that Tr1 and Tr2 be on. And for Tr1 and Tr2 to go on, high (H) voltage must be
applied to inputs A and B so that base current may flow to both transistors.
A B C
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
A B C
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
Note : The relationship between transistor base voltage (VBE) and collector voltage (VCE) is NOT
relation.
Namely, when the base voltage is high, the transistor goes on and hence the collector voltage
becomes low. On the other hand, when the base voltage is low, the transistor goes off and
hence the collector voltage is high.
Input Output
A B Y
L L H
L H H
H L H
H H L
Input Output
A B Y
L L H
L H L
H L L
H H L
MEMO
13. Microcomputer
The microcomputer is a kind of computer. Let’s now review briefly the history of development of
computers.
The first computers ever produced were mechanical ones using gears and other mechanical
parts, which was followed by electric ones using relays and them by electronic computers using
vacuum tubes. An electronic computer using vacuum tubes was large enough to occupy an entire
room of a building, with an many as 20,000 tubes in use. These vacuum tubes were then
replaced by transistors and then by integrated circuits (IC). The degree of integration of these Ics
then became increasingly higher, developing to LSI (large scale integration) and VLSI (very large
scale integration) With these developments, computers also changed from vacuum type to
transistor type to IC type and then to current LSI type, with their size becoming increasingly
smaller.
Let’s now see how microcomputers were born.
When development was under way to make electronic portable calculators more compact and
more sophisticated, every design change required redesign of LSI, which required very large cost
and time. This problem was coped with by the use of LSI that allowed free change of internal
functions by program. Namely, with such LSI, you can change the programs to allow
development of new calculators. And such LSI whose internal functions could be freely changed
by program modification was a microcomputer. In other words, a microcomputer is an LSI with
functions that are described in the following.
sensor signal and the result of calculation by the CPU is output from this I/O as the fuel injection
amount control signal.
13.3 Memory
The memory stores the program (set of directions for operation, judgment, data exchange, etc.),
data (reference voltage for ECU air/fuel ratio comparison, for instance) and signals that are input
while the CPU is busy with calculation processing.
The memory is generally classified into the following two types.
microcomputer. The microcomputers used in a car mostly belong to the latter category.
Blower Motor
IC ) .
R1 t a nce
M s is
1㏀
C bl e re
ria
IB (v a
B TR f VR
eo
Battery D235 alu
12volts g to v
E or din
cc
VR le da
1~100Ω nt rol
o
d is c
spee
or's
ot
e rm
lo w
t hat b
s
ro ces
l ain p
Ex p
Diode 1 12Volts
R1
10D1 Battery
330Ω
Condenser it.
c ircu
33㎌/25Volts e
C bov
Room h in a
Lamp
i tc
B r sw
12Volts/1.2W
TR 1 f doo
Fo
R2 A1015 N/OF
Diode 2 O
10D1
15㏀ E i n g to C
r d
a cco
s
p erate B
p o
Door Switch am TR 2
oo ml R1 D471
t h at r
10㏀
o cess E
in pr
la
Exp
R3 R1
10㏀ 4.7㏀ LED
m.
gra
cds R2 it di a
1㏀ cCircu Battery
bo ve 6V
s in a
a te B TR 1
per
o
lCamp 2SC372
D
h atBLE E
st TR 2
r o ces 2SC372
p
lain
Exp R4 E
4.7㏀
MEMO
APPENDIX
Current Ampere A
Voltage Volt V
Conductivity Mho
Coulomb C
Quantity of electricity
Ampere-hour Ah
Joule J
Work of electricity
Watt-hour Wh
Electromagnetic induction
He H
Coefficient
Magnetic flux Weber Wb
Frequency Hertz Hz
103 Kilo K
10-1 Deci d
10-2 Centi c.
10-3 Mili Mm
10-6 Micro
10-9 Nano n.
RELATION TO
PREFIX SYMBOL EXAMPLE
BASIC UNIT
MEGA M 1 000 000 8 M = 8 000 000