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Diversity factor – difference between sum of space design loads and system peak load
For central chiller plants, consider using VFD’s pp. 3.2
Server rooms – may best be served by independent systems pp 3.2
For part load conditions and energy efficiency, variable flow is seen as the best economical
choice p 3.2
Typical water velocity of chillers is 3 - 11 fps; trane chilled water design and control pp. 58
Plant expansion can be made easily for primary secondary and vpf ; 83 trane chilled water design
and control
Air cooled chillers – 7.5 – 500 tons; 80 trane chilled water vav systems;
Packaged water cooled chillers – 10 – 3800 tons; 80
In air cooled chillers, condensing temperature of the refrigerant is dependent on dry bulb temp
of ambient, while in water cooled chillers are dependent on ambient wet bulb temp
CONTROLS
Direct digital control is recommended pp. 3.5
3 way valves- variable temperature constant flow
2 way valves – variable flow contstant temp
Advantage of 2 way control valves are lower firs cost and operating savings
Difficulty is that chiller and control system must be designed for variable flow
Mcquay
Limiting temperatures are the required supply air temperature and either the ambient wetbulb
for water or evaporatively cooled chillers or ambient dry bulb for air cooled chillers
Primary systems
Trane Chilled Water System Design and Control
Primary Secondary Systems Trane Chilled Water System Design and Control
Installing check valve at the decoupler not recommended for variable speed chillers
(recommendd for fixed speed chillers)
Recommended for fail safe operation and when there are no experienced staff
System operation is simplest if all chillers with the same temperature of chilled water leaving temp
and thru same system temperature difference across the chiller (chillers are loaded to equal
percentages)
use two way modulating valves for variable to chilled water distribution
Constant flow systems Trane Chilled Water System Design and Control
Recommended for small systems up to 200 tons (trane : Chiller system design and control, pp.19)
Controls are either on / off pumps
Variable Primary Flow Systems Trane Chilled Water System Design and Control
Water flow varies throughout the entire system through the evaporator of each operating chiller as
well as thru the cooling coils
Needs two way control valves on coils, check valves on chillers, bypass pipe with control valve ; 55
Eliminates need for separate distribution pump; 55
Select min. Evaporator flow limit that is less than or equal to 60% of chiller design flow rate
Most of potential savings are realized by the time system flow rate decreases to 50% of design; 57
Experience with vpf systems indicates min. Evaporator flow limit of 60% for packaged chillers and
40% for configured chillers
Select chillers with equal pressure drops at their design flow rates ; 61
Value added option to reduce initial and operating cost
Pressure independent bypass control valve may work; 63
Select slow acting valves to control chilled water coils; 69
Pump control most often performed by maintaiing a pressure differential at selected points in the
system; (ex. VSD will increase pump speed of pressure differential is low) ;87