DETECTION OF DEEP FORMATION
BY
M. LEBOURG and A. T. CAMPBELL, JR.
Johnston T e s t e r s Houston, T e x a s
E . J . WITTERHOLT
Schlumberger Well Services Ridgefield, Connecticut
EDITOR’S NO T E:“ Dete ction o f Deep Formation Damage ’’
was presented at the Annual Logging Symposium in Den-
ver (June, 1967). I t was selected by the Publication
Committee for the LOG ANALYST because it deals with
a fundamental problem in Formation Evaluation - the
distinction with drillstem test data of good reservoirs
with deep “damage” from poor reservoirs with low per-
meability.
The paper i s written primarily for readers familiar
with drillstem testing. For the reader who i s not con-
versant with the nomenclature and techniques of drill-
stem tests, several excellent background references are
given in the Bibliography and a “Guide to Drillstem Test
Pressure Charts” (with explanations of Symbols and
Abbreviations) i s included.
ABSTRACT
T h e characteristics of deep formation “damage” and
low permeability appear quite similar on a formation t e s t
conducted in a normal manner. A s a result, with such
t e s t s , a good reservoir with deep damage appears quite
similar to a poor reservoir with low permeability. In the
past t h i s h a s led to the abandonment of potential pro-
ducers on one hand or to the unnecessary expenditures
for heavy stimulation in other w e l l s that offered no real
prospects. It was, therefore, necessary to develop a
technique removing this weak area of t e s t interpretation.
A method is described whereby positive identification
can be made between deep “damage” and low permeabil-
ity. T h i s method takes advantage of a deviation from
the Horner assumption in h i s theory of superposition.
T h e identification of formation parsmeters from drill
stem t e s t data is normally confined to the radius of in-
vestigation created during the flow period. Under drill
s t e m t e s t conditions where the flow rate is very low, an
expanding dominant transient is created by the afterflow
extending the radius of investigation during the shut-in
THE L O G A N A L Y S T
and
Essentially, the paper deals with the pressure buildup
characteristics of a two-part reservoir having lower
permeability adjacent to the wellbore and higher permea-
bility away from the wellbore. The common pitfall in
testing such reservoirs i s to use a buildup time which i s
too short to reveal the higher permea6ility of the outer
part o f the reservoir. The authors propose the use of a
technique to indicate the approximate transient pressure
during the test so that appropriate allocation of total
available time between flow and buildup times can be
achieved while the test tool is still in the hole.
Estimation o f the permeability of the undamaged
formation i s discussed briefly in the Appendix with the
aid o f theoretical calculations.
period. An extended shut-in, in many cases, will thus
allow an inspection of the permeability at a great dis-
tance from the well bore. Data received at the surface
by the “Tele-Pressure” method during the course of a
test can b e used t o indicate the shut-in t i m e needed to
acquire conclusive data. Also, a re-test designed with
data obtained from an original test of a formation h a s
been successfully used t o obtain the desired information.
Field results are given to support t h i s new evaluation
technique. Mathematical support for the technique is
presented in the appendix.
INTRODUCTION
It h a s been recognized for some time that a properly
conducted drill s t e m test will yield data that can b e
utilized in the estimation of various reservoir pzrameters.
T h e accuracy of the calculations is dependent upon good
correlation between the test conditions and the assump-
tions which were used in obtaining the particular analy-
tical procedure. All of the available interpretation meth-
o d s assume that the formation h a s the same and constant
characteristics (homogeneous) throughout the length and
19
t h i c k n e s s of t h e particular z o n e under consideration. F A
S i n c e a homogeneous formation i s virtually non-existent
in nature, it is expected that some i n a c c u r a c i e s will
o c c a s i o n a l l y result from t h i s assumption. Sometimes the
resulting t e s t d a t a from improperly conducted t e s t s will
completely misrepresent true reservoir conditions, primar-
ily through improper interpretations.

It h a s not been uncommon in t h e p a s t t o observe drill

s t e m t e s t s of formations t h a t a p p e a r e d t o offer no promise
for p r a c t i c a l completion and yet t h e operator s e t pipe,
s t i m u l a t e d t h e z o n e and made a commercial producer. At
t h e other e n d of t h e spectrum, however, similar d a t a ,
particularly low recovery, may b e noted on a drill s t e m
t e s t of another w e l l , t h e operator s e t pipe, stimulated 63 4
- TIME
t h e z o n e , and ended u p with a dry h o l e . With some forma-
tions t h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e no definite criteria t o utilize
A C T U A L DST CHART I N D I C A T I N G HIGH W E L L BORE
in making t h e d e c i s i o n on whether or not t o attempt a (SKIN) DAMAGE
completion. T h i s l a c k of proper interpretations h a s re- FIGURE 1
s u l t e d in t h e operator losing faith in t e s t evaluation.

T h e r e is u s u a l l y a s o u n d , l o g i c a l explanation for the

operator b e i n g a b l e t o make a commercial producer when
t h e drill s t e m t e s t did not i n d i c a t e favorable d a t a for a
p r a c t i c a l completion. T h e a n s w e r in many cases is d e e p
I I
damage” that w a s not interpreted as s u c h .

T h e p r e s e n c e of a deeply damaged z o n e with a low

W
permeability s e c t i o n a d j a c e n t to t h e w e l l bore and a
higher permeability beyond t h e damaged z o n e i s a com-
mon s i t u a t i o n t h a t d e v i a t e s grossly f r o m t h e assumption
of a homogeneous formation. T h e interpretation of drill
s t e m t e s t d a t a a s obtained today usually fails t o dif-
ferentiate between low permeability and deeply damaged
formations.

In t h e c a s e of s h a l l o w w e l l bore damage (skin) a drill ci c

s t e m test conducted in a normal manner will yield d a t a
t h a t a l l o w s identification and estimation of t h e magnitude
of damage and t h e flow i n c r e a s e that c a n b e anticipated
by removal of t h i s damage. To obtain t h e d a t a n e c e s s a r y
for proper damage identification, t h e t e s t must “see”
beyond t h e damaged z o n e . F i g . 1 i l l u s t r a t e s a t y p i c a l
case of s h a l l o w w e l l bore damage (skin).
F i g . 2 i l l u s t r a t e s a drill s t e m t e s t c h a r t t h a t d o e s not
provide adequate d a t a for quantitative a n a l y s i s . A chart
of t h i s nature is often interpreted a s low permeability.
T h i s evaluation is correct for t h e s e c t i o n of formation
immediately a d j a c e n t t o t h e w e l l bore. However, it is
q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t a much higher permeability s e c t i o n
e x i s t s only a s h o r t d i s t a n c e from t h e w e l l bore. T h e
e x i s t e n c e of a higher permeability s e c t i o n that c a n be
“reached” by stimulation will mean t h e difference be-
t w e e n a good w e l l and a dry hole.
T h e r e a r e many s i t u a t i o n s where t h e permeability
close t o t h e w e l l bore is very low a s contrasted with a
4
8
- TIME
A C T U A L DST CHART T H A T DOES NOT PROVIDE ADEQUATE
D A T A FOR GOOD I N T E R P R E T A T I O N
FIGURE 2
higher permeability a t s o m e d i s t a n c e from t h e w e l l bore.
It is rather unusual t o encounter a formation that h a s
c o n s i s t e n t permeability throughout i t s areal e x t e n t . It
is very p o s s i b l e t o drill into a formation where the
permeability around t h e w e l l bore i s naturally low but i s
c l o s e t o a higher permeability s e c t i o n . A formation that
c o n t a i n s t h e bulk of i t s hydrocarbons in a fracture or
vugular s y s t e m (high permeability) will present a similar
condition. If a borehole penetrates t h e formation reason-
ably close t o t h e high permeability, t h e matrix w i l l react
a s t h e low permeability s y s t e m and t h e higher permeabil-
ity s e c t i o n c a n b e d e t e c t e d .
F o r t h e purposes of t h i s paper, n o attempt i s made t o
a s c e r t a i n t h e reason(s) for t h e e x i s t e n c e of a two permea-
b i l i t y s y s t e m . Rather, a technique i s presented t o dif-

20 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 ferentiate between a singular system of low permeability
and a dual system where permeability increases at s o m e
distance from the well bore. -------
It is then obvious that if a differentiation can be
made between the singular and’ dual systems, then a
means h a s been established t o know which well t o arti-
ficially stimulate and the one on which to not waste any
more money. Generalizing, the dual system can be helped
by stimulation (sometimes heavy) and the singular system
cannot. Field examples presented herein corroborate the
effectiveness of t h i s technique.
+
4-+Q I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I

For ease of presentation all s y s t e m s indicating a

contrast from low t o high permeability will be referred
to as deep “damage”.
TIME II)
T h e appendix contains mathematical support for the
evaluation technique presented in t h i s paper.
pH
Afterflow Effects on o Build-up Curve
T h e principle of superposition w a s utilized by Horner
t o develop a n equation for describing the pressure build-
up in an infinite system. Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram
tW
U
depicting the theoretical flow versus time condition 3
v)
cn
where flow is shut-in at the formation face. U
K
a
In a drill s t e m test system the shut-in valve is located U
U
above the packer and thus d o e s not conform to the theo- 0
m
retical condition. T h e borehole volume below the shut-in -I
-I
valve forms a “tank” that must be recompressed during W
the build-up period. T h i s recompression period is m o s t 5
often referred to as the “afterflow period” or j u s t “after-
flow.” TIME

It is recognized that t h i s recompression portion or

afterflow of a pressure build-up period is a function of
flow rate, volume of the “tank” and compressibility of
the fluid contained in the “tank”. Fig. 4 illustrates a
small afterflow such as would b e effected on a high per-
meability formation, s m a l l tank situation. It is noted that
the contribution of the afterflow is insignificant in this
situation and very quickly t h e build-up will reflect forma-
tion characteristics. When a small afterflow situation
e x i s t s there is virtually no effect upon the quantitative
values of reservoir parameters a s calculated by Homer’s
equation.
A large afterflow would b e expected when the bore-
hole volume is large, flow rate is low, and a highly com-
pressible fluid e x i s t s in the borehole. All of t h e s e condi-
tions are satisfied to varying degrees on a drill s t e m
test when the permeability near the well bore is very
low. A very large pressure differential is created across
the formation face on most drill stem t e s t s . A high dif-
ferential will lower the formation pressure adjacent to
the well bore below the bubble point on an oil bearing
ZERO AFTERFLOW
FIGURE 3
formation and gas will come out of solution. Since s o m e
of t h i s g a s will b e trapped in the “tank”, one of the con-
ditions of maximum afterflow h a s been fulfilled. A t e s t
of a g a s formation where the entire formation fluid is
comprised of g a s will provide a similar situation for high
afterflow.
Normally, the borehole volume is small when compared
t o the reservoir volume investigated by a transient pres-
s u r e curve on a high permeability formation. In the case
of the singular system of low permeability or the dual
deep “damage” system, a significant pressure drop d o e s
not extend very deep into the formation. In this situation,
the “tank” volume c a n be significant when the radius of
investigation is very s m a l l . The low flow rate associated
with both low permeability and deep “damage” also
contributes to the magnitude of afterflow.

