Final Biosecurity Terminal Report

ABSTRACT
The study is part of a national research project conducted primarily to assess and
update the status of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in the region. This is to provide and
generate information/data base as a basis for control, management strategies and for
national policies to protect biodiversity. From the list of IAS present in the country, floral
and faunal IAS was identified by locations. However, some of the species in the list as
identified to be present are not at all threat to biodiversity or invasive relative to their
economic importance and silvical characterestics under region 02 conditions. Into this
context, these species were then labeled as conflict species. Also, some of the
identified species were listed as species to watch consistent with their degree of
invasiveness and silvical characterestics. Protected areas dubbed as reservoir of
biodiversity were given special attention. The Fuyot Spring National Park (FSNP) in
Isabela and the Quirino Protected Landscape (QPL) of Quirino province are selected as
areas of concern. Floral and faunal compositions including IAS present were identified
to serve as benchmark information to future surveillance of possible invasion to these
less disturbed areas. In the regional perspective, there are 51 IAS which includes one
(1) virus with 29 species on flora and 22 on fauna in their varying level of threat to
biodiversity located from the coastal to the upland ecosystems. Providing further
information, the level of awareness among the general public was assessed through a
survey questionnaire. Results showed very low level, notwithstanding conflicting
answers which all the more presents low knowledge to IAS and the threat posed to
biodiversity conservation. This condition necessitates the conduct of IEC focusing on
biodiversity losses from invasive alien species as they affect human health and the
economy.
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I. INTRODUCTION:
The Philippines is considered as a biodiversity hotspot because of its wide array

of species composition, the high level of species endemism and similar high level of
threats affecting biodiversity in the country in the last twenty years or so. As human
population increases, so are the threats to biodiversity as exemplified by the
manipulation in the spatial and biological requirements of each species and
corresponding habitat. As party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the
Philippines upholds its commitment to conserve biological diversity, sustain use of
natural resources and fairly and equitably share the benefits derived from the use of
genetic resources.
The introduction of exotic species, either intentionally or unintentionally,

constitutes one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Those alien species that become
established in a new environment then proliferate and spread in ways that they become
destructive to human interests and natural ecosystems are considered “Invasive Alien
Species” or IAS. To some extent, this result to a phenomenon referred to as
bioinvasion of natural habitats and puts to risk the existence of our indigenous flora and
fauna either through competition for food or space. Such phenomenon brings to fore an
emerging concept called biosecurity which is globally significant because of the risks
they pose to the economy, environment and human health. Such concept is premised
on past experiences with introduced species such as the American bullfrog and Golden
apple snail which have displaced indigenous species in natural habitats.
In a more specific sense, biosecurity is relatively new word, a contraction of the

phrase biological security. This term reflects the concern by a lot of countries over the
negative effects caused by alien organisms such as foreign animals, plants, insects,
bacteria, viruses and other life forms that neatly describe the phenomenon of alien
organisms struggling to dominate native organisms. It is also viewed as the exclusion,
eradication and effective management of pests and the risks they pose to the economy,
environment and human health including other threats such as biological warfare or
epidemics. Biosecurity regulation relies on countermeasures such as monitoring
statistics for patterns of emerging epidemics, ensuring sufficient stockpiles of the
appropriate vaccines or other medicines required to contain an outbreak, public health
education and alertness and widespread use of sophisticated pathogen detectors,
appropriate advanced risk assessment protocols, enhanced capabilities, strong science-
based decision making abilities and appropriate regulatory framework and policies.
Numerous international instruments have been developed to address IAS and

the most comprehensive is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which calls on
parties to prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which
threaten ecosystem, habitats or species. At present, IAS in the Philippines occurs in
different taxonomic groups. No less than 100 species has been listed as invasive
based on the IUCN-ISSG category and the checklist of these species has already been
compiled which provides information on the origin, mode of introduction and likely
pathways of spread and threats generally posed by the species. Some species have in
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fact been purposely used for various purposes such as reforestation, food production
and biological control of other unwanted organisms and have, to some extent, been part
of the country’s landscape. This brings to light the concern for economically important
IAS or conflict species which has to be studied fully in order to come up with a more
meaningful and appropriate strategy for the regulation of IAS in the country. There is
however, a dearth of information in terms of their range of distribution and impacts and
many of these IAS in natural ecosystems are the major concern of this study.
II. OBJECTIVES:
General:
To assess and update the status of IAS in the Philippines and develop an
information/data base system as a basis for control and management strategies
to protect biodiversity.
Specific:
 To assess, update and validate the status of IAS to cover terrestrial and exotic
species
 To prioritize IAS according to economic importance and impacts on natural
systems including human health
 To provide inputs in the development of guidelines/action plan for the
management and control of IAS
 To enhance awareness and common understanding on IAS with emphasis on
impacts and control measures
III. METHODOLOGY:
The project covered the whole area of Cagayan Valley Region (Region 02) from
the coastal to the upland areas except for the province of Batanes. Declared protected
areas being less disturbed are equally assessed as to the extent of invasion and/or
presence of invasive species. For is purpose, the Fuyot Spring National Park (FSNP)
located in the province of Isabela and the Quirino Protected Landscape (QPL) of the
province of Quirino were selected as special areas of concern for invasive species
surveillance. To provide reference and benchmark information as to possible invasion,
introduction or presence of other species in the future, the current and existing floral and
faunal composition of subject protected areas were determined. To facilitate this
activity, floral and faunal data from the office of the Protected Area, Wildlife and Coastal
Zone Management Services (PAWCZMS) and the checklist of invasive species in the
Philippines were used as reference. The lists were field validated through ocular
verification, interview with DENR field offices and residents in the area. This resulted to
the inclusion of some additional species both under flora and fauna with information on
how they are locally named. However, with the absence of pictures and other physical
aids, some of the species (as listed by PAWCZMS) were not locally identified. The
identified IAS were prioritized according to their economic importance, degree of
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invasiveness and silvical characterestics to determine conflict and priority species to
watch.
Further, to frame up effective guidelines to contain these invasive species and

achieve proper management, the level of awareness were generated from the public in
all provinces (except Batanes). This was done via a pre-tested survey form provided by
ERDB. The survey instrument covers the generation of the individual’s specific
knowledge and understanding on IAS, sources of information, frequency and
accessibility of information, among others. There is no predetermined choice of who will
be are the respondents, however, targeted survey areas are offices both private and
public and farm groups. Before distributing the forms, the contents were discussed to
the respondents then left alone to provide the required information to dispose any bias
on data. Data were organized through the IBM program on Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
A. Protected Areas:
1. Fuyot Spring National Park:
Fuyot Spring National Park (FSNP) was primarily established to preserve its
biodiversity, the natural scenic beauty of the area and establish a tourist site under
Presidential Proclamation Number 327 dated October 8, 1938. It is part of the Sierra
Madre Mountain Range on its western portion with a total area of 1,336.912
hectares specifically located within the municipality of llagan, province of Isabela and
covering the barangays of Pasa and Santa Victoria. About 813 hectares of the park
(Pasa sub-watershed) is part of the Bintacan watershed currently servicing
approximately 65 hectares of rice lands. It is accessible by land transport any time of
the year.
The validated floral composition of the area shows 49 species, consisting of

trees, vines, grasses, shrubs and herbs whose current conservation status is either
endangered or vulnerable. There are 14 Invasive Alien Species (IAS) present in the
area. Of the tree species present, five (5) are in the list of IAS but four (4) are
considered as conflict species under region 2 conditions. Mahogany (Swietenia
macrophyla) and gmelina (Gmelina arborea) were intentionally planted and possibly
some other exotic species will be added as the area is included in NGP targets.
Also, from the same floral list, one tree and one grass species fall under the priority
IAS to watch (Table 2).
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Table 1. Validated Floral Composition of Fuyot Spring National Park
Local Name Common Name Scientific Name Status
1. Alibangbang Alibangbang Pileostigma malabaricum
2. Apitong Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Listed as IAS
3. Azolla Azolla Azolla pinnata Listed as IAS
4. Bain bain Giant Makahiya Mimosa diplotricha Listed as IAS
5. Bain bain Makahiya Mimosa pudica Listed as IAS
6. Balete Balete Ficus elastica
7. Balingagta Bolong-eta Diospyrus pilosanthera Endangered
8. Banato Banato Mallotus philippinensis Vulnerable
9. Bayabas Guava Pysigium guajava Listed as IAS
10. Bayog Bayog Dendrocalamus spp
11. Binuang Binuang Octomeles sumatrana Vulnerable
12. Binunga Binunga Macaranga lanarius Vulnerable
13. Bugnay Bignai Antidesma bunius
14. Dao Dao Dracontomelon dao Endangered
15. Dalipaoen Dita Alstonia scholaris
16. Dap-dap Dap-dap Erythrina orientalis Vulnerable
17. Galut galut Bahama grass Cynodon dactylon Listed as IAS
18. Gatasan Gatasan Garcinia venulosa Vulnerable
19. Gmelina Yemane Gmelina arborea Listed as IAS
20. Guijo Guijo Shorea guiso Endangered
21. Hagonoy Hagonoi Chromolaena odorata Listed as IAS
22. Hauili Hauili Ficus septic
23. Ilang-ilang Ilang-ilang Cananga odorata
24. Ipil ipil Ipil ipil Leucaena leucocephala Listed as IAS
25. Kupang Kupang Parkis roxborghii Vulnerable
26. Lanete Lanete Wrightia pubescens Endangered
27. Lantana Lantana Lantana camara Listed as IAS
28. Mahogany Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Listed as IAS
29. Makabiag Makabuhay Tinospora glabra
30. Manggasinoro Manggasinoro Shorea philippinensis Endangered
31. Maramangga Pahutan Manggifera altissima Vulnerable
32. Mayapis Mayapis Shorea palosapis Endangered
33. Micania Mile-a minute Micantha micrantha Listed as IAS
34. Narra Narra Pterocarpus indicus Endangered
35. Nato puraw White nato Ponteria macrantha Endangered
36. Nito Nito Lygodium flexousum
37. Pagsahingin Pagsahingin Canarium asperum Vulnerable
34. Palali Katmon Dilennia philippinensis
38. Palosapis Palosapis Anisoptera thurifera Endangered
39. Pan-aw Cogon Imperata cylindrica
40. Red Lauan Red Lauan Shorea negrosensis Endangered
41. Sablot Sablot Litsea glutinosa Endangered
42. Sagat Molave Vitex parviflora Endangered
43. Samak Alim Melanolepsis multiglandulosa
44. Tabbeg Tibig Ficus nota
45. Takip asin Takip asin Macaranga grandiflora
46. Tanguile Tanguile Shorea polysperma Endangered
47. Tindalo Tindalo Afzelia rhomboidea Endangered
48. Water lily Water hyacinth Eichormia crassipes Listed as IAS
49. White Lauan White Lauan Pentacme contorta Endangered
Reference: PAWCZMS data
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For its faunal composition, there are 39 species of birds, four (4) amphibians,
three (3) reptiles, one (1) rodent) and two (2) mollusks. Out of this, five (5) are in the
list of IAS yet no priority species was determined. Likewise, two of the bird species
are migrants, however, one is only in list of being invasive and all the rest are
considered endemic. Further, two (2) of the resident bird species are vulnerably
endangered to extinction. These bird species has moved into this category not by
impairment of their habitat nor any events caused by invasive species but
accordingly by hunting.
Further interview caused the inclusion of monitor lizard, common rats and
snakes of different species including python in the PAWZCMS faunal list which are
observed by residents near the area yet there is no encounter during field surveys.
No information was generated on new species of rats nor this so-called common rat
is Rattus exulans. Their population is, however, is at normal level, probably due to a
balanced prey-predator situation because no distressing infestation has accordingly
occurred.
Table 2. List of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) within the Fuyot Spring National Park
(FNSP) Tumauini, Isabela R02
Common Name Local Name Scientific Name
Apitong* Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
Mahogany* Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla
Yemane* Paper tree, yemane, gmelina Gmelina arborea
Guava** Bayabas, Bayyabas Psidium guajava
Ipil ipil* Ipil ipil Leucaena leucocephala
Mile-a-minute Mikania Mikania micrantha
Giant makahiya** Bain bain Mimosa diplotricha
Sensitive grass Bain bain Mimosa pudica
Bahama grass Galut galut Cynodon dactylon
Azolla Azolla Azolla pinnata
Water hyacinth Water lily Eichornia crassipes
Morning glory Kangkong Ipomea aquatica
Hagonoi Hagonoy Chromolaena odorata
Lantana Lantana Lantana camara
Toad Karag, bullfrog Bufo marinus
Giant African snail Birurukong Achatina fulica
Golden apple snail** Taiwan kuhol Pomacea cananiculata
Heron, Cattle egret Kannaway Bubulcus ibis
Fire ant Ampipit Solenopsis geminata
*Conflict species
**Priority species
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Table 3. Faunal Composition of Fuyot Spring National Park (Tumauini, Isabela).*
1. Alimuken Brown fruit dove Phapitreron amethystina Resident
2. Kiaw Black naped oriole Oriolus chinensis Resident
3. Barred rail Galiralus torquatos Resident
4. Blue headed fantail Rhipidura cyaniceps Resident
5. Bulilising Blue-naped parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis Resident
6. Pirpiriw Blue-tailed bee eater Merops philippinus Resident
7. Brown shrike Lanius cristatus Migrant
8. Chestnut munia Lonchura mallaca Resident
9. Coleto Sarcops calvus Resident
10. Common emerald dove Chalcophaps indica Resident
11. Salaksak Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis Resident
12. Coppersmith barbet Megalairma haemacephala Resident
13. Crested myna Acridotheres cristatellus Resident
14. Kuling Crested serpent eagle Spilormis cheela Resident
15. Kakok Drongo cuckoo Surniculus lugubris Resident
16. Eurasian tree sparrow Passer montanos Resident
17. Ampipit Fire ant Solenopsis geminata IAS
18. Kiaw Isabela oriole Oriolus isabellae Resident
19. Kulla-aw Luzon scoop owl Otus longcurmisi Resident
20. Panal Long-tailed shrike Lanius schach Resident
21. Panal Bakir Mountain shrike Lanius validirostris Resident
22. Olive-black sunbird Nectarinia jugularis Resident
23. Pied bushchat Saxicola caprata Resident
24. Sammuti Philippine bulbul Hypsepetes Philippinus Resident
25. Philippine caucal Centrupus viridus Resident
26. Salapingaw Philippine swiftlet Callocala meamsi Resident
27. Phil. Fairy blue bird Irena cyanogaster Resident
28. Philippine falconet Microhirax sruthrogemys Resident
29. Pygmy swiftlet Collocalia troglodytes Resident
30. Red crested malkoha Phoenicophaeaus superciliosus Resident
31. Abuyo Red jungle fowl Galius galius Resident
32. Red-keeled flower pecker Dicaeum austrate Resident
33. Scale-feathered malkoha Phoenicophaeaus superciliosus Resident
34. Sooty woodpecker Mullerpicus funebris Resident
35. Tikrubong Striated grassbird Megalurus palustris Resident
36. Pugo Spotted button quail Turnix ocellata Vulnerable
37. Tailor bird Orthotomus castaneipceps Resident
38. Tariktik Tariktik hornbill Penelopides panini Vulnerable
39. Kannaway Heron, Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis IAS
40. Karag Toad Bufo marinus IAS
41. Tukak Rice field frog Rana vitigira
42. Pilat Tree frog
43. Bat-og Frog spp
44. Birurukong Giant African snail Achatina fulica IAS
45. Taiwan kuhol Golden apple snail; Pomacea cananiculata IAS
46. Uleg Snake
47. Beklat Phython
48. Banyas Monitor lizard Varanus spp.
49. Utot, Bao Rats
Reference:PAWCZMS data
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2. Quirino Protected Landscape (QPL):
QPL was established under Presidential Proclamation Number 779 dated

