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2013
www.rcia.uc.cl
foresty
research paper
Abstract
internal drainage and total pore volume as deter- Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 2007; Pesch et al., 2011).
mined from the textural class. For the topography For statistical analyses, we used R 2.11 (R Core
factor, the variables considered were slope, aspect Team, Vienna, Austria, 2012) and SPSS 17.0 (SPSS
and altitude (Table 1). The climate information Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 2007). For the spatial
was obtained from Worldclim (Hijmans et al., delimitation of the resulting homogeneous zones,
2005) and complemented with data from the we used the vectorial geographic covers of the
Ordination System of Land (SOT) (Schlatter et site classification system developed by Schlatter
al., 1995) and the study of climate variability for and Gerding (1995) and Schlatter et al. (1995).
the XXI century (DGF-Conama, 2006). The soil
data were obtained from CIREN (1999, 2003) and
Luzio et al. (2010). The percent participation of Results
each constituent soil particle (clay, silt, sand) was
obtained from the textural triangle developed by Multivariate statistical analysis
the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture of the
United States). The topographic variables were A total number of 205,165 polygons containing
obtained from a digital elevation model (DEM) of N. dombeyi secondary forests was included in
the satellite sensor ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne the final analysis, which represents a total area
Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer). of 173,062
ha. The principal components analysis
The integration of biophysical factors was based indicated that the first three factors accounted for
on spatial analysis (GIS) using ArcGIS 9.3 and 64.37% of the variation (35.71, 16.68 and 11.98%,
ERDAS 8.7. The spatial database had informa- respectively) (Figure 1). The analysis identified
tion for each stand of N. dombeyi according to the eight most important biophysical variables.
CONAF et al. (1999). These variables were thermal oscillation, mini-
mum temperature, mean annual temperature and
annual precipitation for climate; effective depth,
Statistical analysis and spatial delimitation internal drainage and porosity for soil; and altitude
for topography.
We performed an exploratory principal components
analysis to identify the soil, climate and topo- The cluster analysis allowed the generation of
graphic variables that best explain the variability five groups with maximization among the groups
of the data set (Quinn and Keough, 2002). This for each cluster. For all variables and all clusters
selection was based on the criteria of the scree obtained, the average values of each centroid
test of Cattell and Kaiser-Guttman (Quinn and were highly significant (P≤0.001). The greatest
Keough, 2002). With the information reduced, a difference among the clusters was given in the
cluster analysis was developed (K-means). Finally, number of observations assigned to each one.
as a complementary analysis, CART (Classifica- Zones 1, 2 and 3 represented 89% of the total area
tion and Regression Tree) was applied using the covered by N. dombeyi, which indicated that the
QUEST (Quick, unbiased, efficient, statistical tree) highest concentration of stands are located in the
classification type. The decision tree procedure Andean Range in the province of Valdivia and in
created a classification model based on the trees the Intermediate Depression and foothills of the
and classified the cases into groups or predicted Andes in the province of Cautín. The QUEST
values of a dependent variable (target) based on analysis (Figure 2) showed a decision tree that
the values of independent variables (predictors). allows the identification of the variables that
The procedure provides validation tools for ex- contribute most to the classification of the five
ploratory analysis and confirmatory classification growth areas: thermal oscillation, precipitation,
(McCune, 1988; SPSS Decision Trees 17.0. SPSS soil porosity and soil drainage. The reliability of
354 ciencia e investigación agraria
9 - 11 10
11 - 13 12
13 - 15 14
15 - 17 16
Thermal oscillation (°C) 16.2 – 17.7 17
17.8 – 19.3 19
19.4 – 20.9 20.2
21.0 – 22.5 21.7
22.6 – 24.0 23.3
Minimum temperature (°C) -3.4 - -1.74 -2.3
-1.75 - -0.07 -0.8
-0.06 – 1.58 0.8
1.57 – 3.23 2.3
3.24 – 4.90 4.0
Maximum temperature (°C) 16.9 – 18.6 17.8
18.7 – 20.4 19.6
20.5 – 22.3 21.2
22.4 – 24.1 23.5
24.2 - 26 25
Annual rainfall (mm) < 750 750
750- 1,550 1,150
1,550 – 2,550 2,050
2,550 – 3,550 3,050
3,550 - 3950 3,750
3,950 – 5,000 4,450
Soil Deep physiological soil (cm) < 25 25