THE LOG ANALYST 21

w Q
k-
a
LT
s
0
o
-I I I
LL I
I D
m
I c TIME +
I I

TIME

%
TIME

16 LARGE AFTERFLOW
FIGURE 5
W
[L
3
v)
w
W
K
a T h i s requires i n c r e a s i n g shut-in time-flow time ratios to
W
[L
a s high as 6 or 8 times. T h i s i s quite a deviation from
0 t h e normal 1 or 2 times ratios.
m
-I
-I
W It i s pointed out that a long afterflow situation on a
s
formation t e s t a t “normal” flow-shut-in time ratios (1-2)
will yield inadequate d a t a . T h i s is the type of formation
TIME t e s t t h a t c a u s e s inaccurate interpretations and w a s t e d
money. One of t h e primary purposes of t h i s paper is to
recognize a long afterflow s i t u a t i o n immediately and
SMALL AFTERFLOW
t a k e s t e p s to correct i t at t h e least e x p e n s e . T h i s time is
FIGURE 4
generally while t h e t e s t i n g equipment is s t i l l on bottom
or a t l e a s t on location.
A s c h e m a t i c diagram d e p i c t i n g a long afterflow is
shown id F i g . 5. It is noted on a t e s t of t h i s nature t h a t
It is not p o s s i b l e t o accurately predict t h e reactions
shutting-in t h e tool a c t u a l l y c h a n g e s nothing in t h e flow of a formation prior t o a drill s t e m t e s t . T h e fluid and
pattern into t h e well bore for q u i t e some time. Therefore, reservoir parameters contribute to t h e t e s t reactions and
i n e i t h e r a s y s t e m of low permeability or of d e e p “dam-
it is not normal t o find s t a b i l i t y among a l l parameters
a g e ” t h e radius of investigation i s b e i n g expanded during
from o n e w e l l to t h e next e v e n within t h e same formation.
t h e shut-in period. Only with a d e q u a t e shut-in times c a n
Therefore, it is difficult to set a firm t e s t procedure for
t h e afterflow e f f e c t s b e overcome and t h e u s u a l formation
time distribution and obtain r e s u l t s of e q u a l magnitude.
parameters b e obtained from t h e build-up curve. It should
T h i s c a n b e adequately done on location by engineering
b e recognized that in c o n s i d e r i n g a d u a l s y s t e m of per-
t h e t e s t while in progress.
meability an “afterflow” i s also taking p l a c e within t h e
formation masking t h e definition of the low permeability
z o n e and i n c r e a s i n g t h e shut-in time required t o identify Engineering a D r i l l Stem T e s t
the o u t e r permeability zone. Both “afterflows” a r e add- McAlister and others pointed out t h e many a d v a n t a g e s
i n g t o t h e required time for identification of the outer of obtaining multiple flow and shut-in periods on a drill
permeability and point out t h e need for a long shut-in. s t e m t e s t . A t e s t of t h i s type i s particularly s u i t a b l e for

22 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

high recovery t e s t s and can be very useful in substantia-
1

L O W TELEPRESSU
ting reservoir depletion, determining change i n estimated
damage ratio and verification of calculated reservoir
parameters. T h e s e are excellent goals to achieve on
every t e s t , but in situations where the permeability is
extremely low, t h e economics of on-bottom t i m e may not
justify multiple periods. It is pointed out that three good POINT O F DECISION
shut-ins are better than two good shut-ins. However,
there a r e i n s t a n c e s where the total on-bottom t i m e will
provide usable data with two shut-ins but not provide
adequate data with three or more shut-ins. 10 MlNS M) MlNS 1045 MlNS 90 MlNS
GOOD TELEPRESSURE

T h e tool system described in the paper by McAlister

and others provides a good b a s i s for engineering a drill
stem t e s t . It is possible to estimate bottom hole pres- ENGINEERING A DST DURING AN I N I T I A L TEST
s u r e s with a good degree of accuracy by application of FIGURE 6
some b a s i c hydrostatic principles to the unique opera-
tional features of the tool. T h e estimation is made through Examples are given t o illustrate a t e s t where a multi-
weight indicator readings and requires no s p e c i a l equip- k-2 flow test is desirable and where an extended shut-in
ment. With t h i s principle, you know down hole pressures is desirable.
during t h e t e s t a t e a c h tool manipulation and can thus
plan the t e s t t o obtain the best data in the shortest Example No. 1
amount of time. T h i s system of transmitting pressures t o
the surface is commonly called “Tele-Pressure .” Well Depth 10,000 F t .
Reservoir P r e s s u r e 4,000 PSI t (Based on Normal
T h e maximum reservoir pressure is one of the most Gradient)
desired reservoir parameters and every t e s t should be Initial Flow Period Reactions -Strong Blow Throughout
designed t o obtain adequate data for its determination. Period
T h i s pressure is generally obtained from a n initial shut- Estimated Bottom Hole
in curve. Prior t o the initial shut-in period, it is neces- P r e s s u r e at End of
sary t o have a short flow period to reduce the pressure Initial Shut-In From
in the borehole below reservoir pressure. T h e initial flow Tele-Pressure 3,500 PSI
period should b e very short, 3-5 minutes, s i n c e a long
flow period will n e c e s s i t a t e a long initial shut-in period. T h i s information t e l l s the technician that very good
In other words, a 90 minute shut-in period preceded by a permeability e x i s t s in the formation being tested. A
3 minute initial flow period will often times provide ex- decision should be made a t t h i s time to proceed with a
cellent d a t a for analysis. However, if the initial flow multiple flow t e s t s i n c e t h e c h a n c e s are excellent that
time had been in t h e order of 6 0 minutes, the t i m e neces- usable data will be obtained.
s a r y for a good shut-in may be extended t o as much a s
200 minutes. T h e longer t h e initial flow period, the longer Example No. 2
the initial shut-in must b e t o obtain comparable data.
Also, a long initial flow period will prevent ever obtain- Well Depth 10,000 Ft.
ing a maximum reservoir pressure in a depletion system Reservoir Pressure 4,000 PSI t (Based on Normal
s u c h a s a limited reservoir. Gradient)
Initial Flow Period Reaction - Very Weak Blow
E a c h drill stem test is then based on the premise of Estimated Bottom Hole
a n initial flow period of 3-5 minutes and an initial shut- P r e s s u r e a t End of
in of 90 minutes. T h e initial flow period provides t h e Initial Shut-In From
first c l u e for engineering the test s i n c e rate of fluid Tele-Pressure 2,200 PSI
entry is obtained by observing the flow reaction a t the
surface. T h e technician thus knows very early in the
t e s t whether or not h e is testing a high productivity T h e s e d a t a indicate the formation is xtremely tight.
formation. T h e downhole pressure obtained by the “Tele- Therefore, a decision should be made to obtain a short
Pressure” method at the end of t h e initial shut-in period flow period, 30-60 minutes, and then an extended shut-
is used in conjunction with the flow period reactions for i n of 4-6 hours if on-bottom time will permit. A t e s t of
engineering the test. A schematic diagram, Fig. 6, i l - t h i s nature will provide more data under t h e s e conditions
lustrates t h i s method of allocating flow and shut-in times than a multiple flow and shut-in t e s t , provided the on-
during an initial t e s t . bottom times are equal.

THE L O G ANALYST 23

. ...
-1 ~ I-’-
 Economics d i c t a t e t h a t t h e most f e a s i b l e time to
obtain t h e d a t a that c a n b e afforded from an extended IIIIII I I I
shut-in is during the initial t e s t . However, t h i s d o e s not
rule out t h e possibility of r e t e s t i n g t o obtain t h e d e s i r e d
d a t a . T h e r e a r e s i t u a t i o n s where on-bottom t i m e is very
limited in open hole t e s t i n g , but o n c e c a s i n g is s e t then
i t is p o s s i b l e t o conduct a t e s t with an extended shut-in.

F i e l d Examples
F i g . 7 i l l u s t r a t e s an “MFE” t e s t with high permeabil-
ity. T h e Horner plot of t h e s e build-up c u r v e s shown in
F i g . 8 is indicative of a minimum afterflow s i n c e t h e
straight l i n e portion w a s reached very early. It would
not b e p o s s i b l e t o examine additional formation during
t h e shut-in period on t h i s t e s t . However, additional flow
time would b e worthwhile for t h e examination of more
formation if d e s i r e d .

F A
I SHUT- I N I

1
20
I I I I I I
109876 5
I
4
I
3
I
2
I
1

T+8
e
H O R N E R P L O T WITH MINIMUM AFTERFLOW’
FIGURE 8

4
- TIME

A C T U A L DST CHART I N D I C A T I N G HIGH P E R M E A B I L I T Y

FIGURE 7

An example of a n extreme case of low permeability

n e a r t h e well bore contrasted with high permeability at
some d i s t a n c e is shown in F i g . 9. T h i s t e s t w a s con-
ducted i n c a s i n g s o on-bottom time w a s not a factor. A
s h o r t flow period, 5 minutes, w a s conducted and t h e
PW

[1:
3
v)
formation w a s allowed t o build-up overnight s i n c e a v)
W
“daylight” rig w a s utilized for t h e t e s t . An extreme IT
a
break w a s noted i n t h e build-up after s o m e 13 hours of
shut-in. T h e mechanically s t a b i l i z e d portion of t h e build-
up is indicative of a very high permeability zone.

T h i s s t a b i l i z e d portion g i v e s a very low s l o p e on t h e

Horner plot, F i g . 1 0 , and it i s recognized that a low \ I
s l o p e i s indicative of high permeability. Subsequent pro- c1 E
duction after stimulation proved t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e high 4
- TIME
permeability zone.

F i g s . 11 a n d 1 2 show two t e s t s conducted on t h e same A C T U A L DST CHART INDICATING A CONTRAST

formation with a 2 4 hour t i m e l a g between t e s t s . Low flow OF P E R M E A B I L I T Y
rate c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were indicated during t h e initial flow FIGURE 9

24 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 A F

E
W
IY
3
v)
v)
w
[II
a

0.010 0.0080 0.0060 0.0040 0.0020 0.0

4
- TIME

HORNER P L O T WITH CONTRAST OF P E R M E A B I L I T Y

FIGURE 10

INITIAL TEST INDICATING DEEP “DAMAGE”

FIGURE 1 1

period on t h e f i r s t t e s t . However, the pressure a t the end

of t h e initial shut-in period, as obtained by “Tele-
Pressure”, indicated a reasonable correlation with the
estimated reservoir pressure. T h e a n a l y s i s of the build-

t
up curves indicated that “afterflow” was s t i l l in effect F
so a decision w a s made t o obtain a second t e s t and u s e
li
the f i r s t test as the b a s i s for engineering the subsequent
t e s t . A comparison of t h e early portions of the build-ups
together with recovery data indicates an increase in
t
W
K
3
damage during the t i m e period between t e s t s . It is felt v)
v)
that t h e increased damage was the result of filtration w
K
which continued t o t a k e place during the time lag. T h e Q

contrast in permeability noted on t h e s e t e s t s is not

entirely due to damage in our opinion. Data regarding t h i s
formation indicated an inconsistent permeability through-
out its areal extent. Core a n a l y s i s indicated a below
field average permeability at t h i s location. Subsequent E
stimulation provided a well similar in flow capacity to
other wells in the field.