February 2, 2005 with a total area of 178,884.773 hectares encompassing the whole
province of Quirino by covering the municiplalities of Aglipay, Cabarroguis,
Nagrtipunan, Maddela and Diffun except Saguday.
PENRO Quirino NGP/RBC 2013

PENRO Quirino RBC NGP 2013
The floral diversity of QPL is composed of fifty six (56) plants consisting of
endemic and exotic species. IAS assessment of its flora shows that there are 23
species wherein 13 are trees, two (2) shrubs, one (1) grass, three (3) herbs and four
(4) vines. Of the identified IAS, seven (7) are considered as conflict species for the
same reason on their economic importance and has never been observed to be
invasive while three (3) are in the regional priority watch list (Table 4).
Among the floral IAS, the giant

makahiya (Mimosa diplotricha) is
considered as the most disastrous for
having expeditiously invaded open
upland ecosystems. Not only
because of its extremely rapid growth
but also due to the scores of seed it
produces. The species has caused
distress in land preparation of upland
farms left idle for sometime and
DENR project areas notwithstanding
maintenance especially so when
funds are not sufficiently allocated.
This condition is shared by micania
(Mikania micrantha) in lower
elevations near bodies of water.
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Table 4. Floral Composition of Quirino Protected Landscape
1. Agoho Agoho Casuarina equisetefolia IAS
2. Agonoy Hagonoy Chromolaena odorata IAS
3. Albutra Albutra Arcangelisia flava Endemic
4. Almaciga Almaciga Agathis philippinensis Vulnerable
5. Apitong Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus IAS
6. Asolla Azolla Azolla pinnata IAS
7. Auri Earleaf acacia Acacia auriculaeformis IAS
8. Bayabas Guava Pysigium guajava IAS
9. Bitanghol Bitanghol Callophylum blancoi Vulnerable
10. Bitaog Bitaog Callophylum inophyllum Vulnerable
11. Bolo Boho S. lumampao
12. Bugnay Bignai Antidesma bunios
13. Chinese apple Mansanita Ziziphus mauritina IAS
14. Dapdap Dapdap Erythrina orientalis Vulnerable
15. Eucalyptus Mindanao gum Eucalyptus deglupta IAS
16. Fashion fruit Fashion fruit Passiflora edulis IAS
17. Galut galot Bahama grass Cynodon dactylon IAS
18. Gmelina Gmelina Gmelina arborea IAS
19. Gatasan Gatasan Garcinia venolusa Vulnerable
20. Guijo Guijo Shorea guiso
21. Gawed Ikmo Piper beetle Endemic
22. Hagakhak Hagakhak Dipterocarpus validus Endangered
23. Ipil ipil Ipil ipil Leucaena leucocephala IAS
24. Kakawate Madre de cacao Glyricida sepium Vulnerable
25. Kangkong Morning glory Ipomea aquatica IAS
26. Kiri Paulonia Paulonia spp IAS
27. Lantana Lantana Lantana camara IAS
28. Letis Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes IAS
29. Lomboy Duhat Syzygium cumini IAS
30. Mangium Mangium Acacia mangium IAS
31. Mahogany Mahogany Swietenia mcarophyla IAS
32. Makaasim Makaasim Syzidium nitidum Vulnerable
32.Makabiag Makabuhai Tinospora spp Endemic
33.Malaguijo Malaguijo Shorea plagata
34.Manggachapui Manggachapui Hopea acuminata
35.Malabayabas Malabayabas Tristonia decorticate Vulnerable
36.Mala-bitaog Mala-bitaog Callophylum cumingii Vulnerable
37.Malapapaya Malapapaya Polyscias nodosa
38.Maragawed Litlit Piper interruptum Endemic
39.Mayapis Mayapis Shorea palosapis Endangered
40.Mikania Mile-a-minute Mikania micrantha IAS
41.Narra Narra Pterocarpus indicus Endangered
42.Nito Nito Lygodium flexousum Endemic
43.Nito Nitong Pula Lygodium japonicum Endemic
44.Pagoringon Paguringon Cratoxyllum celebicum Vulnerable
45.Palali Katmon Dillenia philippinensis Vulnerable
46. Red Lauan Red Lauan Shorea negrosensis Vulnerable
47.Sagat Molave Vitex parviflora Endangered
48.Sky flower Sky flower Thunbergia grandiflora IAS
49.Takip asin Takip asin Macaranga grandiflora Vulnerable
50.Teak Teak Tectona grandis IAS
51.Tangile Tanguile Shorea polysperma Endangered
52.Water lily Water hyacinth Eichornia crassipes IAS
53.White Lauan White Lauan Shorea contorta Endangered
54.Yakal Yakal Hopea astylosa Endangered
55.Guisok Yakal-guisok Shorea guisok Endangered
56.Malibato Yakal malibato Shorea malibatu Endangered
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On the faunal side, there are 54 species including the banana bunchy top
virus wherein eight (8) were identified as IAS, two (2) of which in the priority watch
list. Based on the PAWZCMS data, the Maori rat (Ratus exulans), otherwise known
as pacific rat exist in the QPL and labeled as endemic species. This coud be true
because the species is said to be native to south east asia (IUCN/SSG).
On the assumption that this species is

the same as the ordinary rice field rat, then
this species is widespread in the whole region.
However, residents cannot recall of any
instance where this rodent has caused crop
devastation or extreme population. Yet it could
also be possible that this species may in the
future rapidly increase in population because
of snake hunting in the area. To become pest
in the future is not also remote because as
their population grows, competition on food
will eventually happen with agricultural crops
as food preference. The species is relished as
food to some residents.
Other faunal IAS notoriously providing problems to farmers are the golden
apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), the rice field eel (Monopterus albus) and the
bunchy top virus (BBT virus). Based on interviews, the introduction of the mentioned
species is unknown as they simply existed and ignored during their incipient
existence until observed as pests and no amount of control has been effective. The
existence of the eel for instance was at the outset regarded as a blessing because
accordingly it was so profitably rewarding until Chinese buyers came to be witty that
local traders shun away the business.
Economic losses from BBT in the

QPL have caused resolute abandonment of
the banana industry where one time this is
among the main stay of living. With respect
to biodiversity conservation, this condition
has increased pressure in the upland
ecosystems as people tend to look for
alternative way in order to survive. The
introduction of the virus was probably due to
unguarded plantation trials of other banana
varieties sourced from other areas. Virus
contaminations of introduced plantlets with
people sharing resources pose high
probability of its widespread until all
plantations were infected.
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Table 5. Faunal Composition of Quirino Protected Landscape