25 - 50 37
50 - 75 62
75 - 100 87
100 - 150 125
> 150 150
Textural classes (mm) < 0.122 0.122
0.122 – 0.254 0.188
0.254 – 0.456 0.355
0.456 – 0.614 0.518
0.614 – 0.634 0.624
Bulk density in 0-25 cm - 0
(g cm-3) - 0.74
- 0.76
- 0.82
- 0.83
- 0.88
- 0.92
- 1.16
- 1.42
Internal drainage Excessive 1
good 2
Moderate 3
Imperfect 4
Poor 5
Very poor 6
Porosity (%) Sandy-Clay Soils 40
Sandy Soils 42.5
Clay Soils 45
Topography Slope (%) 0 - 15 7.5
15 - 30 22.5
VOLUME 40 Nº2 MAY – AUGUST 2013 355
Table 1 continued
Factor Variable and Code Rank Class
30 - 45 37.5
45 - 60 52.5
60 -100 75
Aspect (°) 0 0
0 – 22.5 11
22.5 – 67.5 45
67.5 – 112.5 90
112.5 – 157.5 135
157.5 – 202.5 180
202.5 – 247.5 225
247.5 – 292.5 270
292.5 – 337.5 315
337.5 - 360 349
Altitude (m) 0 - 200 100
200 - 400 300
400 - 600 500
600 - 800 700
800 – 1,000 900
1,000 – 1,200 1,100
1,200 – 1,400 1,300
Figure 1. Edaphoclimatic zones for N. dombeyi determined from the integration of biophysical factors.
356 ciencia e investigación agraria
the results associated with this model is shown the lowest porosity and physiological soil depth,
in the confusion matrix, which revealed that the and topography, with lower elevations (similar to
classification was 100% correct in the allocation Zone 4). Zone 3 represented the Coastal Range
of units to growth areas. and the Intermediate Depression in the province
of Cautín, in addition to the foothills of the Andes
Zone 1 was mainly in the Andean Range across in the southern part of the study area. This area
the latitudinal distribution of the study area. The covered 27.3% of the stands of N. dombeyi. The
area of secondary
forests of N. dombeyi represented factor that defined this area corresponded mainly
32% of the total area. The factor that helped define to climate, as represented by the highest thermal
this area was climate, with the highest annual oscillation, similar to Zone 1. Zone 4 corresponded
rainfall and thermal oscillation and the lowest to the Intermediate Depression in the province of
minimum temperature. Zone 2 corresponded Ranco and accounted for 6.2% of the stands of
to the Coastal Range, Intermediate Depression N. dombeyi. The factor that defined this area was
and Andean foothills in the province of Valdivia climate, with the lowest annual rainfall and the
and part of Ranco. The secondary forests of N. highest average annual temperature. Zone 5 was
dombeyi corresponded to 30% of the total area. located in the Coastal Range in Cautín Province.
The factors that defined this area were soil, with This area comprised 5.5% of all stands. The fac-
Figure 2. CART tree for the occurrence of N. dombeyi stands in each zone.
VOLUME 40 Nº2 MAY – AUGUST 2013 357
tors that defined this area mainly corresponded to areas of higher humidity, where it reaches better
climate and topography, with the lowest thermal growth rates (Donoso et al., 2006). This study
oscillation and the highest altitude (Table 2). showed that the main variables that enabled the
classification of different homogeneous zones
of growth for stands of N. dombeyi were annual
Discussion average precipitation, thermal oscillation and
soil drainage.
The climate and soil variables selected are con-
sistent with zoning studies for other species and Zone 1 had soils originating from volcanic ashes
sites that were based on traditional mapping (inceptisols and andisols) at different stages of
techniques (Gerding and Schlatter, 1995, Schlatter development (Luzio et al., 2010). This zone was
and Gerding, 1995, Schlatter et al., 1995, 1997, characterized by the highest humidity and low-
Thiers, 2004, Cruz et al., 2009). In particular, est temperature values (-1.3 °C). These factors
Schlatter et al. (1997) showed that, in general, allowed for the permanent availability of soil
the regional climate, and more specifically the moisture. The average temperature (10 °C or
water availability, determined the growth of plant less) tended to be low for other Nothofagus spe-
species, which is explained by their direct influ- cies, also favoring N. dombeyi in this region, as
ence on photosynthesis and indirectly through reported by Weinberger and Ramírez (2001) for an
the opening and closing of the stomata of leaves elevation range from 700 to 800 m.a.s.l. At these
(Alberdi, 1987). Another important factor is elevations and above, N. dombeyi forest stands
soil moisture, which is related to soil depth and tend to be pure due to their greater tolerance to
drainage (Schlatter et al., 1995). N. dombeyi low temperatures compared with other species
has been previously reported to adapt better to (Weinberger and Ramirez, 2001, Donoso et al.,
Table 2. Descriptive analysis of biophysical explanatory variables for each edaphoclimatic zone.