A test of a g a s bearing formation with deep “damage”

is shown in Fig. 13. A fracture treatment allowed access
t o the higher permeability region and provided an excel-
lent g a s well. It is noted that the initial and secondshut-
i n s d o not provide adequate d a t a for quantitative analysis.
However, t h e fact that the second shut-in curve reached
- TIME

SECOND TEST I N D I C A T I N G A N INCREASE I N DAMAGE

a much higher pressure with a n equal amount of shut-in
time is an indication that damage w a s being removed
during the second flow period. T h e removal of damage is
a l s o noted in a comparison of t h e second and final shut-
ins.
T h e pressure build-ups on the t e s t s presented herein
FIGURE 12
a r e influenced by many factors as previously noted. It
is not possible to a s s i g n accurate values to compressibil-
ity of fluid within the “tank”, permeability contrast
between t h e two zones, and flow rate. It i s , therefore,
difficult to anticipate accurate answers as to damage

THE LOG ANALYST 25

ratio and radius of t h e low permeability zone. However, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
by making assumptions on r e a s o n a b l e v a l u e s of t h e s e
parameters, limits c a n b e e s t a b l i s h e d t o plan stimulation B Formation Volume F a c t o r
for t h e zone. C Fluid Compressibility
DR Damage R a t i o
EDR Estimated Damage R a t i o
F A
h Formation T h i c k n e s s
k Permeability
kh Flow C a p a c i t y
kh
- Transmissibility F a c t o r
uB
M Horner plot s l o p e c o n s t a n t (Liquid)
Horner plot s l o p e c o n s t a n t (Gas)
pf Formation pressure a t flow time T
PF F i n a l flow p r e s s u r e of DST
PH Hydrostatic mud p r e s s u r e
PO
Maximum reservoir p r e s s u r e
P1 Horner s l o p e intercept a t l o g 1
/ Horner s l o p e intercept a t l o g 10
c1 p10
TIME PI Productivity Index
Q F l u i d flow r a t e
D E E P "DAMAGE" ON A GAS T E S T QA Actual rate of flow
FIGURE 13 G a s rate of flow
Q,
QT T h e o r e t i c a l rate of flow
It should a l s o b e recognized t h a t t h e t e s t , under t h e 'a R a d i u s t o anomaly
b e s t engineered conditions, provides only a portion of 'i R a d i u s of investigation
t h e d a t a required for efficient formation evaluation. T h i s rW R a d i u s of w e l l bore
t e s t information should b e u s e d in combination with other T F l o w time
d a t a s u c h as provided by c o r e a n a l y s i s , wireline logging, U (mu) F l u i d viscosity
s u b - s u r f a c e mapping, e t c . s i n c e t h i s type of t e s t usually
r e p r e s e n t s a challenging evaluation problem.
0
0
(phi) porosity
(theta) shut-in time

GUIDE TO BDENTlFlCATlON OF DRILL STEM TEST PRESSIURE CHARTS

I
A. Initial Hyd. Mud
B. Initial Shut-in
C. Initial Flow
D. Final Flow
P E.
F.
Final Shut-in
Final Hyd. Mud

The following points are either fluctuating

pressures or points indicating other
packer settings, (testing different zones).

A-1, A-2, A-3, etc. Initial Hyd. Pressures

8-1, 8-2, B-3, etc. Subsequent Shut-in
Pressures
C-1, C-2, C-3, etc. Flowing Pressures
D-1, 0-2, D-3, etc. Subsequent Final
Flow Pressures
E-1, E-2, E-3, etc. Subsequent Final
Shut-in Pressures
F-1, F-2, F-3, etc. Final Hyd. Mud Pressures
Z-Special pressure points such as
pumping pressure recorded for
formation breakdown.
I

26 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 CONCLUSIONS
A drill stem test c a n b e engineered during t h e course
of t h e test or on a subsequent test to insure obtaining
accurate d a t a for good formation evaluation. T h e pro
conducted test provides d a t a which allows differenti
between a singular system of low permeability and a
system with a permeability contrast. Reasonable esti-
mates c a n b e made in regards to depth of the low permea-
bility zone for planning on effective stimulation treat-
ment.
AC KNOWL E DG EME N T S
T h e authors wish t o acknowledge the valuable as-
s i s t a n c e of many petroleum industry personnel who pro-
vided constructive suggestions and formation evaluation
data which made t h i s paper possible. Permission by
Johnston T e s t e r s and Schlumberger Well Services to pub-
lish t h i s paper is also gratefully acknowledged.
81BLIOGRAPHY
1. Horner, D. R.: P r e s s u r e Build-Up in Wells, Proceed-
i n g s Third World Petroleum Congress Section I1
2. J. A. McAlister, Jr., B. P. Nutter, M. Lebourg:
New System For Better Control and Interpretation of
Drill Stem Tests, Journal of Petroleum Technology,
February 1965
3. Johnston T e s t e r s 1964 Review of B a s i c Formation
Evaluation
4. Johnston T e s t e r s 1965 Review of Tele-Pressure Re-
cording
5. Craft and Hawkins: Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering, Prentice-Hall Chemical Engineering
Series - 1959
6. Russell, D. G.: Extensions of P r e s s u r e Buildup Anal-
ysis Methods, S P E 1513, Dallas, T e x a s , October 2-5,
1966
AP P END1X
T h e theory of pressure a n a l y s i s of reservoirs h a s
been developed quite extensively in t h e literature with
regard t o both b a s i c interpretive methods and variations
appropriate t o certain specific problems.
Extensive reviews and bibliographies of all p h a s e s of
a n a l y s i s may be found in Johnston T e s t e r s 1964 Review
and t h e 1966 critique by Rodgers e t a12. We s h a l l simply
review here the b a s i c theory and t h e composite (damage)
reservoir problem.
T h e fundamental equation describing the behavior of
THE LOG ANALYST
s i n g l e phase, slightly compressible fluid in a homogen-
u s , horizontal, uniformly thick formation h a s been found
e (see e.g. Muskat3); (See Glossary for definition of
32p + I aP
-- - - -a?
+/uc
(1)
3rZ r 3r - K at
may b e s e e n t o b e of the same form a s the heat
duction equation, an extensive treatment of which is
found in t h e monograph by Carslaw and Jaeger4.
Based on a fundamental solution to t h i s equation,
Horner h a s developed the interpretive method which
forms t h e b a s i s for current drill s t e m t e s t interpretaticn,
as follows:
T h e solution t o (1) for a line sink in an infinite res-
ervoir is given by:
Assuming that t h e well produced at a constant rate from
time zero until time t o when i t w a s shut-in, then the well
pressure Pw a t time t o t 8 (i.e., 8 after shutting-in) may
be obtained by superposing two solutions of t h e form (2)
to give: (3)
A
In (3) the flow r a t e s have been taken with opposite sign
t o produce an equivalent zero flow after time to.
Now for small values of the argument the E i function
may b e approximated by:
and (3) becomes:
It is c l e a r from (5) that if t h e pressure build-up observed
following shut-in is plotted vs. In to + 8 then ideally the
8
curve will b e a straight l i n e of s l o p e qu/4nkh. Similarly,
the value of Pw approaches Po a s 8 increases and even
a n incomplete build-up plot may b e extrapolated to give
t h e initial reservoir pressure directly.
Now it is well-known that some of t h e assumptions
a s s o c i a t e d with Horner's approach are not always satis-
fied exactly in field practice. Much of t h e literature is
in fact devoted to ascertaining the effect of various de-
'
viations from that ideal on t h e pressure curve.
In particular several s t u d i e s have been made which
a r e appropriate t o the problem of damage. T h a t is, results
have been established for the c a s e of a well located in
a composite reservoir as shown in Fig. I.
27
 and t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s flow rate q u / 2 r k h is taken as
unity.

T h e result obtained by L o u c k s and Guerrero i s q u i t e

similar in form but with m o r e complex e x p r e s s i o n s a n a l -
o g o u s to @ and Y above.

A s exemplified by (7), i t is difficult to draw any con-

c l u s i o n s b y direct examination of t h e e x p r e s s i o n for P, (t)
in t h e composite reservoir. Rather we h a v e utilized (7)
t o compute p r e s s u r e c u r v e s as shown schematically in
F i g s . I1 and 111. Similar c u r v e s a r e given by L o u c k s and
Guerrero for t h e finite borehole case. (See F i g u r e IV.)

I I111111 I I111111 I I111111 I I IIIIII 1 I111111

COMPOSITE R E S E R V O I R P R O B L E M
I I i I/ I 1
FIGURE I

T h e approach in t h i s case is t o make u s e of L a p l a c e

Transforms and remove t h e time dependence from t h e dif-
f u s i o n equation (1). T h e general s o l u t i o n of t h e resulting
equation is well-known and y i e l d s e x p r e s s i o n for t h e
p r e s s u r e appropriate t o t h e inner z o n e and outer re-
servoir, respectively:
o5 r c
I /I
Q st.:, = A I X O ( a l r 6 ) + 8 , &(a,r45)

a 4 rs- gts) - A , I o ( w z r 6 ) + &E,,(-x2r53)

where p(s) is t h e transform of t h e p r e s s u r e , s t h e trans-
(6) JlllllllI1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I111111 I I111111 I

T
11111111
I111111 I 11111111
I111111 I IllJ
ill^

form variable and I and ITo t h e modified Bessel functions

PRESSURE D R O P IN COMPOSITE R E S E R V O I R
of t h e first and s e c o n d kind of z e r o order.
FIGURE II

Now t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s A i and B, a r e determined by t h e

s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e boundary and interface (i.e., r = a)
conditions on t h e p r e s s u r e and flow. Specifically, at t h e
interface, continuity of p r e s s u r e and flow a r e s p e c i f i e d .
In t h e inner z o n e , c o n s t a n t flow a t t h e w e l l i s imposed
as a boundary condition while in t h e o u t e r z o n e i t is re-
quired t h a t t h e pressure remain f i n i t e as r+ m .