1. Paniki Short-nosed fruit bat Ptenochirus jagori Native
2. Paniki Musky fruit bat Hipposideros alter Endemic
3. Paniki Dusky roundleaf bat Hipposideros diadema Native
4. Paniki Diadem round leaf bat Hipposideros obscurus Native
5. Paniki Phil. Forest round leaf bat Rhinolophus arcuatus Near threatened
6. Paniki Arcuate horseshoe bat Rhinolophus virgo Native
7. Paniki Yellow-faced horseshoe bat Kerivoula spp Threatened
8. Paniki Wooly bat Murina cyclotis New record
9. Paniki Round-eared tube-nosed bat Myotis horsefieldi Native
10. Common asiatic myotis Pipistrellus ef. Javanicus Native
11. Javan pipistrelle Apomys spp
12. Musang Luzon montane forest mouse Chrotomys spp Luzon endemic
13. Utot, Bao Striped shrew rat Bullimus ef. Luzunicus Luzon endemic
14. Utot/Bao Large luzon forest rat Phloeomys pallidus Luzon endemic
15. Utot/Bao Bakir Northern luzon giant cloud rat Rattus everetti Luzon endemic
16. Utot/Bao Common Phil. Forest rat Rattus exulans Endemic IAS
17. Utot/Bao Polynesian rat Suidae spp
18. Alingo Philippine warty pig Cervus marianus Vulnerable
19. Ugsa Philippine deer Macaca fascicularis Endangered
20. Sunggo, Bakes Long-tailed macaque P. hermaphroditus Endangered
21. Musang Common palm civet Viverra tangalunga Native
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Continuation of Table 5.
22. Musang Malay civet Native
23. Sammuti Philippine bulbul Hypsipetes philippinus Endemic
24. Papa Mallard Anas platyrhynchos IAS
25. Kiaw Isabela oriole Oriolus isabellae Endemic
26. Perroka Yellow vented bulbul Pycnonotus goiaver Endemic
27. Salaksak Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis Endemic
28. Abuyo Red jungle fowl Gallius gallius Endemic
29. Tariktik Tariktik Penelopides panini Endemic
30. Kurotokot Zebra dove Geopelia striata Endemic
31. Pugo Spotted button quail Turnix ocellata Vulnerable
32. Uwak Crow Endemic
33. Alimuken Common emerald dove Chalcophaps indica Endemic
34. Philippine falconet Microhirax erythrogenys Endemic
35. Alimuken White-eared brown fruit dove Phapitreton leucolis Endemic
36. Kuling Crested serpent eagle Spilormis cheela Endemic
37. Mountain shrike Lanius validirotris Endemic
38. Chestnut munia Lonchura mallaca Resident
39. Kannaway Heron Bubulcos ibis IAS
40. Coleto Sarcops calvus Endemic
41. Barred rail Gliratus torquatus Endemic
42. Kali Philippine hawk Eagle Spizaetus philippinensis Vulnerable
43. Blackish cuckoo shrike Coracina coerulesence Restricted range
44. Sooty wood pecker Mullerpicus funebris Endemic
45. Tikrubong Straited grassbird Megalurus palustris Endemic
46. Tailorbird Orthotomus castaneiceps Endemic
47. Kalaw Rofus hornbill Buceros hydrocorax Endangered
48. Karag Toad Bufo marinus IAS
49. Taiwan kuhol Golden kuhol Pomacea canaliculata IAS
50. Banyas Monitor Lizard Varanus spp. Native
51. Kiaw White lored oriole Oriolus albiloris Restricted range
52. Kiwet Rice field eel Monopterus albus IAS
53. Birurukong Giant African snail Achatina fulica IAS
54. Bunchy top Bunchy top virus BBTV IAS
55. Tilapia Mosambique tilapia O.mossambicus IAS
56. Birut Flat head goby Glossogobius giurus IAS
57. Taiwan paltat Asiatic catfish Clarias batrachus IAS
58. Dalag Snakehead fish Channa striata IAS
59. Tilapia Nile tilapia O. niloticus IAS
60. Million fish Million fish Poecilia reticulata IAS
61. Barairong Rhino beetle Oryctes rhinoceros IAS
62. Ampipit Fire ant Solenopsis geminata IAS
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Table 6. Summary List of Invasive Alien Species within the Quirino Protected Landscape
Common Name Local Name Scientific Name
Agoho Agoho Casuarina equisetifolia
Chinese apple Mansanita Ziziphus mauritiana
Duhat Lomboy, Longboy Syzygium cumini
Earleaf acacia* Auri Acacia auriculaeformis
Gmelina* Paper tree, gmelina, yemane Gmelina arborea
Guava Bayabas, Bayyabas Psygium guajava
Ipil ipil Ipil ipil Leucaena leucocephala
Mahogany* Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla
Mangium* Mangium Acasia mangium
Mindanao gum Eucalyptus Eucalyptus deglupta
Paulonia Kiri Paulonia spp
Teak* Teak Tectona grandis
Toad Karag, bullfrog Bufo marinus
Heron, Cattle egret Kannaway Bubulcus ibis
Mallard Papa Anas platyrhynchos
Bahama grass Galut galut Cynodon dactylon
Giant mimosa Bain bain Mimosa diplotricha
Sensitive grass Bain bain Mimosa pudica
Hagonoy Agonoy Chromolaena odorata
Lantana Lantana Lantana camara
Azolla Asolla Azolla pinnata
Morning glory Kangkong Ipomea aquatica
Water hyacinth Water lily Eichornia crassipes
Water lettuce Letis Pistia stratiotes
Fashion fruit Fashion fruit Passiflora edulis
Mile-a-minute Mikania Mikania micrantha
Sky flower Sky flower Thunbergia grandiflora
Asiatic catfish Taiwan paltat Clarias batrachus
Flat head goby Birut Glossogobius giurus
Million fish Million fish Poecilia reticulata
Mosambique tilapia Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus
Nile tilapia Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
Rice field eel Kiwet Monopterus albus
Snakehead fish Dalag Channa striata
Giant African snail Birurukong Achatina fulica
Golden apple snail Taiwan kuhol Pomacea cananiculata
Fire ant Ampipit Solenopsis geminata
Rhinoceros beetle Barairong Oryctes rhinoceros
Bunchy top (virus) Bunchy top Banana Bunchy Top (BBTV)
14
Map of Quirino Protected Landscape
15
3. Regional IAS Profile:
Observation in the region shows 48 invasive species both on flora and fauna
based on the list of invasive species in the Philippines. Yet not all of these listed
invasive species creates threat to the economy or to biodiversity. Some are even
useful in restructuring the environment because of their economic value and silvical
characterestics which are not in reality invasive under region 2 condition. These
species are then labeled in this study as conflict species. Others in the list are
observed to be notoriously providing serious threat to biodiversity or perceived to be
as such in the future, hence, are labeled as priority IAS species.
a. Conflict Species:
Of the fifteen (15) trees in the IAS list, fourteen (14) are considered as conflict
species. The apitong tree (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus) for instance was then located
province wide, however, because of logging and timber poaching, they are only
found today in steep slopes and protected dipterocarp forests yet their population
has been observed to be diminishing because of beetle infestation. Neglecting
logging and timber poaching, apitong trees are never invasive because it was
observed during the continous forest inventory (CFI) studies that reproduction plots
did not present domination of the species. The species today is endangered.
While gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) are

also in the IAS list, these species are extensively used for furniture as substitute for
narra which is now critically limited. It has become the choice species not only
among tree plantation developers but also on farm lot perimeter plantings mainly
because of short rotation periods. They are likewise preferred forest tree species
among cooperators under the National Greening Program (NGP) next to narra
(Pterocarpus indicus) and fruit tree species. Ipil ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) is also
a choice species for fuelwood plantations while big trees are equally used in
furniture making. The above species were never observed of having displaced any
species or has invaded other established plantation be it natural or artificial, and
along with their economic values, these are, thus, labeled in this study as conflict
species under region 02 condition.
The presence of Kiri [local

name in Claveria, Cagayan] was
due to the Taggat Industries Inc.
(TII) introducing only the species
tomentosa in 1975 and then “Puno
ng Buhay” program during the
Arroyo administration (2005). The
program introduced three (3)
species; Nihon giri (Paulonia
tomentosa), Rakida giri (Paulonia
fargessi) and Kokoono giri
16
(Paulonia mikado syn. Paulonia fortunei). Seeds were distributed in all PENROs and
the ERDS for propagation but only PENRO Quirino and ERDS were successful in
the production of thousands of seedlings. These were distributed to field offices and
other interested individuals but since then survival nor where were they are planted
are not monitored. While being labeled as IAS, there seems to be no fear about the
species because as far as survival is concerned, only those planted in PENRO
Quirino office area and ERDS have survived with respect to DENR plantings.
Further, these surviving trees now bear flower yet neither seed nor fruit ever
developed, not even sprouts from their roots as studied to be feasibly propagated
from. The same was observed in plantations established by then Taggat Industries
(1975) in Claveria and Apayao. They are not therefore invasive as believed, at least
under region 02 conditions. Neglecting all these observations, with more than four
decades of their existence in the region, surveillance is still proper to be incorporated
in forest protection activities of the DENR because of climatic and weather changes
considering that one (1) kilogram of seed accounts to about 5,000,000 seeds.
In like manner, falcata

(Albizzia falcataria) does not
invade climax communities
like dipterocarp forests or
even artificially established
forest plantations. They are
observed, however, to act as
pioneering species in
abandoned kaingins and
cogonal areas. The species
does not even dominate the
area instead co-exist with
other native pioneering
species. Thus, it may be
best to describe the species
as such, instead of being
invasive because they do not
displace any established
plantations, natural or
artificial. Notably, falcata and
gmelina (Gmelina arborea)
plantations were established in Ballesteros, Cagayan by then Forest Research
Institute (FORI) yet none of the two species encroached each other’s area even if
they are adjacently established. This condition was also observed in other areas of
the region where falcata trees are confined only to where they are planted by logging
companies with reproductions only in open areas and along with pioneering species.
Picture above show remnants of falcata plantings by logging companies in Quezon,
Nueva Vizcaya where the species never expanded or has invaded.
17
African tulip (Spathodea campanulata) has similar characteristic and does not
actually invade established plantations. There had been no pure stand observed in
the region, yet they exist in association with other trees but never in domination.
Most stands are often observed along gullies and in areas of sustained dampness.
They are also located along road cuts and in the urban areas, probably intentionally
planted to improve aesthetic beauty of the countryside.
Black berry [Duhat] (Syzygium cumini) is seldom in the region found in the
wild unlike in the province of Ilocos Norte (Region 1) where pure stands exist.
Occational trees, however, are observed planted in backyards but not as an IAS in
forest ecosystems although silvically the species tolerate poor soil and arid areas
which should have been an advantage to invade other species. Other species in the
list are either used in reforestations or preferred species for industrial plantations
because of short rotation periods and market demands.
Table 7. Conflict Species: Listed as IAS but does not stand as such and threat to
Biodiversity because of their Sivical Characterestics and Economic
Importance under Region 2 Condition
Common Name Scientific Name Remarks
Agoho Casuarina equisitefolia Plantation/ Reforestation species
African tulip Spathodea campanulata Pioneering species only
Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Endangered
Black berry Syzygium cumini Not observed in the wild
Chinese apple Ziziphus mauritina Pioneering species/short lived
Ear leaf acacia Acacia auriculaeformis Plantation/Reforestation species
Falcata Albizzia falcataria Plantation/Reforestation species
Gmelina, Yemane Gmelina arborea Plantation/Reforestation species
Ipil ipil Leucaena leucocephala Plantation/Refo/Fuelwood species
Mangium Acacia mangium Plantation/Reforestation species
Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Plantation/Reforestation species
Mindanao gum Eucalyptus deglupta Plantation/Reforestation species
Paulonia Paulonia spp. Flowers never mature to fruit
Teak Tectona grandis Plantation/Reforestation species
b. Priority IAS Species:
These are the species to watch in top priority over the other IAS found in the
region. Among them is guava (Psigium guajava) which is always observed in
pasture areas. The species extensively grows in pasture areas of Penablanca and
Fuga island where the existence of the tree has been ignored in their early
establishment. It is an observation that given the freedom to grow under favorable
environment, this species will occupy large areas and seriously reduce grass cover
affecting carrying capacities. Into this instance, control can be so close to
impossibility. Invasiveness is through its reproductive character where even
exposed root eventually sprouts, thus, their population becomes increasingly grow
18
faster along with seed dispersal made by fruit bats and wild pigs. Neglecting
allelopathy, below canopy in dense populations, is practically devoid of any grass
because of shading and litter. It does, however, provide nesting and refuge to birds
and other wild animals. Control measure in operation among ranchers is regular
cutting and uprooting of small trees which is laborious and costly. However,
accordingly as the tree make quality charcoal, proceeds from sale could augment
some of the labor costs.
In other upland
ecosystems, the giant makahiya
(Mimosa diplotrichia) significantly
affect growth and survival of
pioneering species that could
reestablish forest cover in open
areas. It was observed that once
established, no seed of any
pioneering tree species have the
chance to germinate and grow in
the area. This could be due to the
dense matting of the soil surface
which does not allow dispersed
NGP validation, CENRO Bayombong/RBC/2013
seed to reach the ground. In some
instances where seeds have the chance to settle on the soil, the lack of sunlight
prevents germination. In some NGP areas occupied by the species, almost all
planted seedlings covered by this species died. Surviving seedlings either are
stunted or diseased (die back). While the plant is a nitrogen fixer and improves soil
condition, their fast growth will eventually deny sunlight and, thus, arrests
physiological processes. Also, in areas near bodies of water, Micania (Micania
micrantha) likewise presents its extreme aggressiveness to other vegetations. NGP
seedlings planted in these sites have the slim chance of survival unless regularly
applied with brushing. Both species are observed, however, to be intolerable to
shade as they appear stunted/weakling under trees.
Among these floral IAS, wedelia or Imelda [Singapore daisy or yellow creeper
as locally known] (Thunbergia trilobata) likewise creates pervasive nuisance to
farmers. In agricultural areas where these weeds have become fully established,
they impede harrowing of those left idle for some time, thus requiring several tractor
passing before the area is ready for planting. Resorting to chemicals, spray with
local formulations of glyphosate even in combination with 2-4-D proved ineffective as
leaves simply wilt and dry up but not its matured stalks and roots, new sprouts will
emerge in month time. However, other countries report that this can be controlled
by foliar spray of metsulfuron-methyl. It is salt resistant where it grows fairly well in
the coastal areas. It was observed that any part including roots left uncollected will
develop into new individual plant. Because of this characterestics, it was labeled as
number three ((3) pest plant under Queensland legislation.
19
This was introduced/ brought in by then Taggat Industries Inc. (TII) sometime
in 1981 to Claveria, Cagayan purposely to stabilize slopes in their forest nursery and
abate erosion on logging roads. The species was then consequently used in
Kalinga and Apayao logging areas and observed to be highly effective for the
purpose. The plant is intolerant to shade as it eventually disappears when
overtopped by trees. It could then be used as an initial cover crop to slopes with
care not to let the species escape to where they become weed.
Finding beauty on its flower, collection