ZEH T.O MT AAT ALT AR PSD POR
(ha) Statistics (°C) (°C) (°C) (m.a.s.l.) (mm) (cm) DR (%)
1999), except when it meets with N. pumilio at and Lara, 2004, Esse et al., 2007). However,
elevations > 1000 m (Donoso et al., 2006). With edaphoclimatic zones for native species with
these climate and soil characteristics, N. dombeyi high silvicultural potential and an ample spatial
secondary stands can reach growth rates close to distribution are unknown. Overall, the methods
20 m3 ha-1 yr-1 after age 20 (Donoso et al., 1999), used for zoning have considered traditional map-
illustrating the great growth potential of second- ping techniques (Schlatter et al., 1995, 1997).
ary forests in this zone. However, in recent years, different multivariate
statistical methods have been used to reduce the
Zone 2 deserves special attention. It is separated variables and to identify patterns (Echeverría
from Zone 3 due to the presence of the east- and Lara, 2004, Thiers, 2004, Cruz et al., 2009,
to-west mountain range of Loncoche, which is Chambers et al., 2013), and hierarchical methods
an extension of the Coastal Range that widens have been used for defining forest types and
toward the east (Illies, 1970). This clear divi- classification tree analysis (Pesch et al., 2011).
sion illustrates the accuracy of the methodology This study recommends a methodology that,
used as both the soil and climate change in this through the integration of biophysical factors,
Loncoche mountain range. The division of both contributes to the determination of homoge-
zones is explained by the variation in the climate. neous edaphoclimatic zones for the potential
In general, Zone 3 has a higher thermal oscil- growth of species that have a high capacity to
lation (Table 2), which can reduce the competi- adapt to different environmental conditions and
tive advantages of N. dombeyi and may explain that are economically attractive. The present
why there were so few secondary forests of N. study illustrates that using these techniques to
dombeyi in this zone. As a result, Zone 2 covers determine homogeneous zones for the potential
the Coastal Range and the Loncoche mountains, growth of economically interesting species
with most in the province of Valdivia, where the is viable and has an ecologically reasonable
soils have the lowest porosity, depth and altitude explanation. These results can have relevant
range. Zone 4, in contrast to the others, showed applications for land use allocation, as in the
N. dombeyi stands growing in areas of low case of forestry for the selection of zones of
rainfall and high temperatures, concentrated in homogeneous growth for differential produc-
the Intermediate Depression in the province of tion or conservation purposes.
Ranco. The presence of these stands showed the
ability of this species to establish and develop
under various site conditions. Acknowledgements
Zone 5 is characterized by a highly fragmented C. Esse thanks the National Doctoral program
landscape with a low number of stands due to a CONICYT Chile and the grant 062/2011 of the
strong land-use change to agriculture, especially Fund for Research in Native Forests administered
since the mid-twentieth century (Camus, 2006). by CONAF. PJ. Donoso thanks FONDECYT grant
The stands of N. dombeyi were identified growing 1110744. F. Encina-Montoya thanks Research
in areas of higher altitude (average 900 m) and Directorate of Universidad Católica de Temuco
low thermal oscillation in this zone. and Mecesup Project UCT 0804. The authors
thank professors Dr. Juan Schlatter, Dr. Oscar
Several studies in Chile have proposed growth Thiers and Dr. Víctor Sandoval of the Universidad
areas for various exotic and native tree species Austral de Chile, and Dr. Celso Navarro of the
(Donoso et al., 1993, Gerding and Schlatter, Universidad Católica de Temuco, for their helpful
1995, Schlatter and Gerding, 1995, Echeverría suggestions and comments.
VOLUME 40 Nº2 MAY – AUGUST 2013 359
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