T h u s , t h e r e a r e four conditions which define t h e four

unknowns in (6) and t h u s determine Pl(s) and P2 (s).
T h e complete d e t a i l s of obtaining Pl ( r w , t ) from t h e s e
r e s u l t s a r e beyond t h e s c o p e of t h e p r e s e n t review. For
more complete d e t a i l s , t h e p a p e r s b y Hurst and by L o u c k s
and Guerrero may b e consulted. Both h a v e treated t h e
composite reservoir problem, t h e former u s i n g a line s i n k
to approximate t h e well, t h e latter allowing for a borehole
of finite radius. T h e final r e s u l t s i n t h e case of t h e l i n e
PRESSURE D R O P IN COMPOSITE R E S E R V O I R
s i n k for t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h e w e l l radius during draw-down FIGURE Ill
is given by:
Making u s e of Horner’s superposition approach, build-
u p c u r v e s may then b e constructed i n t h e u s u a l way a s
s e e n i n F i g . V. It may b e noted t h a t t h e e f f e c t of t h e
p r e s e n c e of a damage z o n e i s t o produce a n “afterflow”
type of curve requiring i n c r e a s e d shut-in time for e s t a b -
lishment of a straight line build-up.

28 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 T h e results shown above indicate that the slope of
t h i s latter straight line portion will determine the per-
meability of the reservoir beyond the damage zone. In

n
a=40rw
I fact Loucks and Guerrero have shown explicitly that ul-
timately t h e pressure build-up equation t a k e s on t h e s i m -
plified form:

which is the Horner equation with s l o p e determined uni-

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I quely by t h e outer reservoir permeability k, .
-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

T h u s a properly engineered drill s t e m t e s t which al-

I lows for a shut-in time sufficient to overcome the “after-
flow” - l i k e effect a s s o c i a t e d with damage could b e ex-
pected t o determine t h e outer reservoir permeability and
pressure.

Clearly, a s with any theory u s i n g Horner’s assumptions

, n a = 40rw of stabilized flow and superposition, the above results
Q d o represent something of an abstraction.

a= 4r, T h e question of their application will be complicated

in practice by the presence of afterflow into t h e borehole
which a l s o affects t h e first part of t h e buildup and results
in an increased shut-in t i m e to recognize t h e permeabil-
-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 ity of t h e outer zone.

T h e relative influence of t h e two t y p e s of “afterflow”

will b e dependent for t h e same formation on t h e length of
interval t e s t e d and the length of t h e flow period.

PRESSURE DROP I N A COMPOSITE RESERVOIR In t h e problem of differentiation between a homo-

(FROM LOUCKS AND GUERRERO (4)) geneous low permeability formation and a “damaged”
FIGURE IV formation, t h e straight line portion will appear sooner in
t h e case of t h e homogeneous formation and t h e identifi-
cation of t h e s l o p e will usually be within the limit of
sensitivity of t h e instrumentation. In t h e c a s e of “dam-
aged” zone, often t h e outer permeability will b e reflected
after a longer shut-in t i m e by a s l o p e beyond the s e n s i -
tivity of t h e instrumentation and c a n b e identified only
as a n increased permeability with a minimum value.

REFERENCES

1. “The Johnston T e s t e r s 1964 Review of B a s i c Forma-

tion Evaluation”.

2. John S. Rodgers, Forrest A. Garb and H. J. Gruy, “A

1966 Critique on P r e s s u r e Transient Testing,” S P E
1512.

3. M. Muskat, “ T h e Flow of Homogeneous Fluids Through

Porous Media”, J. W. Edwards, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.,
e 1946.

PRESSURE B U I L D - U P I N COMPOSITE RESERVOIR

4. H. S. Carslaw and 3 . C. Jaeger, “Conduction of Heat
FIGURE V i n Solids”, Oxford University Press, 1959.

THE LOG ANALYST 29

5. D. R . Horner, “Pressure Build-up in Wells,” Pro- = flow rate
ceedings Third World Petroleum Congress - Section 11. h = reservoir thickness
= initial reservoir pressure
6. William Hurst, “Interference Between Oil Fields, ’’
P O

E i (-x) = exponential
Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 219, 1960. integral function

7. T. L. Loucks and E. T. Guerrero, “Pressure Drop in a = (& c/k)y

a Composite Reservoir,” Society of Petroleum Engi- = X,cr,/h 1 ay1
P
neers Journal, September 1961.
4 = (k/CLIi
i = l = index referring to inner (damage) zone
GLOSSARY
i=2 = index referring to outer reservoir
P (r,t) = pressure a = radius of inner zone
r = distance from origin T = dimensionless time (kt/+p c)
t = time = B e s s e l function of the first kind zero
Jo*JI
k = permeability and first order.
4 = porosity yo. YI = B e s s e l function of the second kind zero
CL = viscosity and first order.
C = compressibility
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

MAURICE LEBOURG A. 1. CAMPBELL, JR. E. J. WITTERHOLT

Maurice Lebourg received a M.E. degree Mr. Campbell h a s been with Johnston
from E c o l e Nationale Arts e t Metiers, T e s t e r s s i n c e 1963, serving a s a S a l e s
P a r i s , F r a n c e in 1932 and a n E. E. degree
Engineer i n Victoria and Staff Technician
in Headquarters before assuming h i s cur-
from E c o l e Superieure d’ Electricite, Paris, E. J. Witterholt is a R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t
France in 1933. rent position a s Manager of Interpretation Mathematician a t the Schlumberger Tech-
and Evaluation in June 1965. He is a 1955 nology Corporation’s Research Center i n
In 1934 h e w a s employed by Societe d e
Ridgefield, Connecticut. Dr. Witterholt
Prospection Electrique-Schlumberger,Paris, graduate of the University of T e x a s with a
B.S. in Petroleum Engineering. H i s pre- received h i s B.S. degree in Mathematics
France, a s Design Engineer in the Engi-
vious professional experience includes from Manhattan College in 1957 and h i s
neering Department until transferring to
Senior Engineer and F i e l d Foreman posi- Sc.M a n d Ph.D degrees in Applied Mathe-
Schlumberger W e l l Surveying Corporation
tions with P a n American Petroleum Corpo- matics from Brown University i n 1959 and
in 1936, becoming Director of Engineering,
ration and two y e a r s a s junior partner in 1964, respectively.
Mechanical & Production Engineering De-
an independent concern in Corpus Christi.
partment. In 1962 h e transferred t o Johns-
ton Testers as Executive Vice President‘ hqr. Campbell is a Registered professional He h a s been with Schlumberger since 1963.
Maurice Lebourg is a member of AIME, Engineer in the State of T e x a s and a mem- He is a member of t h e American P h y s i c a l
API, ASM and SPWLA. ber of AIME. Society and Sigma Xi.

30 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 GAMMA-GAMMA DENSITY LOGGING
(A Panel Discussion, Houston Chapter of SPWLA)

Preface several limestones of differing porosities saturated

On April 25, 1967, t h e Houston Chapter of SPWLA
held a panel discussion on density logging. Panel par-
ticipants were:
Robert White, Tidewater Oil Co.
Rush George, Sinclair Oil and Gas Co.
Lloyd Fons, P a n Geo Atlas Corp.
Jerry Marquis, Lane-Wells Co.
Dave Cowart, Schlumberger Well Services
Terry Walker, Welex, A Division of Halliburton
We are indebted to t h e s e people, their organizations,
and t h e Houston Chapter for making the results of t h i s
discussion available to the rest of us.
T h e following is an abstract by your Editor of t h e 32
page transcript and 29 pages of illustrations resulting
from t h i s discussion. To t h o s e who deal with density
logs every day, it will probably be boring. To t h o s e who
aren’t familiar with t h i s log, like myself, it may make
interesting reading.
with fresh water.
2. An “office” check using an aluminum block.
3. A wellsite check with a “clamp on” calibrator.
T h e test pit normalization defines s e v e r a l points for
a particular sonde at different bulk densities on a plot
of short spacing response versus long spacing response
(shown schematically in Figure 1).
T h e density log primarily measures electron density.
T h e electron density is a function of bulk density (PB)
and of the ratio Z/A, where Z is atomic number and A is
atomic weight. Thus a system normalized in t h e test pit
mentioned above will not yield correct bulk densities in
materials with a Z/A different than that for limestone
saturated with fresh water unless appropriate corrections
are made. Fig. 2 shows a plot for various materials of
*
P,*vs. (PB - PB*), where PB is the response of the
system normalized in a limestone test pit and PB is
actual bulk density.

One word of reservation, if the reader is like myself,

h e will finish with mixed feelings. On one hand, descrip-
tions of elaborate and careful calibration systems i n s t i l l s
a s e n s e of security concerning density logs. On the other
hand, faulty log examples and limitations imposed on
applications tend to destroy t h i s feeling.

However, we should keep in mind that people c o m e to

a meeting of t h i s kind to d i s c u s s their problems, not
their s u c c e s s e s . For each of the bad logs shown, there
a r e undoubtedly many good o n e s and for e a c h interpre-
tation failure there must b e many successful ones. While
t h i s is no e x c u s e for bad l o g s and interpretation b u s t s
we need to keep a proper perspective. Density logging
represents one of t h e more significant advances in for-
mation evaluation of recent years. I t is here to s t a y and
it is up to u s to find ways to realize its maximum effec-
tiveness - - -undoubtedly discussions of the kind held by
t h e Houston Chapter represent one way to d o this. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM, SCHLUMBERGER TEST PIT CALIBRATION
FIGURE 1
Ca I i bration

Calibration of density logging systems was described.
T h e Schlumberger system employs both “short” and
“long” spaced detectors so that compensation for mud-
c a k e and borehole effects can be designed for. Calibra-
tion of t h i s system includes:
1. Normalization of the sonde in a test pit containing
Fig. 2 indicates that for a system calibrated in water
saturated limestone, the “Z/A” effect l e a d s to an
error of less than 0.006 g/cc in water saturated dolo-
mites and sandstones. For air saturated limestones, dolo-
m i t e s , and sands, t h e Z/A effect c a n l e a d to porosity
prediction errors of about 10% of the actual porosity (i.e.,
about 4 porosity % at porosity of 40%) if appropriate
corrections are not made.

THE LOG ANALYST 31

 -
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM, SCHLUMBERGER CALIBRATOR WITH
FORMATION DENSITY LOG CORRECTION FOR (Z/A) EFFECT
SIMULATED MUDCAKE
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 4

T h e Z/A effect h a s a bearing on the "office" check

. I
with the aluminum block. T h e actual f B for t h e aluminum -

is 2.7 g/cc, but t h e tool normalized in limestone should

record (according to Fig. 2) a density of 2.590 g/cc due
to the Z/A effect. Fig. 3 shows an example calibration
in t h e aluminum block. Without compensation, t h e tool
"reads" 2.575 g/cc - with compensation, it indicates
the desired 2.590 g/cc.

l l i
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM, CALIBRATION CHECK WITH LOW
DENSITY BLOCK
FIGURE 5
A t wellsite, a clamp-on device designed t o induce a
response equivalent to t h e aluminum block is used. T h e
IIASURI
COMI
Wll" aluminum block is not carried to t h e field b e c a u s e of
itASUII
bulk and weight (600 lb.) and because the "background"
COMP
WITH1
L
(medium outside block) cannot be controlled well enough.
OtNSllY 1.W G CC
Fig. 6 shows a n example calibration strip using the
i

- "field calibrator." Responses in both t h e aluminum

a1
M I IC,
block and the field calibrator are shown.