for ornamental purposes has probably
increased its distribution to the extent that it
is now widely distributed in northwest Luzon,
yet observation shows that it is still confined
up to the municipality of Allacapan, Cagayan.
On the economic side, residents harvest
young shoots to be cooked as swine feeds
yet it does not become a wide practice
because of limited fuelwood. The plant can
also be a potential source of ethanol and
being used in some pharmaceutical
formulations because of the presence of
isoflavones and wedelolactone that could act
as phytoestrogens (AJPRes., 2011).
Among the faunal IAS, the golden apple snail (Pomacea cananiculata) and
the rice field eel (Monopterus albus) provide much trouble among farmers. Golden
apple snail reproduction is extremely tough where cluthes may contain 200-300
eggs but could even reach up to 1200 (Nalini, 2002). The snail is one of the 100
world’s worst invaders (Global Invasive Species Database). In the region,
eradication of the snail has always been far from reality because snails always
reappear after sometime of spray but fortunately after rice stems had been lignified
beyond their capability to gnaw. This recurring condition not only does it increases
farm inputs through chemical sprays and become part of farming operational
activities but has likewise increases biodiversity threat specifically to other marine
fauna. Aggravating this situation, some farmers reveal that the normal dosage of
chemicals used is increased in their effort to eradicate this pest. Where all water
from farm lots drain into the river system, the widespread, continuous and increased
use of chemicals has extended biodiversity threat from rice lands to rivers.
On the other hand, the rice field eel is still confined within the municipalities of
Iguig, Amulung and Solana in the province of Cagayan but is present in all areas in
the province of Quirino. It is also present in the province of Nueva Vizcaya except in
the municipality of Diad (as to the writing of this study). The presence of these pests
is highly distressing among farmers as they construct numerous burrows in rice
paddies. In areas where water is rationed, farmers are hard up sealing paddy holes
during schedule taxing them with so much time and time which could have been
20
devoted to other activities. In some instances, paddies collapse and worst, water
may go to other farm lots with accompanying damages. Some farmers have applied
chemicals but accordingly not cost effective because it needs continous application.
For sometime, rice field eel trade has become a lucrative business but it did
not last because of fluctuating prices from Chinese buyers. Local businessmen had
then withdrawn especially the farmers who are getting the shortest end of the stict.
Further, being not as palatable as to the native species, there is no promising local
market. Consequently, eel population may extremely grow and become widespread
in all freshwater wetlands and will contribute to an increased biodiversity loss
because eel species have been known to be voracious to any marine fauna.
Equally, the janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus) may come as a

potential trouble maker in river systems in the future through aquarium owners as
they are widely used as pets to clean aquariums. Likewise, the Taiwan frog
(Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) which was reported to be eating small native frogs may
for some time place the native species to extinction just like the native hito. They
are however by reports and field observations confined in the municipalities of
Abulug and Ballesteros both in the province of Cagayan, at this instance.
Table 9 shows only those encountered during the study and in participation
with NGP plantation validations, in the locations mentioned. It is possible that there
may be other invasive species not observed in same locations or those listed may
be equally found in other areas.
Table 8. Priority Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in the Region posing Economic and
Biodiversity Threat
Common Name Scientific Name Potential Areas of Threat

Golden Kuhol Pomacea cananiculata All wetlands
Rice Field Eel Monopterus albus All wetlands
Janitor Fish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus Lakes, rivers and ponds
Mile-a-minute Mikania micrantha New plantations
Giant Makahiya Mimosa diplotricha New plantations
Taiwan Frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus All wetlands
Carpa Ciprinus carpio Lakes, rivers and ponds
Coconut Hispid Beetle Brontispa latissima New coconut plantations
Guava Psigium guajava Pasture areas
Bunchy top Banana BTV Banana plantations
21
Table 9. Floral and Faunal Invasive Alien Species found in Region 02
Local Name Common Name Scientific Name
1. Agoho* Agoho Casuarina equisitefolia
2. Apitong* Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
3. Auri* Ear leaf acacia Acacia auriculaeformis
4. Bagbag African tulip Spathodea campanulata
5. Bayabas Guava Psigium guajava
6. Eucalyptus* Mindanao gum Eucalyptus deglupta
7. Falcata* Falcata Albizzia falcataria
8. Gmelina* Gmelina, Yemane Gmelina arborea
9. Ipil ipil* Ipil ipil Leucaena leucocephala
10. Kiri* Paulonia Paulonia spp.
11. Lomboy Black berry Syzygium cumini
12. Mahogany* Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla
13. Mangium* Mangium Acacia mangium
14. Mansanita Chinese apple Ziziphus mauritina
15. Teak* Teak Tectona grandis
1. Agonoy Hagonoy Chromolaena odorata
2. Lantana Lantana Lantana camara
1. Asolla Azolla Azolla pinnata
2. Letis Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes
3. Water lily Water hyacinth Eichornia crassipes
4. Yellow creeper Widelia, Imelda Sphagneticola trilobata
1. Bain bain Sensitive grass Mimosa pudica
2. Bain bain Giant makahiya Mimosa diplotricha
3. Galut galot Bahama grass Cynodon dactylon
1. Fashion fruit Fashion fruit Passiflora edulis
2. Kangkong Morning glory, kangkong Ipomea aquatica
3. Sky flower Sky flower Thunbergia grandiflora
4. Mikania Mikania Mikania micrantha
5. Bayag turo Cheeky yam Dioscorea bulbifera
1. Birut Flat head goby Glossogobius giurus
2. Dalag Snake head, mud fish Channa striata
3. Janitor fish Janitor fish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
4. Karpa Scale fish Ciprinus carpio
5. Kiwet Rice field eel Monopterus albus
6. Million fish Million fish Poecilia reticulata
7. Mosquito fish Mosquito fish Gambusia affinis
8. Taiwan paltat Asiatic catfish Clarias batrachus
9. Tawes Golden carp Carassius auratus
10. Tilapia Mosambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus
11. Tilapia Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
1. Birurukong Giant African snail Achatina fulica
2. Taiwan kuhol Golden apple snail Pomacea cananiculata
1. Ampipit Fire ant Solenopsis geminata
2. Barairong Rhino beetle Oryctes rhinoceros
3. Brontispa Coconut hispid beetle Brontispa latissima
1. Kannaway Cattle egret Bubulcos ibis
2. Papa Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
1. Karag Toad Bufo marinus
2. Tukak taiwan Taiwan frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus
1. Utot/Bao Maori rat Rattus exulans
1. Bunchy top Banana bunchy top Banana bunchy top virus
*Conflict species **Observed in aquarium at Gatioan Resort, Santiago City, Isabela
22
MATRIX OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN CAGAYAN VALLEY REGION 02
Local Name: Karag

Common Name: Toad
Scientific Name: Bufo marinus Linn.
Introduction Likely Threat

Major
Origin Pathways of Level/General Economic Importance Source
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
South and Introduced from 1934 Natural dispersal: Cane toads eat almost Bufotenine toxin from toad Global
North Hawaii for the By Dr. Adults hop large any kind of terrestrial Is used as an aprodesiac in Invasive
America control of pests Merino distances up to animal although they Japan. Also used in China Species
in sugar cane Gonzalo 55 kilometers per are more likely to to lower heart rate of patient Database
plantations of BPI year in relatively consume those active during surgery. The toxin is
(Rabor, 1952) straight line. In the ground at night used by south American IAS
Cane toads are (Hinkley, 1962). Indians in their arrows. Conference
the fastest Covacevich and Archer, The toad is also used to test Workshop
moving anurans 1975 states that snakes Pregnancy in humans. Proceedings
yet recorded. like carpet python, the A woman’s urine is injected Marikina
Tadpoles are black headed python, into the lymph gland of a Philippines
swept during death adder and other male toad resulting to the
flash floods snake have been found presence of spermatozoa
dead with toad in their In the toad’s urine if the
mouth or guts. It plays woman is pegnant.
an important role in
restructuring native
anuran community
(Crosslan, 2000) via
direct and indirect
mechanism and thus,
a threat (Catling, 2003)
23
Local Name: Taiwan Tukak

Common Name: Taiwan Frog
Scientific Name: Hoplobatrachus rugulosus

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Unknown Captive 1990 Small Biodiversity loss among As food source, however, IAS conference
specimen native native frog species it was reported that it is not Workshop
imported from frogs in which may possibly as palatable as the native Proceedings
Taiwan lowland result to extinction as species. Thus, it is not Marikina
areas. what happened to the Preferred. Philippines
Also native hito, kuhol and
observed other mollusks.
to be Pose strong competition
voracious on food sources and
to other with its size and their
insects growing population will
deplete food supply
for the native species.
The non-preference
of the species as food
will likely enhance
population growth and
equally reduce
population of native
species
24
Local Name: Golden/Taiwan Kuhol

Common Name: Golden Apple Snail
Scientific Name: Pomacea canaliculata

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Range: The snail was 1980 Aquaculture : Newly Became a serious pest As a food source and as Invasive
Southern, imported legally Phil. Deliberately Planted of countries of south potential gourmet food Species
eastern and for developing 1989 in moved in order rice east asia. In the Item (the market never Specialist
southeast aquaculture for Hawaii to establish Philippines, it is developed) Group (ISSG)
asia, Hawaii, human food. It maybe aquaculture Young considered as the
Guam, was then moved from facilities. soft number one pest and RDEP study
Papua New to different the Phil Escape or even plants has caused huge information
Guinea, bodies of water release from economic losses. P.
Dominican for establishing aquaculture Cananiculata can spread www.apple
Republic. aquaculture. facilities is rapidly from snail.net
USA. Some snails probably the agricultural areas to
Originally scaped, others major dispersal other wetlands, other
from Brazil, were likely mechanism freshwater systems
Argentina, deliberately where it can have
Bolivia, released (Nalini, Aquarium trade serious impact. Clutche
Paraguay 2002) 200-300 eggs but may
and Uruguay reach up to 1200 eggs
25
Local Name: Birurukong

Common Name: Giant African Snail
Scientific Name: Achatina fulica Bowdich

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
West and A. Fulica has Eggs/snails Achatina has been Achatina fulica has been Global
South been introduced easily transported considered as one of introduced purposely and Invasive
Africa into most region with garden the worst snail pest in accidentally to many parts Species
of the humid wastes. Could the tropics and sub- of the world for medicinal Database
tropics including travel 50 meters tropics. Consumes large purposes, as well as for
many pacific overnight (Mead, volume of native plants, food and research purposes.
Islands, eastern 1979), 250 meters modifies habitat and It has economic importance
and south asia per year (Tiller, out competes native on medicine and protein
and the caribbean 1981). snails (Moore, 2005) source.
(Moore, 2005) Has the ability to Achatina fulica may also
store sperm and affect the native
could enable a ecosystem by altering
founding food chain by
population from providing alternative
just one snail food sources among
predators (Mead, 1961).
Hermaprodite, and lays

up to 1200 eggs per
year
26
Local Name: Dalag

Common Name: Mud Fish, Snakehead Fish
Scientific Name: Channa striata

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Southern Released in Before Escape from Potential pest Popular food, aquarium IAS conference
China, most Hawaii 1900 confinement (fish base), feeds on trade, medicinal purpose workshop
of India, small fishes, sometimes particularly in Indonesia Proceedings
Pakistan, No information Practically present even small/fingerlings and Malaysia Marikina, PHL
Southern the species is in all freshwater of its own breed
Nepal, Introduced in the wetlands in the
Bangladesh, region but is region except in Pest among fishpond RDEP study
Sri Lanka found only in upland areas operators, reducing
and most of freshwater expected harvests and
southeast wetlands thus increases inputs
asia with the use of chemical
on each and every
harvest to make certain
that no snakehead is
left in the pond
27
Local Name: Tawes

Common Name: Golden Carp, Edible Gold Fish
Scientific Name: Carassius auratus

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to Often introduced No Escape from Vector of cyanobacteria. Valued as an ornamental Global
Central asia to outdoor ponds info confinement: The passage of the pond and aquarium fish. Invasive
China and as an ornamental Wild population bacteria through the used in scientific Species
Japan fish. Also have often been fish intestine stimulates experiments. Database
introduced as an established by algal bloom. The
aquarium fish released pets. bottom-sucking Valued as a delicacy in RDEP study
feeding of the gold Alfonso Castaneda, Nueva
In region 02, it is Intentional release: fish can also contribute Vizcaya where it is found
only found in Have been to algal blooms by and highly requested in
Alfonso introduced by re-suspending nutrients every restaurant
Castaneda, acclimatization which make them
Nueva Vizcaya yet societies to some available to algae.
high population countries Also been known to
is observed in feed upon eggs, larvae
Pantabangan dam and adult native fishes
as well as increasing
No information water turbidity and
as to their depleting aquatic
introduction in the resources (Morgan and
above- mentioned Beatty, 2004)
areas
28
Local Name: Kiwet

Common Name: Rice Field Eel
Scientific Name: Monopterus albus
Introduction Likely
Major Threat Level/General
Origin Pathways of Economic Importance Source
Method Year Host Impacts
Spread
Native range Live food trade, it No Escape from Rice According to Bricking According to Bricking (2002) National
(Bricking was originally info Confinement: field (2002), the impacts are in asia, M. albus are Biological
2002) states brought to In Florida and paddies Uncertain, however, they considered as food fish Information
that M. Hawaii by asian Georgia, the are likely to affect the and a delicacy. They are Infrastructure
albus is Immigrants, introduction is population of their prey also found in markets as (NBII) & IUCN/
Native to as food, and likely due to an as well as the availability food in the United States SSC. Invasive
Central and purposely aquarium release of food sources of larger as well as in pet supply Species
South released into the or a fish farm fish, turtles, frogs and stores, although they are Specialist
America, wild (Bricking, release or wading birds. M. albus not as well known. Group (ISSG)
Africa, 2002). escape (Bricking, Consumes crayfish The eel is likewise sold as
Australia 2002) tadpoles, small fish and food in the region but does
And from Unofficial worms. They can eat not command high market RDEP study
India to information larger prey as well, by demand because it is not as
eastern asia reveal that it was grabbing them with their palatable as the native
including purposely mouth and spinning species
much of introduced as a until they turn in half. Fish trade was also been
China. measure to They alter environment established in manila but
enhance food by making burrow nests because of fluctuating
security in the and wait out the dry prices, the business
region season. Rice paddies collapsed
often collapse because
of numerous burrows
29
Local Name: Tilapia

Common Name: Mozambique Mouth Breeder
Scientific Name: Oreochromis mossambicus

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to the It has been No Have been When introduced may Aquaculture List of
lower river introduced to info introduced to be a possible threat to invasive
parts of and many locations many locations native species through species in the
coastal mainly for for aquaculture competition for food and Philippines
regions of aquaculture. nest space. Juveniles
southern Mosambique Has been directly have been documented
Africa from tilapia has been introduced as a to feed on other fish.
just north of directly introduced fishery resource They are now generally
the Zambezi as a fishery by governmental considered as pests.
delta resource by agencies and Eradication has been
Southwards governmental individual anglers suggested on Tarawa
to Bushman agencies into natural waters and Naru. In Hawaii
river throughout central this species is suspected
america and in to be a threat to native
Africa. species. Tilapia have
considered a major
decline of the dessert
pupfish.
30
Local Name: Birut

Common Name: White goby, flat head goby
Scientific Name: Glossogobius giurus

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
In Central Translocated No No info Fresh Loss of the 15 or so For food, ornamental IAS conference
Australia, info water Endemic cyprinids in and fish trade workshop
they are only Lake Lanao (Chan et al., proceedings
found in the 2001). Marikina, Phil
Georgina
river where There is no known RDEP study
they appear complain in the region
to be
common.
It has wide
distribution
throughout
Northern
Australia
and the
Indo-Pacific
region.
31
Local Name: Mosquito fish

Common Name: Mosquito fish
Scientific Name: Gambusia affinis
Introduction Likely
Spread
Southern Biologica control Introductions to Fresh Adult Gambusia affinis Used as live food for Global
USA and Widely introduced new locations water are extremely carnivorous aquarium fishes Invasive
northern for mosquito within countries aggressive and attack and also used as mosquito Species
Mexico. control. (Fish Base (FishBase, 2003) other fish, shredding fins control (FishBase, 2003). Database
Populations 2003) and sometimes killing
of G. affinis them. Controversy has
naturally followed the introduction
occur in or of mosquitofish, as they
near Mobile have been accused of
Bay and being little better at
occupy destroying mosquitoes
drainages than native fish species,
westward as well as being
into Texas responsible for
and Mexico eliminating many of
(Wooten & these same species
Lydeard, (Myers, 1965; Haas et
1990). al., 2003). Selective
predation by
mosquitofish has also
been shown to alter
zooplankton, insect and
crustacean communities
(McDowall, 1990).
(FishBase, 2003).
32
Local Name: Million Fish

Common Name: Million Fish, Guppy
Scientific Name: Poecillia reticulata

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native range Introduced as a No As an aquarium Fresh Poecillia reticulate is Popular aquarium species List of
Brazil, biological control Info pet water considered a hazard and is also commonly used Invasive
Guyana, for mosquitos in to native cyprinids and in genetics research. In the Species of the
Venezuela, hope to reduce kill fishes in the United past P. reticulata was widely Philippines
and the population States. It has been introduced in hopes of
Carribean (Fish Base,2006). implicated in the design gaining mosquito control, but
Islands (Linholm et al., of native fishes in there have been rare non-
(Linholm et. 2005) state that in Nevada and Wyoming, existing measurable effects
al. 2005 Australia, multiple and of native damselflies on mosquitoes populations (
and Nico Introduction are in Hawaii. It is a known FishBase,2006).
2006). likely to have carrier of trematodes
occurred. They parasites, which may
were probably affect native fish
Introduced in 1910 populations (Nico,
At this time 2001). It eat the eggs of
Guppies were sent native species.
through the
Colonia Office No complain ever known
for mosquito In the region
control (Vipan
1910)
33
Local Name: Tilapia

Common Name: Tilapia
Scientific Name: Oreochromis niloticus

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Africa: Aquaculture : No Aquaculture(local) Wetland Giani & Figurerdo (2005) Hugely important fish in National
coastal Live foodtrade: info Escape from areas write that “environmental Aquaculture. The Biological
rivers of Stocking: confinement: problems may rise in development of sex-reversal Information
Israel; Nile Intentional aquatic environments procedures in the Mid-70’s Infrastructure (
from below release: after the Introduction of allowed farmers to NBII)&IUCN
Albert Nile to Oreochromis Niloticus” maintain high density all SSC Invasive)
The delta; especially in areas with male populations, thus Species
Jebel Marra; slow water renewal avoiding stunted and Specialist
Lake Chad rates. Eutrophic water unmarketable fish that often Group (ISSG
Basin and conditions frequently are resulted from crowded
the rivers a result of intensive mixed-sex tanks.The tilapia RDEP study
Niger, production Selective family is the second most
Benue, feeding regime can also intensively farmed in the
Volta,Gambia unbalance algal world. China produces
and Senegal constituents of the Water almost half of the Worlds’
(Fish Base, column (Giani & tilapia crop usually in the
2007). Figurerdo,2005) though form of frozen whole Fish
aquaculture helps meet (FAO,2006;FAO,2007).
population needs and Tilapia is packaged in a
can be an economic variety of ways depending
gain, biodiversity is at on the country of origin
stake. (Ogutu-Ohwayo (FAO,2006; FAO,2007).
and Balirawa 2006).
Because they rapidly In region 2, the species is
reproduce they out the most farmed along
compete native species, with milkfish
leads to genetic erosion.
(Mamud-ul-Amen 2000)
34
Local Name: Tilapia

Common Name: Tilapia
Scientific Name: Tilapia Zillii
Introduction Likely
Spread
Benin, Chad Aquaculture : No Aquaculture(local) Wet Adult Tilapia zillii are Used for aquaculture, Global invasive
Camerron, Live foodtrade: Info Escape from lands considered to be commercial aquarium trade, Species
Central Stocking: confinement: voracious herbivores, a weed control agent and as Database
African Intentional often decreasing plant a recreational Fishery for
Republic, release: density and changing many countries through out
Congo, Cote the composition of native the world (FishBase 2008).
d’Ivoire, plants which can In a study investigating the
Egypt threaten many native feeding preferences of
Ghambia, aquatic organisms that T. Zillii among four Species
Ghana, depend on such plants of aquatic plants, it was
Guinea, for forage, Protection, or determined that Chara sp. RDEP study
Israel, Togo, spawning GSMFC, and Najas Marina could be
Jordan, 2005; (Sparatu,1978) controlled by T. zillii In small
Kenya, Mali, lakes and ponds (Saeed,
Lebanon, 1986).
West
Sahara. Not preferred in aquaculture
Tunisia, , In the region
Uganda,
Liberia,
Mauritania,
Morocco,
Nigeria,
Senegal,
Leone,
Sudan
35
Local Name:Karpa
Common Name: Carpa
Scientific Name: Cyprinus carpio Linn.
Introduction Likely
Spread
The Aquaculture: It Records from the Fresh The feeding habits is to Common carp (Cyprinus Global
common has been early 1880s in water constantly stir up the carpio) are frequently Invasive
carp introduced as a America indicate substrate that greatly cultured and are of great Species
(Cyprinus food fish, into that common carp increase the turbidity, commercial value as a food Database
carpio) is temperate stocked in farm making waterways fish both over their native
probably freshwaters, ponds frequently unattractive, and can and introduced range, (
native to throughout the escape as a render the water to be Aguirre and Poss, 2000).
Asia world. (Aguirre result of dam unsuitable for swimming
and Poss, 2000 breaks or flood or drinking by livestock.
It has been events (Smiley Reduces the abundance
intrtoduced as an 1886.) The use of of aquatic plants, (NIWA,
ornamental fish, juvenile carp as 2003. This behaviour
into temperate bait fish (Nico, destroys rooted aquatic
freshwaters, 1999) People plants providing habitat
throughout the sharing resources to native species & food
world. (Aguirre Carp have also to waterfowl (Dentler
and Poss, 20000 been illegally 1993.). Destroys
Introduced into introduced in spawning grounds,
many places for south-eastern lower the abundance of
angling/sport. Australia since macroinvertebrates by
(FishBase, 2003) the late 1960's. predation and loss of
(Unmack, 2003) habitat. (Parkos & Wahl,
2000)
36
Local Name: Hito, Taiwan Paltat

Common Name: Catfish
Scientific Name: Clarias batrachus

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Southeastern Aquaculture: No Aquaculture Wet In Florida, walking Fisheries: commercial, Global invasive
Asia introduced into Info (local): Aquarium Lands catfish are known to aquaculture:Commercial, Species
Including HongKong from releases likely are ecosys aquaculture Farms, aquarium: commercial Database
eastern Thailand for responsible for entering ponds where (FishBase,2003). An
India, Sri Aquaculture, for introductions in these predators prey on important food fish that is RDEP study
Lanka, ornamental other states of fish stocks .In response, marketed live, fresh and
Bangladesh, purposes, America.Escape Fish farmers have had to frozen.
Burma, Introduced into the from confinement: erect protective fences
Indonesia, USA from In Florida adult to protect ponds
Singapore Thailand and from fish imported as (Nico,2005). C.
and Borneo Java, Indonesia brood stock Batrachus are known to
for ornamental escape from also prey on native
purposes,Pet/ confinement, tadpoles particularly
aquarium trade: either from a Fish susceptible are those
The walking farm in tadpoles that breed
Catfish was northeastern exclusively in temporary
imported to Broward Country Wetland habitats that
Florida,reportedly or from a truck In would otherwise serve
from Thailand, in America as refugia from).
the Early 1960s for transporting predatory fish (Baber
the aquarium trade. brood. (local): this and Babbitt, 2003
species has been
sold by tropical by Has displaced the
fish Dealers native hito making it
rare
37
Local Name: Janitor fish

Common Name: Janitor fish
Scientific Name: Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
South Aquarium trade Escape from Fresh Voracious hervivore IAS
America in industry. The confinement water adverse competitor of Conference-
the Amazon species escaped native fishes, bivalve Workshop
River Basin into natural waters Origin pattern in and gastropod for food. iProceedings,
natural waters Contribute to water Markina City,
Marikina, Laguna turbidity and damage to PH
de Bay, Pasig environmental structure
River, Agusan by building nest in lake RDEP study
Marsh, Lake and river embankments
Destroy fish nets, pens
Paitan in Cuyapo, and cages
Nueva Ecija
Observed as an
aquarium pet at
Gatioan Resort
Santiago City,
Isabela
38
Local Name: lomboy