SCH EMATlC DIAGRAM, "OFF ICE" CALI BRATI ON WITH
ALUMINUM BLOCK
FIGURE 3
Mud c a k e compensation is tested in the aluminum
block with an artificial wallcake of density 1.5 g/cc.
Fig. 4 shows an example calibration strip. Additional
checks c a n b e made using blocks with other bulk den-
sities. Fig. 5 shows an example calibration using a
sulphur block (pB = 1.90 g/cc) and a simulated mudcake
density of 2.5 g/cc.
For air filled holes different normalization and mud-
cake compensations a r e used.
Fig. 2 is used t o make appropriate corrections for
Z/A effects when logging liquid filled holes.
T h e Lane-Wells system employs two calibrators, one
simulating a bulk density of 3.0 g/cc and the other a
bulk density of 2.2 g/cc. Fig. 7 shows a n example cali-
bration strip (the 3.0 g/cc signal is shifted by moving
the zero to avoid recording on the log margin).

32 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 PGAC employs a test pit calibration and field cali-
brators. From test pit readings in high, medium and low
bulk densities (with a range in standoff and intervening
density), a "spine and ribs" graph is constructed for
each tool (see Fig. 8).

D t M l l l = 2.59 G CC

I
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM, SCHLUMBERGER WELLSITE CALIBRATOR
FIGURE 6

DENSITY

PGAC SPINE AND RIBS PLOT

FIGURE 8

T h e field calibrator is designed to duplicate at well-

site the test pit results. I t c o n s i s t s of two sources, one
opposite each detector. Each calibrator source h a s two
s l i d e s . With both s l i d e s out, the s o u r c e s duplicate t h e
counting rate obtained from material with a bulk density
of 2.1 g/cc (and zero compensation). With one s l i d e in,
a counting rate equivalent t o 2.6 g/cc (zero compensation)
is obtained. With both s l i d e s in, a counting rate equiva-
lent t o 2.5 g/cc (-0.1 g/cc compensation) is obtained.
Fig. 9 shows an example calibration tail.

Tool and System Malfunctions

A density logging tool must be put in t h e c a r e of

humans whiie it is in a hole under elevated temperatures
and pressures. So in s p i t e of the c a r e obviously taken in
designing and installing calibration systems, errors c a n
occur even though the log may exhibit a perfect calibra-
tion tail. A number of examples were presented and dis-
EXAMPLE CALIBRATION STRl P, LANE WELLS SYSTEM c u s s e d by the panel showing that a good calibration at
FIGURE 7 the surface does not guarantee a good log.

THE LOG ANALYST 33

I I
 Colibration Before Survey
(Calibration After Survey i s
Same a s Before)

Bottom Slide In

LP = 0 rC. Step 1 Mech. & Elec. Zero

Both Slides Out

EXAMPLE PGAC CALIBRATION STRIP

FIGURE 9

cuiffi

E X A M P L E D E N S I T Y LOGS WITH P R O B A B L E C U R R E N T L E A K S
FIGURE 11

pensation c u r v e s , t h e s o l i d o n e s a r e t h e d e n s i t y c u r v e s .
It c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e r e a r e p l a c e s where t h e d e n s i t i e s
on t h e t w o runs c o i n c i d e , but t h e compensations d o not.
T h e r e a r e a few p l a c e s where t h e compensations coin-
c i d e , but t h e d e n s i t i e s d o not. And t h e r e a r e p l a c e s
where neither t h e compensations nor t h e d e n s i t i e s coin-
c i d e on t h e t w o runs.

Again, t h e s e e f f e c t s were attributed t o l e a k s , probably

i n t h e bridle between s o n d e a n d c a b l e .

Fig. 12 s h o w s another overlay of t w o runs. In t h i s

E X A M P L E O F D E N S I T Y L O G WITH C U R R E N T L E A K
FIGURE 10
Fig. 10 s h o w s a n example exhibiting anomalous read-
i n g s o n both t h e d e n s i t y and c a l i p e r logs 32 f e e t below
t h e c a s i n g . T h i s e f f e c t w a s attributed b y t h e p a n e l to a
c a b l e leak.
F i g . 11 p r e s e n t s a n overlay of t w o runs. On t h e l e f t
track, t h e bit size and c a l i p e r c u r v e s h a v e b e e n d i s -
placed to show t h e r e is no significant c h a n g e i n h o l e
size b e t w e e n runs.
On t h e right t r a c k , the d a s h e d c u r v e s a r e t h e com-
case, t h e r e w a s h o l e enlargement between runs i n s o m e
intervals.
In t h e enlarged intervals, t h e d e n s i t i e s recorded on
t h e t w o runs a r e significantly different, indicating t h a t
t h e compensation s y s t e m could not handle t h e d e g r e e of
enlargement encountered.
In t h e non-enlarged s e c t i o n s , t h e d e n s i t i e s recorded
on t h e t w o runs a r e c o n s i s t a n t l y different. T h i s effect
could b e d u e t o e i t h e r a mis-calibration or a c o n s t a n t
leak.
F i g . 13 s h o w s two runs (not overlapping) with d e n s i t y
and e l e c t r i c a l conductivity curves. T h e scales a r e t h e
s a m e on both logs. T h e caliper l o g i n d i c a t e s a gauge

34 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 PCRI

?
CHI-

EXAMPLE SHOWING COMPENSATION FAILURE AND LACK OF

REPEAT
F I G U R E 12

hole throughout Run 2. Throughout Run 1 the density

and conductivity curves overlay for practical purposes.
At the start of Run 2 (bottom) the density log indicates
a reading comparable to that obtained on Run 1 for the
corresponding conductivity. From there the density log
indicates a significant increase in count rate with de-
creasing depth, even though the conductivity does not
change appreciably. T he cause of this obviously serious
effect was not determined by the panel.

Physical Limitations
Aside from the Z/A effect (discussed previously) the
panel considered several other physical factors which
limit application of density logs.

T h e primary application of density logs is t o obtain

porosity estimates. The relation for calculating porosity
is

where +A is the apparent porosity (fractional)

PB is measured bulk density (g/cc)
EXAMPLE SHOWING UNREASONABLE CHANGE IN INDICATED
PF is fluid density (g/cc) DENSITY WITH DEPTH
and p S A i s the assumed grain density ( d c c ) . F I G U R E 13

THE L O G ANALYST 35
 C o y o l DENSITY DERIVED PCUOSITY CDRRECTICN Fa( C W E I N MATRIX DENSITY
(P, = 1.0)
QRAIN DENSIN MSTR1MITK)N
MIOCENE SAND. 12,000’
ASSUUED w I T w x D ~ S I T Y (da) i48 SAYWESI
ARITHMETIC AVfRAGE,L=2.658

- 2.4 2.85 2.71 2.1 5 2.32 2.16 2.08

2.9) r) + 5 t13 +16 +33 +12 +45

- 7.85 - 5 0 + 7 +lo +29 +38 +42

8 -
8 2.71 -13 7 @ + 3 r27 +32 * M

B
.
2.M - 16 - 10 - 3 0 + 20 + 30 + 34

E 2.32 - 33 - 29 - 27 - 20 0 + I7 + I8

+s
$ 1.16 - 42 - 38 - 32 - 30 - 17 0 + 13
=
5 2.OR - 15 ~ 42 - 36 - 34 ~ 18 - 13 0

MATERIAL TYPICAL p, RANGE

Ppite 5.06 4.95 - 5.17 GRAIN DENSITY IGR/CC~

Barite 4.45 4.30 - 4.60

Anhydrirc 2.95 2.90 - 2.98 GRAIN DENSITY DISTRIBUTION, MIOCENE SAND
Dolomire 2.85 2.80 - 2.90
lllire 2.84 2.76 - 3.00 FIGURE 15
Cnlcirc 2.71
Chlorirc 2.71 2.60 - 2.96
Limestone 2.70 2.69 - 2.71
Quartz 2.65 2.65 - 2.66
Kwlinirc 2.63 2.60 - 2.68
Monrmaillfmirc 2.35 2.20 - 2.74 GRAIN DENSITY DISTRIBUTION
EOCLNE SAND, 8,500‘
Gypsum 2.32 2.30 - 2.33 1165 SAMPLES1
Hnlite 2.16 ARITHYETIC AVERAGE, P,=Z.695
Sulphur 2.08 2.05 - 2.09
Cod 1.40 1.00 - 1.80
Pacer :( 15O.OOO ppm NaC1) 1.15
O’arer (g 30.000 NaCI) 1.03
Pure water 1.00
Oil I00 API 1.oo
Oil 300 API .88
Oil 400 API .83
Oil 50’ API .78
Natural 1 9 s (; S.G.=.6.
WOO psi. IWF) ,135
Ethan (STP) .00124
Merhrne (STP) .00067

COMMON DENSITY D E R I V E D CORRECTION FOR CHANGE I N

M A T R I X DENSITY
FIGURE 14

T h e upper part of Fig. 1 4 is a summary of the porosity

estimate errors (in porosity %) resulting from assuming a n
incorrect grain density. (Editor’s Note: T h e t a b l e gives
t h e error v a l u e s for +
= 0. For other +’s, t h e s e errors
should be multiplied by (100 - +)/lo0 where is in %).
T h i s t a b l e shows that significant errors in porosity esti-
mates c a n result from using t h e wrong grain density, even
when t h e bulk density measurement is perfect.
T h e lower part of Fig. 1 4 gives t h e grain and fluid
d e n s i t i e s for a number of materials of interest, and s h o w s
that there is a wide range for t h e rocks and fluids en-
countered in mineral exploration.
Appreciable uncertainty in porosity estimates c a n a l s o
result from grain density variations within one gross
lithology. F i g s . 15 and 16 show grain density distribu-
tions for Miocene and Eocene sands. T h e uncertainty in
porosity estimates for a particular z o n e resulting from
u s e of a n average grain density within t h e s e s a n d s could
amount t o several porosity percent, even though t h e s e
formations are normally thought of a s being homogeneous.
GRAIN DENSITY (GR/CC)
GRAIN DENSITY DISTRIBUTION,EOCENE SAND
+ FIGURE 16
Geopressured (abnormally large formation fluid pres-
sures) intervals present a particularly tough problem for
t h e density log. Irregular boreholes, variable mud cake
thickness, and “heavy” muds (large barium content) are
common.
Miscellaneous
T h e panel agreed that cesium i s preferable to cobalt
as a s o u r c e of gamma rays for density logging tools.
T h e comparison of core porosities with log-measured
d e n s i t i e s w a s d i s c u s s e d at some length. It w a s pointed
out that core porosity measurements are not perfect
either. In addition, core porosity measurements at sur-
f a c e conditions may not b e t h e same as t h e porosity a t
in s i t u conditions, where t h e log measures density.