Common Name: black plum
Scientific Name: Syzygium cumini

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Indo- For ornamental No Consumption/ This large evergreen “Jambolan fruit can be eaten Global invasive
Malaysian purposes: Was Info excretion: The tree forms a dense raw and can be made into Species
frequently grown large black fruit cover, excluding all tarts, sauces and jams. Database
in gardens in are dispersed by other species.although it Good quality jambolan Juice
Malaya. frugivorous birds is not an aggressive is excellent for sherbet, RDEP study
(Morton,1987) and perhaps) invader of undisturbed syrup and “squash”,an
occasionally by forest like the closely Indian drink. In Goa and the,
feral pigs. related roseapple Philippines, they are
(Smith,1998) For (Syzygium jambos), it important source of wine.
ornamental prevents the re- “Jambava” have also been
purposes (local): establishment of native made from the fermented
Valued as an lowland forest. fruit. Can also be made into
ornamental in (PIER,2002) Vinegar. The Jambolan tree
Israel, Morton, is of real value in Apiculture,
(1987) Forestry Probably the dense mat flower have abundant
(local): In Israel of fallen leaves has nectar, and the honey is of
the trees valued caused or prevents the fine quality.The leaves
for forestry in growth of other species served as fodder and as
(Morton,1987) below its canopy food for tassar Silkworm
in India. The essential oil
distilled from the leaves is
used to scent soap and is
blended with other
materials in making
Inexpensive perfume.
The bark is used in cooking

cane juice for basi
39
Local Name: Mahogany

Common Name: Mahogany
Scientific Name: Swietenia macrophylla King

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to the Philippines- 1907 Natural dispersal- Host to insect pests The fast growth of IAS
Mainland of intentionally each fruit of has potential of mahogany provides high Conference
Central and introduced for mahogany in a becoming invasive wood production. Workshop
South cultivation; capsule contains Because of its light and Economically it can yield a Proceedings,
America, Introduced in India an average of 62 highly dispersable high return in a shorter Marikina City,
From from Brazil in 1872 winged seeds. seeds can germinate period. PHL;
Mexico to Assuming 50 anywhere and grow to Uriarte,
Peru, Bolivia capsules per tree maturity if scattered in Not observed to be M.T.Cabrera.
and Brazil can be dispersed adjacent areas; Invasive in the region et al., Identi-
per fruiting Water seepage to the despite its characteristics fication and
season, that’s groundwater storage Mapping Of
3000seeds, blown maybe reduced Established
at a distance of 10 during its growing stage Exotic/Alien
meters. due to high consumptive Tree Species in
use at the root zone. Some Selected
Thick litters when dry Reforestation
also intercept and areas In the
absorb rainwater which Philippines;
reduce the amount of Prota 7(1):
rainfall that can infiltrate Timbers/Bois
the soil.However, this D’oeuvre 1
help reduce soil erosion. Record display
RDEP study
40
Local Name: Teak

Common Name: Oak Wood, Teak
Scientific Name: Tectona grandis

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
India, Planted for timber No Seed dispersal Potential to become Planted for reforestation, Uriarte, M.T.,
Indonesia, or ornament in Info invasive was very timber,furniture, tannin and V.Cabrera, et
Myanmar, botanical for isolated although some medicinal purposes.The al.,Identification
and gardens; R02 observations made highest estimated and Mapping of
Thailand; extensive teak showed that seeds that merchantable wood volume Established
introduced plantations have were dispersed by wind of overmature Teak stand Exotic/Alien
To Java also been and water had was 5600 cm/ha while the Tree Species in
400-600 established in germinated outside the minimum estimated volume Some Selected
Years from Africa and Central plantation area after fire was 500 cm³/ha.Carbon. Reforestation
India and South burning. There is no stored can be valued for Areas In the
America. reported direct negative economic reference Highest Philippines;
economic and social estimated carbon stored World
impacts brought about Valued at $5 per ton is worth agroforestry
by Teak plantation. ₱38,958 per hectare while Center
the minimum estimated
No invasiveness value is ₱4,335 per hectare. RDEP study
observed in the It is highly accepted by the
region community for Fuelwood
sources and collected seeds
from the stand.
41
Local Name: Yemane, Gmelina, Paper Tree

Common Name: Gmelina, Yemane
Scientific Name: Gmelina arborea
Introduction Likely
Spread
India, G. arborea was Seed exchange Has no known invasive Planted for pulp, plywood, Uriarte, M.T.,
Pakistan, first introduced program, characteristic. sawn Wood, furniture, V.Cabrera, et
Northern from Myanmar as The information Although it bears fuelwood and house al.,Identification
Rhodesia a fast-growing tree of its fast growth numerous fruits at a 3 Existing stand can and Mapping of
And species into forest making crop season producing 2 to construction purpose. Established
Malaysia- plantations of earlier, entices seeds per fruit, produce an estimated Exotic/Alien
Native, Peninsular and tree farm germination hardly occur merchantable wood volume Tree Species in
Nepal, East Malaysia. It developers, thus from fallen or dispersed at about 12,500 m3/ha at 30 Some Selected
Bangladesh, was also making seed fruits due to the Fleshy yrs old. The return from the Reforestation
Cambodia, introduced to other movement pulp which encased The wood Produce, if sold, can Areas In the
China,India, ASEAN countries, faster seeds. be very high.the value of Philippines;
Japan,Laos, such as the carbon sequestered When World Agro
Myanmar Philippines and Never observed to be converted, is equivalent To forestry Center
Pakistan,Sri Indonesia. Has Invasive in the region ₱2,932.50/ha. to Agroforestry
Lanka, since been ₱52,78500/ha using the Trees
Thailand, introduced world market value of $5/ton Database;
Vietnam Worldwide and C. Yemane seeds give the Forest Starr,
large-scale nearby communities gainful
plantations are earnings RDEP study
found in Central
and East Africa,
West Africa and
South Africa.
In region 2, it was
Introduced through
seed exchange
42
Local Name: Kiri

Common Name: Paulonia
Scientific Name: Paulonia spp.
Introduction Likely
Spread
Kiri was Kiri (Paulonia 1981 Deliberate It was never observed The wood is of exquisite RDEP study
sourced by tomentosa) was introduction to be invasive. While the beauty for furniture and
Taggat introduced by then tree bear flowers, none commands high price in
Industries Taggat Industries has developed fruits the international market
from in Claveria, nor seeds.
Taiwan Cagayan and in its
logging areas in Established plantations
Seeds of Ayayao & Marag, by Taggat never
Paulonia Apayao. Some expanded rather lost
species were planted in its probably by poaching
were nursery in
accordingly Cadongdongan,
sourced by Sta. Praxedes, in
Arroyo the station site of
Administra- Claveria and
tion from Ballesteros of then
mainland Forest Research
China Institute (FORI)
Paulonia spp. Are

likewise brought in
into the region by
puno ng buhay
program of then
Arroyo admi.
43
Local Name: Auri

Common Name: Auri
Scientific Name: Acacia auriculiformis
Introduction Likely
Spread
Papua New Raised as an Before Assisted by Invasion in areas outside It is a nitrogen fixing tree Uriarte,M.T.,V.
Guinea and ornamental plant, 1932 human plantation was only suitable for rehabilitation of Cabrera,et. Al
Northern as a shade tree interference such observed to occur when degraded sites. It is also Identification
Australia and it is also as soil disturbance seeds were dispersed planted for wood, pulps, , and Mapping of
and Eastern raised on and severe fires. outside the stand and fuelwood, fodder green Established
Indonesia plantations for The biological burned. After fire, manure, erosion Exotic/Alien
fuelwood attributes favoring massive germination control,Aesthetic and Tree Species In
throughout invasion by Acacia and growth of seedlings agroforestry purposes. Some Selected
Southeast Asia include tolerance occur in invaded area There is a tremendous Reforestation
Oceana and in of changing soil and may dominate later amount of money in most of Areas In the
Sudan – conditions, the under favorable the old plantation stand Philippines.
Wikipedia; Planted ability to take condition. Auri produce existing today. Auri can be
for ornament and advantage of high quantities of seeds economically valuable as
used extensively environmental per fruiting season source of tannin,
as a street tree for disturbance starting at four years old pulp,firewood and charcoal,
many years Phenotypic It usually produces two among others. Seeds are
(Langeland and plasticity, seed crops per year likewise sold at a high price
Burks 1998). Vegetative Due to the size of seed, and economically beneficial
reproduction,Fire each kg has 30,000 to to people in the community.
tolerance and 60,000 seeds (Winrock
Alleophatic -ACIAR,1990); Seeds
potential -Annals dispersed in adjacent
of Forest Science farm may germinate and
Vol. 67 No. 1. occupy space.
This hamper cultivation
and crop production.
44
Local Name: Mangium

Common Name: Mangiun
Scientific Name: Acacia mangium

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to This species has Natural dispersal. In the Philippines, there Useful for erosion control Uriarte,M.T.,V.
Australia, been cultivated in Assisted by has been no observation and rehabilitation purposes. Cabrera,et. Al
Papua New various places as human of invasiveness for this The merchantable wood was Identification
Guinea and a forestry tree and Interference. species. However, estimated to have 1,296 – and Mapping of
Indonesia has escaped from Mangium is listed in The 3,420m/ha. computation Established
plantings (PIER Australia as a potentially of return for the amount of Exotic/Alien
2003). invasive species. wood will depend on the Tree Species In
existing price of the region Some Selected
and therefore cannot be Reforestation
generalized.The estimated Areas In the
value of carbon Philippines.
Sequestered is equivalent to
₱7,458₱18,933.25/ha.
Some wood workers
complained about Mangium
having brittle wood that
easily warp. This can affect
the economic value of the
wood.
45
Local Name: Eucalyptus

Common Name: Blue Gum
Scientific Name: Eucalyptus spp

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Original E. deglupta is a Seed exchange, There is no indicator of Planted for fuel, production, Uriarte,M.T.,V.
source is comparatively new reforestation invasiveness for this protective and medicinal Cabrera,et. Al
Unknown. comer as a species. Reported to purposes.Wood volume was Identification
Naturally plantation species. consume water rapidly estimated at 1,700m3/ha and Mapping of
Growing in The earliest leading to reduce water. which is left standing for Established
China;E. introductions were yield during dry season many years. The value of Exotic/Alien
deglupta is from indigenous This species also absom carbon sequestered by the Tree Species In
native in stands that occur high soil nutrients stand is estimated to be Some Selected
Indonesia, in the Cotabato leaving the soil less worth ₱48,397.00/ha aside Reforestation
Papua New area of Mindanao fertile. No known from the values of wood and Areas In the
Guinea, to other Islands in negative social impact carbon, eucalyptus oil Philippines.
Philippines the Philippines, for for the species. maybe valued for its use as
example Baguio in deodorizer, menthol candy,
northwest Luzon cough drops, decongestant
in 1918 and 1926. and cleaning agent. Long
The 1st straight bole has more
introduction into economic uses than other
Cebu Island was species like posts and
in 1954..In 1958, poles.The trees were
the Congo in observed not relished by
1961, and Sri animals and can be suited
Lanka in 1967. It is for silvipastoral system for
now a Partropic livestock production which
species. can give Higher economic
value of the stand
46
Local Name: Agoho

Common Name: Agoho
Scientific Name: Casuarina equisetifolia L.

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to Landscape/fauna 1800s On animals (local); There was no observed Planted for rehabilitation Uriarte,M.T.,V.
Indonesia, “improvement”.C. The Seeds have a or reported potential of purposes,Windbreak and Cabrera,et. Al
Malaysia, Equisetifolia was membranous wing invasiveness for this pole production. Identification
India, Sri introduced to and are species.If dispersed, the and Mapping of
Lanka and Florida planted for wind-dispersed seed germination is high Established
Northern the purposes of (Binggeli 1997). only at high temperature. Exotic/Alien
Australia Ditch and canal Water currents: One of the indicators of Tree Species In
stabilization, The seeds can be an invasive species is Some Selected
shade,and lumber water dispersed having highly viable Reforestation
Swearingen (Binggeli 1997). seeds even without Areas In the
(1997).People pre-treatment. Philippines.
sharing resources:
No observed
Invasiveness in the
region
47
Local Name: Falcata

Common Name: Falcata
Scientific Name: Albizzia paraserianthes/
Paraserianthes falcataria

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to Introduced to No Pods on dry Open There is no known Planted in large scale for Uriarte,M.T.,V.
Papua New Java, Indonesia by Info shaded areas. areas tendency Of this species pulp and Paper Cabrera,et. Al
Guinea, seeds Distributed by to become Invasive. manufacturer; it is also good Identification
Solomon wind Although pod contains As nurse tree for coffee, and Mapping of
Islands,and 15-20 seeds, they do cacao and Other shade Established
Irian not readily germinate. It tolerant crops. The Exotic/Alien
Jaya, requires treatment like Estimated merchantable Tree Species In
Indonesia soaking, scarification or wood Volume that can be Some Selected
hot water treatment to. derived from the Stand is Reforestation
hasten germination 4,000 m3/ha. Aside from Areas In the
Pulp and paper, it is also Philippines.
Has never displaced any utilized for Furniture, veneer .
Climax community Nitrogen fixing
characteristics and other
wood Uses. High economic
benefits can Also be derived
from its potential as An
agroforestry tree species. Its
Produce liter that contribute
to the Nitrogen economy of
the stand for Soil fertility of
other interplanted
Agricultural crops.
48
Local Name: Apitong

Common Name: Apitong
Scientific Name: Dipterocarpus grandiflorus

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native in No information No Dispersal of fruits Invasive because host to Used to produce good IAS
India, Info by wind Insect pests quality Charcoal, paper pulp, Conference-
Indonesia, and timber, its Gum is used Workshop
Malaysia, No invasive potential locally as a waterproofing, Proceedings,
Myanmar, In the region varnish. The tree itself Is Marikina City,
Philipines, very useful for nitrogen PHL
Thailand, fixing, Erosion control, soil
Vietnam improvement and
watershed regulation.
49
Local Name: Ipil-ipil

Common Name: Ipil-Ipil
Scientific Name: Leucaena leucocephala

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to Acclimatization Delioberate Open L. leucocephala is Favored species for Global Invasive
Mexico and societies:: introduction. areas spreading naturally and fuelwood plantation, as Species
Central Agriculture Dried pods could has been reported as a reforestation species to Database
America Internet sales, burst in mid day weed in more then 20 revegetate problem areas
although the postal services: spreading seeds countries across all which has become sub RDEP study
precise Landscape/fauna to several meters continents except marginal and improving
native range “improvement” Europe and Antarctica. It sites because of its being
is blurred by Nursery trade: is a weed of open, often a nitrogen fixer.
indigenous Widely promoted coastal or riverine Never had there been an
cultivation by national and habitats, semi-natural, observation in the region
as a minor international and other disturbed or to have replaced climax
food plant Agricultural and ruderal sites and communities or has replaced
forestry thickets which are native species. It is not at
Development occasionally in all invasive but a pioneer
agencies for agricultural land. It can species in open areas
Agroforestry and form dense thicket
agricultural use. reported to be replacing.
People sharing native forest in some
resources. areas and threatening
Leucaena is endemic species of
easily moved conservation. Can
from farmer to render extensive areas
farmer and unusuable and
community by inaccessible
seed.
50
Local Name: Bayabas

Common Name: Bayabas
Scientific Name: Psidium guajava

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
The original Agriculture: No Agriculture (local): Open Invades disturbed, and Food, fuelwood, charcoal; Pacific Islands
range of introduced to Info Planted in Many areas to lesser degree Leaves and bark have a high Ecosystems at,
guava is many Locations countries for its undisturbed, sites and Tannin content. Medicinal Risk
uncertain, as a fruit tree, fruit.Consumption/ forms dense thickets. Its with high potential (PIER,2002);
but it is Nursery Trade: excretion: Seeds adaptability makes It a antioxidant value, source of Scott
thought to sold as a fruit are spread by serious weed in many essential oil Henderson,
have come tree for Home birds, feral pigs, tropical Areas. There is Charles Darwin
from an area gardeners. rats and monkeys. the potential for this Research
encompassi in the Galapagos Species to be a seed Station,
ng Southern cattle and giant contaminant. Galapagos
Mexico Tortoises are Islands &
through to principal Tortoises Carrying capacity of IUCN/SSC
Central and bird seem to pasture areas had been Invasive
America, but play A minimal, if considerably reduced by Species
perhaps As any, role. Feral the species. In Fuga Specialist
far south as Pigs probably island, it has however Group (ISSG)
Peru promote invasion favored wild pigs but of
(Jaiswal and Into National Park great disadvantage to RDEP study
Amin 1992). areas by cattle
Dispersing seeds
and creating
disturbance.
51
Local Name: Mansanita

Common Name: Chinese Apple
Scientific Name: Ziziphus mauritiana

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Early studies No Info No Ornamental Open It forms impenetrable Ber fruits are very nutritious Global Invasive
indicate that Info purposes with areas thickets which seriously and are usually eaten fresh. Species
the center of people sharing mostly hamper livestock In parts of India and north Database
origin is resources on river management and Africa the leaves are used
Central Asia, banks reduces pasture as nutritious fodder for
(Kaaria, production and sheep and goats. The timber
1998) accessibility (Land is hard strong, fine-grained
protection,2001). It is and Reddish in colour and is
also Likely to have most often used to make
significant environmental agricultural Implements. The
effects on tropical and branches are used as
subtropical Woodlands framework in house
and savannas. (Grice, construction and the wood
pers.comm.2002). makes good charcoal. In
addition, this species is used
as firewood in many areas.
(Kaaria, 1998) In Ethoipia,
the fruits are used to
stupefy fish (possibly there
Is sufficient saponin for this
purpose ). The leaves are
eaten by camels, cattle and
applied on cuts & ulcers; are
employed in pulmonary
ailments and fevers
and indigestion
52
Local Name: Bagbag

Common Name: African Tulip
Scientific Name: Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
West Widely No Seeds spread by Open The African tulip tree Seeds are edible. In IUCN SSC
Africa distributed as an info wind, water and areas invades agricultural area Singapore the timber is used Invasive Species
ornamental tree through dumping mostly for papermaking. In West Specialist Group
of garden waste Gullies forest plantations and Africa, the wood is used to
riparian natural ecosystems, make drums and blacksmith
areas smothering other trees bellows. The bark, flowers RDEPstudy
and crops as it grows and leaves are also used in
becoming the prevailing traditional medecines in its
tree in these areas native homerange (Tan 2001
(Labrada, pers.comm. The wood is difficult to burn
25 February 2003). In and so the tree can be used
Hawaii, there are major in fire resistant landscaping.
infestations tucked away Buds contain liquid that will
in almost every squirt out if they are
rainforest valley along squeezed or pierced, which
the northern and eastern children enjoy using as
slopes of Kaua'I, O'ahu, water pistols. African
and East Maui (Smith, hunters are said to have
Hawaiian Alien park boiled the seeds to
studies) extract arrow poison.
(Floridata.com L.C
Copyright 1996-2002)
53
Local Name: Hagonoy, Bangbangsit

Common Name: Hagonoy
Scientific Name: Chromolaena odorata

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Tropical First introduced to Odorata appears Open One the worst invasive This weed provides IAS
America Southeast Asia to readily disperse areas Species in the world abundant organic Matter that Conference-
probably as an along waterways (Lowe et al.,2000). of could raise the pH Acidic Workshop
ornamental. soils; allelopathic chemicals Proceedings
Introduction to the Forms dense thicket and Released by this weed Marikina
West Indies, in reduces gracing areas contains Insecticidal and City,PHL
Africa, the Global nematicidal Properties that
invasive Species improve the growth Of crops
Database planted in colonized areas; RDEP study
(ISSG),2006b) And medicinal compounds
said the weed found in This plant have
may have been been used to treat Wounds
introduced to the and other ailments, including
ivory Coast in1952 Malaria.
as a bio-Control
measure for Ornamental
imperata spp.,
While Leslie and
Spotila (2001)
mentioned it as
having been
accidentally
introduced to
South Africa
during World War
Through Packing
54
Local Name: Lantana

Common Name: Lantana
Scientific Name: Lantana camara L.

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
The genus For ornamental No L. camara flowers In agriculture it reduces Lantana provide shelter Global Invasive
lantana is of purposes:Dutch Info prolifically and the Productivity and and vital winter food for Species
tropical explorers seeds dispersed Interfere with harvesting. many native birds. In Database
origin and It introduced the by birds Affect economic Australia, the vulnerable
reaches its plant into the (Swarbrick et al., Viability of coffee, oil black breasted button quail
greatest Netherlands in the 1998,In Day et. al palm, coconuts and feeds and roosts in lantana
diversity In late 1960s from 2003).Garden: Cotton (Holm et. al 1977 thickets adjacent to its
Northern, Brazil (Ghizalberti escape/garden Thomas & Ellison, 1999) more favoured habitat vine
Central 2000) and it was waste Reduces pasture forest(Smith et al.,1998 in
South then grown in carrying capacities. In Day et al.2003).
America and Glass houses in Lantana has been
Caribbean, Europe before Its implicated in
L. Camara importation to the poisoning of a
sensu stricto other countries as number of animals
is known, an ornamental including cattle, buffalo,
from Mexico (Day et Sheep and goats
Florida, al.,2003) (Sharma et al.,1988,
Trinidad, Nursery trade: in Day et al.,,2003)
Jamaica Leaves and seeds
Brazil and contain Triterpenoids,
not been which cause Poisoning
recorded and photosensitivity).
in the old
World
(Sanders
1987 Comm.
In Day et al.,
2003),
55
Local Name: Galut galot

CVom,mon Name: Kawad-Kawaran ,Persian Grass
Scientific Name: Cynodon dactylon (L)

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Apparently No information No Natural dispersal Open In a risk assessment Used for environmental Global Invasive
originally Info (local):Propagates areas Prepared for Australia C. purposes (erosion control; Species
from via runner and dactylon scored a total lawn/turf), animal Food Database
southern rhizomes. of 5.It is highly suited to (fodder; forage) and
Europe, now the Australian climates medicines (USDA-ARS
common and is Native or 2004), Frequently used For
world-wide naturalized in areas With lawns and pastures (Wiggins
As a lawn extended dry periods. It &Porter 1971, in PIER
and Pasture Is an agriculture weed, 2008).
grass (PIER toxic to animals and a
2008). known host of Not toxic to animals RDEP study
pathogens and pests
(PIER 2001).
56
Local Name: Bain bain

Common Name: Sensitive grass
Scientific Name: Mimosa pudica (L) (herb)

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Belize, Seed/ pods float Pods can be Mimosa pudica forms a The seeds and other plant Global Invasive
Brazil, and are Spread by spread by dense ground cover, parts contain mimosine, and Species
Colombia, water (Smith, attaching to fur preventing reproduction extracts of the plant have Database
Costa Rica, 2002; in (Smith,2002;in of other species been shown in scientific
Ecuador, El PIER,2005). PIER,2005). Pods It is particularly trials to be a moderate
Salvador, Can be spread by troublesome diuretic, depress duodenal
Guatemala, attaching to (Holm et al, 1977, contractions similar to
Honduras, clothing (Smith, Turbet and, atropine sulphone, promote
Mexico, 2002; in PIER, Thuraisingham 1948; in regeneration of nerves, and
Nicaragua, 2005).Pods can Francis Undated). reduce menorrhagia.
Panama, be Spread by May be a fire hazards antidepressant activity has
Peru muds on vehicles when dried been demonstrated in
(Smith,2002;in humans (Martinez et
PIER, 2005). al.,1996). Root extracts Are
Seeds pods Float reported to be s strong
and are spread by emetic (Guzman,1975) (all
water (Smith, from Francis,Undated).
2002; in M.pudica is used as a Part
PIER,2005). of traditional medicine in SE
and S Asia (Biswas and
Mukherjee,2003). See here
for details on the
ethnobotanical uses of
M.pudica. Nitrogen fixer,
Improves soil fertility
57
Local Name: Bain bain

Common Name: Giant Makahiya
Scientific Name: Mimosa diplotricha

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Mimosa Agriculture: M. No M. diplotricha Open Mimosa diplotricha Nitrogen fixer Global Invasive
diplotricha is diplotricha was info seeds are and is a major weed of Species
native to imported into transported by disturbed cultivated areas and has Database, (The
Brazil (DPIF, India by tea running water, areas the ability to climb over Department of
2007). gardeners for vehicles, other plants (Schultz Natural
enriching the soil machinery, and 2000). In the Kaziranga Resources,
as the species is contaminated soil National Park in Mines and
nitrogen fixer Seed dispersed northeast India, the Water 2006).
(N. Gurega, Pers. In clothing or air weed forms a thorny mat
by wind. over the natural
vegetation, preventing
animals from accessing
and utilizing natural
vegetation (N. Gureja,
pers. comm. 2003). In
Australia the weed
chokes out cane, other
crops and grassland,
causing crop and
pasture loss (DPIF,
2007).
58
Local Name: Kannaway