36 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 REVIEW OF LOGGING ACTIVITY IN CANADA I SERVICE COYPANY INVEITYENT

Prepared By
The Canadian Well Logging Society

91 LOGGING UNITS
EDITOR’S NOTE: The following is a condensation of
a report prepared by the Canadian Well Logging Society
/
for the Canadian Association of Physicists. We are in-
debted to Mr. Edward Connolly of Imperial Oil Ltd. for 4 4
sharing i t with us. 240 TECHNICAL 160 WPWRT

It depicts a substantial increase in expenditures in

Canada for logs from one million dollars in 1952 to over
eleven million dollars in 1966. Perhaps more important, I 1963 64 6S

though, i s the dramatic increase in cost of logs per foot

drilled, from $O.IO/ft. in 1952 to $0.75/ft. i n 1966, at
FIGURE 2
the same time that drilling costs per foot were dropping
slightly. Surprisingly, the average well depth h a s also
decreased over the l a s t f i v e years.

Obviously, the relative costs of Formation Evaluation -I

i n Canada are increasing significantly. Reports on this

subject from other areas would undoubtedly be of great TECHNICAL 0KKGROWD
4 i
interest to all of us i n Formation Evaluation. THEMEN WHORUNTHELDGS THE YEN W H O INTERPRET THE LOGS

The Canadian Oil Industry h a s spent over $85 million

on open hole logs. Future expenditures are likely to ex-
ceed $11 million a year (See Fig. 1).

I2

OIL COYPANY EXPENDITURES OH LOGGING SERVICES

MY WLLARS

FIGURE 3

1.0 1

--- DRILLING - FOOTAGE

-LOGGING
1.0 -

FIGURE 1

To record this data Service Companies have provided

investments (See Fig. 2).

Over 300 highly trained men record and interpret the

data on t h e s e logs (See Fig. 3).

Although the number of wells and drilled footage is

FIGURE 4
expected to decrease for the next few years, logging
activity is expected to increase (See Fig. 4).

THE LOG ANALYST 37

 T h i s apparent paradox is explained by a combination
of:
TOTAL DRILLING COSTS
I
a) Multiple runs in a s i n g l e well.
----
- LOGCOSTPERFOOTDRlLLEO
DRILLING COST PER FOOT DRILLED

b) More types of logs per well. (See Fig. 5).

LQ6UwG COST
.I0

SROG~RILLEDFOOT --- I

-3 2
5,
3
Y

- I ?

1
FIGURE 7

l
'I7o 48 49 I0 SI 52 S3 SI SS Y 57 Y 1V Y 61 61 61 61 61 66 67

FIGURE 5
H. G. D O L L -A REMARKABLE MAN RETIRES

However, t h i s trend h a s been accompanied by sub- EDITOR'S N O T E - On August 30, 1967, Mr. Henri-
stantial price i n c r e a s e s on new varieties of logging de- Georges Doll retired a s Chairman o f the Board o f Schlum-
vices causing a dramatic increase in logging costs per berger Limited. Actually, i t i s incorrect to say that Mr.
foot of hole drilled (See Fig. 6). Doll is retiring, since he will now address h i s technical
talents to research i n the medical field. V e wish him
LOWING COSTS
continued s u c c e s s in h i s new "job".
4 1 LOG COST PER FOOT DRILLED --
- -' I
AVERAGE *ELL DEPTH 1000 It.
We are indebted to Schlumberger Well Services for the
following article on Mr. Doll.

FIGURE 6

T h i s is a marked contrast with the performance of t h e

drilling industry (See Fig. 7).

Of the approximately one-hundred technical papers

annually published on logging technology (during t h e past
five years) between five and ten per c e n t have originated
in Canada. During the past two y e a r s research effort into
processing digital log records h a s increased from nil to
a current investment of approximately $500,000 per
annum.

We approach t h e next decade with cautious optimism. MR. H. G . DOLL

38 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967

 A remarkable man h a s j u s t changed jobs. In Septem-
ber, Henri-Georges Doll retired from h i s work of guiding
the technological development of t h e company h e served
with such distinction for 41 years and addressed h i m s e l f
to t h e service of mankind in the field of medical research.
It was the sort of thing you would expect of a man
who:
. I s recognized as t h e world’s foremost authority on
.
well logging.
Holds 70 patents on well logging methods.
H a s authored 32 technical papers on logging and
interpretation techniques.
H a s been responsible for Schlumberger’s techno-
logical excellence world-wide, first a s head of research
and engineering and later a s head of long range technical
planning.
L i k e t h e Schlumberger family, Mr. Doll is of Alsatian
stock. H e w a s born in P a r i s , France, and graduated from
t h e University of Lyon in 1919 with a B.S. degree. H e
did graduate work a t E c o l e Polytechnique, graduating in
1923 with a degree in engineering, after which h e at-
tended t h e Artillery School for Officers.
In 1924 h e enrolled at Ecole Nationale Superieure d e s
Mines d e P a r i s for advanced studies.
In January, 1926, Mr. Doll joined Societe d e Pros-
pection Electrique as a field engineer but became in-
creasingly concerned with the organization’s research
problems.
He recalled o n e of h i s first projects as that of im-
proving t h e design of s t a k e s used i n setting out cables
and electrodes with which surface electrical investiga-
tions were conducted.
In 1927, Conrad Schlumberger assigned Mr. Doll the
experiment of determining whether electrical investiga-
tions could be carried out successfully i n a bore hole.
T h u s it happened that on September 5, 1927, Mr. Doll ran
t h e world’s first electrical l o g on Diefenbach 2905,
Tower Number 7 , in t h e Pechelbronn field in Alsace.
H e created tools for t h e job out of assorted laboratory
apparatus and commonplace materials.
T h e s o n d e was bakelite tubing with electrodes wired
to it. A b r a s s tube filled with bird shot served as a
weight. Spark plug wire became logging c a b l e and t h e
winch w a s a hand-cranked wooden drum with a bakelite
core. A standard laboratory potentiometer w a s u s e d to
t a k e resistivity measurements at one-meter intervals. A
door bell on t h e wooden s h e a v e wheel jingled with each
complete turn of one meter.
“I wrote down e a c h reading on a pad,” Mr. Doll s a i d .
THE L O G A N A L Y S T
“There w a s a lot of running back and forth. But after we
got t h e swing of things, we were able t o t a k e 5 0 readings
an hour . . . a surveying time of 150 feet a n hour.”
Back in h i s Paris laboratory, Mr. Doll plotted t h e
readings on graph paper and the typical, familiar resis-
tivity log emerged.
In succeeding years, Mr. Doll traveled widely t o dem-
onstrate t h e new “electrical coring” technique. In 1929,
for example, h e visited Oklahoma to run a s e r i e s of logs
using a truck assembled on t h e s p o t for t h e job.
During World War 11, Mr. Doll served in the French
Army a s a n Artillery Officer from September, 1939, to
July, 1940. He w a s temporarily attached t o the French
War Department i n P a r i s from February to May, 1940, for
t h e development of mine detectors.
Moving t o t h e Houston Headquarters of Schlumberger
Well Services, h e founded Electro-Mechanical Research,
Inc. for the purpose of carrying out mine detector and
other types of research for t h e United States Armed
Services. He evolved t h e b a s i c c i r c u i t s and built the
first prototype units of all portable and vehicular metal-
lic mine detectors u s e d by t h e Army. In addition, h e
developed a detector for non-metallic mines and did basic
work on guided missiles. In 1947, the U.S. War Depart-
ment awarded Mr. P o l l a Certificate of Appreciation for
h i s work and i n 1951, t h e French Government awarded
him t h e Legion of Honor.
Elected a Director of SWS in 1940 and Chairman of
the Board of SWS in 1941, Mr. Doll continued to concen-
trate h i s efforts on building a research and engineering
team for the Schlumberger companies. In 1945, when war
restrictions were relaxed, he turned h i s attention to
adapting some of h i s mine detector i d e a s to the s c i e n c e
of well logging. T h e outgrowth w a s t h e Induction Log.
which Mr. Doll recognized would eventually replace
electrical logging as the b a s i c l o g g i n g instrument.
A s Manager of Technique, Mr. Doll established
Schlumberger’s Research Center in Ridgefield, Conn., in
1947 and moved there t h e following year. Continuing h i s
work, h e brought forth many new i d e a s for logging appa-
ratus and interpretation techniques including such tools
a s t h e Laterolog, Dipmeter, and various micro-devices.
In 1961, Mr. Doll was elected Chairman of the Schlum-
berger Limited Advisory Committee on Technical Policy.
He opened an office in New York City to carry out long
range technical planning for all the S L wireline service
companies.
In 1966, t h e Society of Professional Well Log Ana-
l y s t s c h o s e Mr. Doll as t h e first man to receive the
Society’s Gold Medal Award for Achievement because
39
h i s accomplishments made him “ t h e b e s t qualified man
to r e c e i v e t h i s award beyond any question.”
Mr. Doll i s a l s o a member of t h e American Geophysi-
cal Union, t h e American I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l Engi-
n e e r s , t h e American P h y s i c a l Society, t h e Geological
Society of America, t h e Institute of Radio Engineers and
t h e Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
I n earlier d a y s , w h e n t h e p r e s s of d u t i e s would permit,
Mr. Doll used to enjoy a game of t e n n i s or an afternoon
of trout fishing. In more recent y e a r s , h e h a s become
interested in s a i l i n g . A n i c e weekend may find him out
for a c r u i s e on h i s 33-foot Swiftsure s l o o p which h e h a s
outfitted with ingenious e l e c t r i c a l c o n t r o l s for a d j u s t i n g
sails and l i n e s . Other i n t e r e s t s include art, music and
literature.
Though h e i s retiring from Schlumberger, Mr. Doll h a s
no intention of retiring from research. Among s e v e r a l
projects h e i s considering i s t h e possibility of employing
t h e data-gathering and measurement technology of well
logging t o obtain d a t a useful in medical diagnosis. For
example, h e s u g g e s t s t h a t i t might b e p o s s i b l e t o d e v i s e
a better way to a n a l y z e blood chemistry and metabolism
or t o monitor t h e functioning of t h e heart or brain. Such
d a t a , obtained with greater a c c u r a c y and speed than now
p o s s i b l e , would prove tremendously helpful to doctors in
diagnosing i l l n e s s e s .
Such a n undertaking i l l u s t r a t e s Mr. Doll’s conviction
that r e s e a r c h i s t h e key to all progress.
ABOUT PEOPLE - (Continued from Page 2)
T h e Well Logging Department of Baroid Division,
National L e a d Company a n n o u n c e s t h e following changes:
E . E . N i x , Well Logging Supervisor, P a c i f i c C o a s t Area,
w a s appointed Well Logging S a l e s Representative, Okla-
homa C i t y . G. C. Jorgerisen, Well Logging Supervisor,
C a n a d a , w a s transferred and appointed Well Logging
Supervisor, P a c i f i c C o a s t Area with headquarters in L o n g
B e a c h , California. Carl E . Gilroy w a s appointed Well
Logging Supervisor, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Amel A .
l l i l g e r w a s appointed Well Logging S a l e s Engineer,
Alaska, with headquarters in Anchorage.
Dr. R. J . R u n g e , Chevron R e s e a r c h Company, h a s been
appointed Senior R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e - Well Logging
and Geophysics, G e o p h y s i c s Section, La Habra Labora-
tory. In h i s new position, Dr. Runge will continue t o
apply mathematical t e c h n i q u e s t o t h e solution of inter-
pretation problems in well logging and geophy,sics.
D.M. Couiart h a s a c c e p t e d t h e new position of Director
of P r o j e c t Coordination in t h e Engineering Department
o f Schlumberger Well S e r v i c e s , Houston, T e x a s . Cowart,
presently Manager-Technical S e r v i c e s in the Operations
40
Department a t Houston headquarters, began h i s career
with Schlumberger i n 1946 i n Midland, T e x a s , and came
to headquarters in 1954. H e is a member of t h e American
I n s t i t u t e of Mining E n g i n e e r s and Society of P r o f e s s i o n a l
Well L o g Analysts. R. L . Nicholson r e p l a c e s Cowart a s
Manager-Technical Services. H e h e l d t h e position of
Northern Division Manager, Schlumberger of C a n a d a , Ed-
monton, C a n a d a , prior t o h i s transfer t o Schlumberger
Well Services. A n a t i v e of Nelson, British Columbia,
Nicholson received a d e g r e e in e l e c t r i c a l engineering
from Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington.
Frank 121. VcCamus h a s been appointed manager of t h e
Northern Division, Schlumberger of C a n a d a , Edmonton,
Alberta. A native of Ontario, C a n a d a , and graduate of
t h e University of Toronto, McCamus joined Schlumberger
of C a n a d a in 1950 and w a s transferred t o t h e United
S t a t e s in 1966, where h e h a s been s a l e s manager of t h e
North L o u i s i a n a Division of Schlumberger Well Services
in Shreveport, L o u i s i a n a . R. H . Snow w i l l a s s u m e t h e
d u t i e s of s a l e s manager of North L o u i s i a n a Division. H e
h a s b e e n operations engineer a t Schlumberger Well Serv-
ices headquarters in Houston. Snow h a s been with t h e
company for 13 y e a r s . George I). V o l k e l , presently divi-
s i o n engineer for Schlumberger in Midland, T e x a s , h a s
been appointed t o t h e new position of a s s i s t a n t t o region
manager, Southeast Region, New Orleans, Louisiana. A
native of K a n s a s , Volkel joined Schlumberger in 1948
and worked in s e v e r a l California locations before h i s
Midland assignment. A’. H . Gunby will replace Volkel as
division engineer in Midland. S i n c e joining Schlumberger
in 1949, Gunby h a s worked in various locations in Louis-
iana and Mississippi. H e i s presently location manager
a t L a r o s e , Louisiana.
In other Schlumberger c h a n g e s , J . 11. Smith, L a k e
Charles-Offshore location manager, h a s been transferred
t o L a r o s e , L o u i s i a n a , in t h e s a m e c a p a c i t y . Since join-
ing Schlumberger in 1955, Smith h a s been a c t i v e in t h e
American I n s t i t u t e of Mining Engineers and American
Petroleum Institute. 1’. G. Evenson will a s s u m e t h e
d u t i e s of location manager, L a k e Charles-Offshore. He
h a s b e e n operations engineer a t Houston headquarters.
Evenson, a graduate of t h e University of Wyoming, h a s
been with t h e company for 15 y e a r s . J . L . Ilallman, s e n i o r
field staff engineer in Long B e a c h , California, h a s been
transferred t o Houston headquarters a s operations engi-
neer. H e i s a graduate of Georgia T e c h and joined Schlum-
berger 17 y e a r s a g o in Snyder, T e x a s .
FROM THE CHAPTERS
APPLACHIAN
Officers: P r e s i d e n t - Gale hl. F’iesner, Quaker S t a t e
Oil Refining Corp.
V i c e - p r e s i d e n t - W’illiam Kachu b e , Birdwell,
Div. SSC
NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967
 Secretary-Treasurer - Patrick Crowley, Bird-
well, Div. SSC
Meeting Times: Four times per year.
Meeting Plans: Regional. Bradford; Pittsburg; Charles-
ton, W. Va.
Correspondence: Patrick Crowley, Secretary
Birdwell, Div. SSC
2 1 Holley Ave.
Bradford, Pennsylvania 16701
DENVER
Officers: President- Charles H . Cotterell, Marathon
Research.
1st Vice-president - J a y Patchett, P a n Amer-
ican Petroleum Corp.
2nd Vice-president - Lou Scopel, Wm. D. Hewit
Company
Secretary-Treasurer - Don Davis, Schlumberger
Meetings: Third Wednesday, 12th Floor, Petroleum Club,
noon. Contact any Officer.
HOUSTON
Officers: President - Bob White, Getty Oil Co.
1st Vice-president - Don Clark, Union Oil of
Calif.
Secretary - Dick Young, Marathon Oil Co.
Treasurer - Bob Bradshaw, PGAC.
Meetings: L a s t Tuesday of the month (except December),
Geo Club, 5th Floor, American Capitol Bldg.,
3130 Southwest Freeway. Social hour5:15 P.M.,
Dinner 6:15, followed by t h e speaker. Contact
President or Secretary.
One hundred people attended t h e November meeting t o
hear J a m e s 0. L e w i s , Consultant, speak on “ P r a c t i c a l
Computer Usage for the Earth Scientist”. T h e talk in-
cluded geologic mapping and dipmeter presentation by
u s e of digital computers.
LAFAYETTE
Officers: President - Jerry Cahill, Welex.
1 s t Vice-president - J i m m y P. Cook, Gulf Oil
Corp.
2nd Vice-president - Bob Lamb, Humble Oil &
Refining Co.
Secretary-Treasurer - Bill Robins, Core Lab.
Past President - H . L . Patton, Chevron Oil Co.
Meetings: 2nd Thursday, Sept.-May, 11:45 AM, Lafayette
Petroleum Club. Contact Bob Lamb, Humble
Oil & Refining Co. or any other officer.
THE LOG ANALYST
At t h e October meeting, Harold Watt, Formation Eval-
uation Specialist, Lane-Wells Company, Houston, s p o k e
on a new wireline sidewall coring device. Mr. Watt’s ab-
stract follows: “ T h i s device s a w s a 60 in. long triangu-
lar sample of the formation with a pair of cutters which
move along t h e borehole wall parallel to t h e a x i s of t h e
tool. T h e sample obtained retains the mud c a k e in p l a c e
and samples may be taken in boreholes of 7-7/8 in. dia-
meter or larger. T h i s device makes it possible to retrieve
continuous cores in s e l e c t e d z o n e s for quantitative deter-
mination of rock properties and for qualitative exami-
nation of strata characteristics such as dip and fractur-
ing. Correlation and comparison of t h e s e triangular c o r e s
with logging measurements provides a new means for
studying the effects of mud c a k e and invasion. R e s u l t s
of field tests will b e d i s c u s s e d and t h e characteristics
of retrieved rock samples and mud c a k e s described.”
LATIN AMERICA
Nomination of officers during first half of 1968. Until
then Henry A . Salisch, Schlumberger Surenco, Caracas,
Venezuela will handle correspondence for t h e section.
NEW ORLEANS
Officers: President - J o h n V . Newhouser, Chevron Oil
c o.
Vice-president, Programs - Charles H . Bear-
man, Getty Oil Co.
Secretary-Treasurer - James. B. Miller, Shell
Oil Co.
Meetings: Second Monday (Sept.-May), 11:45 AM, Roose-
velt Hotel. Contact Secretary-Treasurer.
OKLAHOMA CITY
Officers: President - E. W. “Bill” Sengel, Schlumberger.
Vice-president, Programs - R. W. “Bob” Clum,
Union T e x a s Petroleum Co.
Secretary-Treasurer - R. E. “Ray”Poppe, Sohio
Petroleum Co.
Meetings: Third Tuesday, noon, YWCA, downtown Okla-
homa City. Contact Bob Clum.
PERMIAN BASIN
Officers: President - Beaumont Cooley, Standard Oil Co.
of T e x a s .
Vice-president - Elton E . Rogers, Skelly Oil
co.
Secretary-Treasurer - Edgar F . Gossett, Tex-
aco, Inc.
41
Meetings: Third Monday, (Sept.-May), 7:30 PM, Midland Meetings: Third Tuesday or Wednesday, Long Beach
Room, Midland National Bank, Midland, Texas Petroleum Club. Contact any officer.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TULSA

Officers: President - Thomas L. Myers, Marathon Oil Co.

Officers: Chairman - J o h n E. Cochrane, Chevron Re-
search Corp.
1 s t Vice-chairman - John C. Howell, Shell Oil
c o.
2nd Vice-chairman - Gay Rieder, Welex.
Secretary-Treasurer - P.C. Haley, Humble Oil
& Refining Co.
Vice-president - Thomas P. Harris, J r . , Hel-
merich & Payne, Inc.
Secretary-Treasurer - Bertram S. Shelby, Cit-
ies Service Oil Co.
Meetings: Third Thursday, 8:OO PM, Lorton Hall Audi-
itorium,Tulsa University. Contact any officer.

CALENDAROFEVENTS LAFAYETTE CHAPTER HANDBOOK

OF SELECTED FORMATION EVALUATION TOOLS
Canadian Well Logging Society Second Formation Eval-
uation Symposium, May 6 - 8, 1968, Calgary Inn, Orders for the 52-page Lafayette Chapter Handbook
Calgary, Alberta. should be sent to the following address:

Mr. T . G. Cahill
Society of Professional Well Log Analysts Ninth Annual Lafayette Chapter SPWLA
Meeting and Logging Symposium, June 23 - 26, 1968, P. 0. Box 52138 OCS
Roosevelt Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana. Lafayette, Louisiana 70501

P l e a se remit two dollars with each order.

Acoustic Tool
for logging
CASED WELLS!
If you are short on porosity information for
your workover program, PGAC's new Acoustic
tool can show you what is behind your pipe even
under conditions that are considered no better
than fair-to-poor cementing.

Ask your PGAC representative for Pan Geo Atlas Corporation

a copy of this folder with 4 case histories.
7730 SCOTT STREET HOUSTON, TEXAS 77021
P. 0. DRAWER 14589 RIVERSIDE 7-1300
7C2

42 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 967

 IRWIN IS SPWLA'S 700th MEMBER
Don D. Irwin, Exploration Geologist with Humble Oil
& Refining Company in Oklahoma City, i s the SPWLA's
700th active member.
Don holds a B.S. in Geology from Bowling Green State
University (1958) and an M.S. i n Geology from the Uni-
versity of Nebraska (1960). Irwin has been a busy man.
Between 1958 and 1960 he acquired experience in sub-
surface geology with the Nebraska State Geological
Survey and in display preparation with the Nebraska
State Museum. From 1960 to 1965 he was with the U.S.
Air Force (Strategic Air Command) a s a Navigator and
Electronic Countermeasures Officer on B-52 bombers. H e
was discharged with the grade of Captain.
In 1965 Irwin joined Humble a s aProduction Geologist
in Oklahoma City. With Humble he is concerned with sub-
surface studies and current drilling activity, s o that he
has ample opportunity to concentrate on his interests i n
Formation Evaluation, Stratigraphy and Paleogeography.
Don i s also a member of the AAPG and of the Okla-
homa City Geological Society. H e is married and h a s a
four-year old daughter.
ADDITIONS TO SPWLA MEMBERSHIP
(Since October 1 Directory)
Aizenberg, Eitan (M) Naphtha-Israel Petroleum Corp.,Box
20188, Tel Aviv, Israel
Barnes, John Frederick, Jr. (J) Getty Oil Co., Box 66729,
Houston, T X 77006
Beltran, H. R. (J) YPFB, Dept. de Fisica YPFB, Camiri,
Bolivia
Carazas, M. H. 0 ) YPFB, Box 75, Camiri, Bolivia
I
Clavijo, L.A. (J) International Petr. (Colombia) Calle 55,
I
No. 16-09 Apt. 101, Bogota, Colombia
I
Conrad, Horton, Jr. (A) Exploration and Development,
, Inc., 5200 S. Harvard, Suite 5-C, Tulsa, OK 74135
Cowart, D. M. (M) Schlumberger Well Services, Box 2175,
Houston, TX 77001
DeMalleray, P. H. (M) PGAC, 39 Avenue d'IENA, Paris
16 France
Dunn - C., Jaime E. (J) YPFB, Camiri, Bolivia
Freeman, Paul Swift (J - Reinstated) Texas Oil & Gas
Corp., 1001 Americana Bldg., Houston, TX 77002
THE LOG ANALYST
Garcia - Q., Julio C. (M) Servicios Tecnicos Atlas,
Uruguay 864-6" Piso, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Goetz, J. F. (M) Schlumberger Surenco, Apartado 1608,
Caracas, Venezuela
Gowen, W. K., Jr. (M) Texas Petroleum Co.,Apartado 267,
Caracas, Venezuela
Hidalgo, M. G. (J) YPFB, Camiri, Bolivia
Holley, L. M. (M) Schlumberger Well Services, 1528
Wichita Plaza, Wichita, KS 67202
Irwin, D. D. (J) Humble Oil and Refining Co., 2700 N.
Sterling Ave., Oklahoma City, OK 73127
Kiker, R. D. (J) Continental Oil Co., Box 2197, Houston,
TX 77001
Konen, C. E. (A) 3546 E. 22nd Place, Tulsa, OK 74114
Lador, J-M. (M) c/o Harry Wassell & Assoc.,Inc.,Box
319, Geneva, Switzerland
Lanata, J. B. (M) Schlumberger, 42 rue St. Dominique,
Paris 7, France
Leake, W. D. (A) Atlantic Richfield Co., Box 2819,
Dallas, TX 75221
Lewandowski, R. A. (M) Federal Power Commission,
12203 Westview Dr., Marlton County Club, Upper
Marlbourg, MD 20870
Michalsky, J. H. (J) YPFB (DSGXG), Camiri, Bolivia
Milam, W. H. (M) Schlumberger Well Services, P.O. Box
7458, Long Beach, CA 90807
Murphy, L. L. (M) Birdwell, Division SSC, 300 Mt. Leba-
non Blvd., Suite 200, Pittsburgh, P A 15234
Nardella, 0. C. (J) Schlumberger Surenco, Casilla 425,
Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Paladino, L. B. (M) Lane Wells Co., Box 1407, Houston,
TX 77001
Pickhardt, H. E. (M) Schlumberger Well Services, Box
246, Enid, OK 73701
P i n e des Granges, D. J. (M) Schlumberger West Africa,
Inc., Box 676, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Robertson, A. S. 0 ) Pan Geo Atlas Corp., 14322 River-
forest, Houston, TX 77024
Royuela, Carlos (J) YPFB, Camiri, Bolivia
Salinas, L. E. (M) Continental Oil Co., Box 68, Harvey,
LA 70058
Sato, Hisayoshi (M) Japan Petr. Exploration Co. Ltd.
Ohtemachi Bldg. No. 4,1-Chome Ohtemachi Chiyoda-
Ku, Tokyo, Japan
Simpson, A.L. (M) McCullough Tool Co., 5820 S. Alameda
St., Los Angeles, CA 90058
Strecker, Ian (M) Schlumberger Seaco, Inc., Hooker House,
Angel Place, Sydney, NSW Australia
Talkington, J. H. (M) Schlumberger Well Services, Box
246, Enid, OK 73701
Taniguchi, Kazuhiko (J) Teikoku Oil Co., Higashi-Odori
1-25, Niigata City, Japan
Thornton, F. M. (M) Canadian Superior Oil Ltd., 703
Sixth Ave. S.W., Calgary, Alta, CANADA
Williamson, R.C., Jr. (M) Leibrock, Landreth, Campbell,
& Callaway, 1100 V & J Tower, Midland, TX 79701
Wingert, J . R. (M) Chevron Oil Co., Box 599, Denver, CO
80201
43
 ANNUAL INDEX
References to P a p e r s of Technical Interest Pu lished
in T h e Log Analyst During 1967.
ALTHAUS, VOY E. : Electrokinetic Potentials i n South
Louisiana Tertiary Sediments, May/June/July, 29.
ARTUS, D. S.: Nuclear Magnetism Logging i n the Rocky
Mountain Area, Aug./Sept./Oct., 16.
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES:
T h i s is Birdwell, Feb./March/April, 29.
T h i s is Core Lab, May/June/July, 17.
T h i s is Gearhart-Owen Industries, Nov./Dec./Jan.,
T h i s is McCullough, Feb./March/April, 32.
This i s Pan Ceo Atlas Corporation, Nov./Dec./Jan.,
23.
T h i s i s Schlumberger Well Services, Nov./Dec./Jan.,
14.
T h i s i s Welex, Division Halliburton Company, Nov./
Dec./Jan., 27.
CANADIAN WELL LOGGING SOCIETY: Review of Log-
ging Activity i n Canada, Nov./Dec., 37.
DUREN, JACK: Some Petrophysical A s p e c t s of the Mis-
sissippian “Chat”, Click Field, Kiowa County, Kan-
s a s , Nov./Dec./Jan., 34.
FONS, LLOYD: The Arithmetic Average Log Analyst,
Feb./March/April, 35.
HOUSTON CHAPTER, SPWLA, Gamma-Gamma Density
Logging, Nov./Dec., 31.
ADVERTISERS IN THIS ISSUE
Birdwell Division Seismograph Service Corporation
Gearhart Owen Industries
Lane-Wells Company
P a n Geo Atlas Corporation
Schlumberger Well Services
Welex Division Halliburton Company
JONES, W. B. a n d C A R P E N T E R , R. A.: Element Detec-
tion by a Nondispersive X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis
System, Aug./Sept./Oct., 3.
K E L L E R , G. V. (translator); DAKHNOV, V. N., et al:
Well Logging by Means of Induced Polarization (Elec-
trolytic Logging), Nov./Dec., 3.
KEMPE, W. F.: Drilling and Sampling Rock, Aug./Sept./
Oct., 11.
LEBOURG, M., et al: Detection of Deep Formation Dam-
age, NovJDec., 19.
18. OVERTON, HAROLD L., and MOCZYGEMBA, MAX: Some
Mechanical Properties of Homogeneous and Hetero-
geneous Basalt, May/June/July, 22.
PASCHAL, E. A., JR.: U s e of Well L o g s i n the Permian
Basin, May/June/July, 45.
PIXLER, B. 0.: Baroid Mud Analysis Logging, Feb./
March/April, 16.
SPWLA: Discussion of SPWLA Seventh Symposium Papers,
Feb./March/April, 39.
SWIMMER, J.: Rapid Gravity Determination of Solids by
Means of A Differential Gravity Tube, Feb./March/Ap-
ril, 18.
TIMKO, DONALD J.: A Case Against Oil Muds, Nov./
Dec./Jan., 29.
TUNN, WALTER: Determinations of Some Important
Petrophysical Data of Oil and Gas Reserves and Com-
parison of Values Obtained by Different Flethods,
May/June/July, 35.
SPWLA LOGGING SYMPOSIUM TRANSACTIONS
Bound volumes of t h e following SPWLA Symposium
Transactions a r e available:
1962 (Third Symposium) $ 6.00
1965 (Sixth Symposium) $12.00
1966 (Seventh Symposium) $12.00
1967 (Eighth Symposium) $12 .OO
Order from SPWLA Home Office.
44 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1967
L O G G I M G ++I OILW-ELL 0 0 ~ NOT
5 HAVE-

7-0 S T A R T WITH F%LI€NDSHI P . . . , , ., .. .. .. ..

,

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I I-
Does the core show
a natural fracture?
The Mississippian formation shown at left is a dense limestone with
extremely low matrix porosity and permeability. Cores and log
data from a 700-ft. interval show that fractures constitute the prh-
cipal reservoir storage space and productive permeability.
The interval is too thick to economically complete in its entirety.
The problem is to find the zones of greatest natural fracturing so
that these zones can be selectively perforated and treated.
In dense, fractured formations, porosity logs are of little value in
determining the most productive intervals. Whole core analysis does
not tell the whole story either: a few inches of core represent an
interval of up to 3 feet; broken or badly fractured cores cannot be
used at all; finally, it is often difficult to determine whether a break
in the core, such as (A), (B) and (C), indicates an open fracture
in the formation.
There is only one way to get a reliable picture of fractures, and
that's with the Welex MICROSEISMOGRAM" LOG, or MSG Log. By
recording the full acoustic wave train, the MSG Log clearly indi-
cates fractures, their position and degree. Discontinuities at (A) and
(B) show fractures corresponding to the problematic fractures in
the cores. Broken cores (C) and (E) cause not a ripple on the
MSG Log.
The ultimate purpose of the MSG Fracture-Finder Log is to
make it possible to selectively perforate and treat, by finding the
zones of greatest natural fractures. The MSG Log can identify
lithology, too. But note that lithology changes (D) are identified,
not by discontinuities, but by ckanges in arrival times.*
Formation knowledge comes from many sources -the base log
and other logs, cores and core analysis, and any previous data
about the field. For fracture information -reliable fracture infor-
mation -a Welex MSG Log is essential.
Welex, P.O. Box 2687, Houston, Texas 77001.

*The ratio of compressional to shear velocity is

a constant 1.8 in dolomite and 1.9 in limestone,
regardless of porosity. Note that the width of
the time gap between the two arrivals on the
MSG Log corresponds to the plot of grain densities
from core analysis.
Division of Halliburton Company

Meet one of the Welex hard rock

country specialists, Cecil Bamber,
Asst. Dist. Mgr., Great Bend KanJ :as.
Cecil is an expert in the MSG Log
and the 8 k Plot.
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