Common Name: Cattle egret
Scientific Name: Bubulcus Ibis

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Africa, Asia Natural dispersal: No Migration Wet Cattle egrets are able to Some ranchers rely on cattle Global Invasive
and Europe The cattle egret Info lands thrive in areas densely egrets (Bubulcus Ibis) for fly Species
Bubulcus Ibis is populated by other control more than they do Database
able to disperse species, and this makes on pesticides
thousands of them potentially able to RDEP study
kilometers in a overcrowd and out- Hunted for food
matter Of days compete native birds for
through its own nesting areas. A number
migrational of Articles point out
patterns and however, that Cattle
instincs egrets seem to have
Little or no impact on
native bird species they
live with. They are
known to nest next to
and amongst native,
birds with little or no
observable conflict
occurring.
Nesting was never

observed in the
region
59
Local Name: Papa

Common Name: Mallard
Scientific Name: Anas platyrnchos Linn.
Introduction Likely
Spread
Found in Migration No Migration, Wet Vector for the highly Hunted for food, an Anas wyvilliana
Phiilippines Info thousands of this lands pathogenic avian important game species in IUCN Red
Australia species migrate influenza virus (HPAIV) List of
India and reproduce at (H5N1), a serious Threatened
New Zealan the Massipi concern to the poultry Species
South Africa wetland areas in industry and public
Hawaii Cabagan, Isabela health. Spread of the RDEP
The species along with other virus in conjuction with observatiom
are found foreign bird migratory routes and
throughout species. waterfowl infection
the region indicate them as
but not in Mallards are probable vectors.
extreme found throughout
numbers, in the region
instead they
become
endangered
except in the
protected
area in
Massipi,
Cabagan,
Isabela
60
Local Name: Brontispa

Common Name: Coconut leaf beetle
Scientific Name: Brontispa longissima
Introduction Likely
Spread
Native to This pest could be 2000 The spread of coconut Seedlings, mature No known importance Global invasive
Melanesia, accidentally B.Longissima and coconut and Species
Indonesia Introduced to other coconut Ornamental palms are Database
(ArIslands, Vietnam, Phil. pests in Oceana is affected; however,
Maluku Maldives with mainly attributed palms up to five years
Province , shipments of to human acts. old are at the greatest
Papua ornamentals. (Dharmaraju 1984, risk of infestation
Province, Translocation of in FAO,2007). (ASEAN lPM 2007;
formerly machinery, Lack of strict PestNet 2002). The
Irian Jaya) equipment quarantine on the Coconut beetle attacks
and Papua. of habitat material, movement of unopened young fronds;
New ignorant palm (FAO 2007). as the spear unfurls the
Guinea possession, The beetle can beetle moves on the
Including the nursery trade, travel long emerging spear; or the
Bismarck people sharing distances by next other palms.
Archipelago resources various means of Beetle larvae chew
transportation Large areas of the leaflet
killing underlying tissue
and reducing leaf
photosynthesis;
resulting to reduction of
growth and reproduction
Reserves (Pest Net
2002).
61
Local Name: Barairong

Common Name: Rhino beetle
Scientific Name: Oryctes rhinoceros Linn.
Introduction Likely Pathways Major Threat Level/General

Origin Economic Importance Source
Method Year of Spread Host Impacts
No informant No information No information Coconut The rhinoceros beetle No known economic (Nair, 1986).
of its native Oil palm is one of the most importance Ramachandran
range but damaging insect to et al, 1963)
also found in coconut and African
India, oil palm in southern and
Mayotte, south east Asia and the
Wallis and Western Pacific islands.
Futuna The imagos are the
destructive stage, they
bore into the crown.
and feed on the tissue
juices. In India damage
of inflorescence is also
reported in severely
infested areas which
cause reduction in yield
up to 10% (Nair, 1986).
Ramachandran et al.
(1963) has reported a
loss in yield of5.5 to9.1%
Artificially prunned leaf
damage stimulation
studies,damage to 50%
fronds corresponds to
leaf area reduction of
13% & decrease in nut
yield by 23%.
62
Local Name: Ampipit

Common Name: Fire Ant
Scientific Name: Solenopsis Geminata
Introduction Likely
Spread
The fire ant Agricultural areas No Coffee plantations Presents a grave threat No known economic Global invasive
is native to with fire ant are a Info may facilitate the to conservation values importance Species
some potential source of spread. New where it invades the Database
tropical and spread due to the Colonies are native communities in
temperate movement of founded by terms of ecosystem
regions produce. Fire ants Winged females, Disruption. There is
It is present may infest capable of flying evidence that S.
continuously potplants, and the long distances. geminata reduces
from of plants out of (Holway et al., populations of native
Southeast infested areas 2002). butterfly eggs and
USA to carries a high risk larvae in Guam
northern of dispersal to new (SPREP).Known to have
South locations the potential to
America, Devastate native ant
& is unclear populations
whether the (Mcglynn1999). Because
populations the ant tends honeydew
(Including producing insects it may
those In the instigate insects
Caribbean) population explosions
are native or such as in mealybugs or
introduced other crop pests. This
(Holway et results to the increase
al.,2002). of any plant diseases
transmitted.
63
Local Name: Azolla

Common Name: Mosquito fern
Scientific Name: Azolla pinnata R. Br.

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Africa and Can spread Wet Can spread very It is sometimes introduced Pacific Islands
Madagascar rapidly, and has lands quickly forming dense and used by farmers as a Ecosystems at
India, the ability to vegetative masses on natural fertilizer Risk
Southeast survive on most areas of still water. This (PIER);ISSG
Asia, China soil in and around Limits light available to Azolla is useful as a Database.
and Japan, rivers, ditches, other aquatic plants and “soybean plant in rice field”,
Malasia and and ponds. oxygen used by other because it can assimilate
Philippines, aquatic life. It forms atmospheric nitrogen
New Guinea dense mats that choke gas owing to the nitrogen
Mainland out other species. fixation by cyanobacteria
and It is on the US noxious. (blue-green algae) living in
Australia. Weed list. In New the Cavities located at the
Zealand has replaced a lower side of upper side
native floating fern (dorsal) lobes of leaf (Duke)
Azolla rubra, over most
of Northern New
Zealand. Azolla lives in
symbiosis with blue-
Green algae
(Cyanobacteria),taking
advantage of their ability
to fix nitrogen
64
Local Name: Kang kong

Common Name: Morning Glory
Scientific Name: Ipomoea aquatica

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to Reproduces from Water currents: Forms dense floating The plant is a common Global Invasive
central fragments of Seeds and Plant mats of Intertwined herb in many traditional Species
south China plants and fragments can be stems over water recipes from Asia being Database
floating seeds carried surface, shading out rich in iron and having
that allow easy downstream by native submersed plants several medicinal properties
translocation to water currents and competing with (Fears,) undated:
new areas for (Fears, undated) native emergents. It is Malalavidhane, Wickra-
subsequent considered the second Masinghe & Jansz 2000)
Colonization greatest Problem plant It is relatively rich in S-
Smuggling: in the Philippines, where methyl methionine (Vitamin
Distribution is It tends to overgrow U) and is used traditionally
prohibited in freshwater marginal area to treat gastric and intestinal
Florida yet (Langeland K. A. & disorders. Furthermore it has
repeatedly Burks K.C. 1999). been found to have insulin-
introduced since Masses of vegetation like properties acting as an
1973 (Fears, obstruct water flow in anti-hyperglycaemic
undated) drainage and flood (Malalavidhane,
canals. Infested lakes, Wickramasinghe & Jansz,
ponds, and river 2000).
shorelines, displacing
native plants that are
important for fish and
wildlife.Create stagnant
water conditions ideal
for mosquitoes.
65
Local Name: Water Lily

Common Name: Water hyacinth
Scientific Name: Eichormia crassipes

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Amazon Introduced to the US Clog waterways, Handicraft production; One IAS
River basin United States in 1884; transport and fishing (1) hectare of standing crop Conference-
of South 1884 at the South activities & reducing can produce more than Workshop
America Cotton States Africa fishery productivity 70,000 m3 of biogas (NAS, Proceedings,
exposition in 1910 (MacKinnon, 2002); 1976); One (1) kg of dry Markina City,
New Orleans, Dense monospecific matter can yield 370 liters of PHL; Southeast
Louisiana. It No Info mats lowers dissolved biogas giving a heating Exotic Pest
spread across for the oxygen levels in the value of 22,000KJm 3 (580) Plant Council
the southeastern region water; Covered 20% of Btu/ft3) (Curtis and Duke, Invasive Plant
U. S. and was the water surface of 1982); Roots can absorb Manual SE-
identified in Laguna de Bay in the pollutants including EPPC
Florida in 1895. It 1980s & caused heavy mercury, strontium-90,
was reported to damage on the fish pens some carcinogenic organic
be in California in and cages during compounds within the
1904. Source: typhoons; Reduces surrounding water and can
SE-EPPC phytoplankton growth be cultivated for waste
In South Africa, and food of fish water treatment (NAS, 1972)
it first came into affecting fishing and Used as a carotene-rich
the province of aquaculture activities table vegetable in Taiwan.
KwaZulu-Natal in in lakes of Bohol Javanese sometimes cook
1910 (Coetze, and eat the green parts and
2007) from inflorenscense. In Kedah
South America - (Java), the flowers are used
Source: NSL for medicating the skin of
Ecological horses (NAS, 1972)
Informatics. No
record how it
came to the reg
66
Local Name: Lettuce

Common Name: Water lettuce
Scientific Name: Pistia stratiotes

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
South Floating A popular garden Wet Capable of forming Paper pulp production and IAS
America vegetation/debris; pond plant and is lands dense mats on the “green charcoal”; Often Conference-
Internet often spread by surfaces of lakes, ponds, used in tropical aquariums Workshop
sales/postal the dumping of rivers and other bodies to provide cover for fry and Proceedings,
services: aquarium or of water and clog small fish; It is also helpful Markina City,
Pet/aquarium ornamental pond waterways; Mats of as it out-competes algae PHL;
trade: Local plants. Fragments, pistia blocs gas for nutrients in the water
dispersal or whole plants, exchange at the air- thereby preventing
methods by boat can be spread via water interface, reducing massive algal blooms;
or garden boats or fishing the oxygen in the water According to Rivers (2002),
waste/escape or equipment from an and killing fish, block P. stratiotes is a popular
water current infested area to a light, killing native ornamental plant, used in
clean body of submerged plants ponds and aquariums
water. (IUCN-ISSG)
67
Local Name: Sabilau

Common Name: Sabilau
Scientific Name: Commelina benghalensis L.

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native No information No Aggie Listed as one of the leaves and stems of ISSG
range: as to how info areas world's worst weeds, In Africa and India the Database
is native to it was introduced affecting 25 crops in 29 Commelina benghalensis
tropical and to the country countries (Webster et are chopped and cooked as
subtropical or to the region al., 2005). It has been vegetables and used as feed
regions in reported as affecting the for livestock. Different
Africa, Asia cotton, maize, components of C.
and the sugarcane, cassava, benglahensis are also used
Pacific. roselles, barley, jute, as na medicinal for ailments
African sisal, beans, sweet such as sore feet, sore
countries: potatoes, grapes, throat, burns, eye irritation,
Djibouti, cereals, groundnut, chili, thrush in infants, and
Ethiopia, lemon, navel orange, stomach irritation. In
Somalia, tomato, balsam apple, southern Africa, it is used
Kenya, apricot, and peach combat fertility (Van der
Tanzania, (NAPPO, 2003) Byrg, 2004)
Uganda,
Cameroon
Congo,
Rwanda,
Benin, Cote
D’Ivoire,
68
Local Name: Bayag turo

Common Name: Cheeky yam
Scientific Name: Dioscorea bulbifera

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native Floating For ornamental Highly invasive plant and One of the most common ISSG Database
range: vegetation/debris: purposes is widely characterized widespread food yams and
Africa, Asia Ignorant Garden escape as an organism that can be found in every hot,
(Alexander.) posession garden waste: outcompetes and humid tropical region of the
Et Al.,1968); Landscape/fauna Horticulture smothers native world.”D.bulbifera is high in
Australia “impowerment”. vegetation; Has a variety diogenin, and is collected in
(GRIN,2007 of negative Impacts. D. the wild for steroidal drug
bulbifera interrupts hormones. Chemicals
natural ecosystem derived from D.bulbifera are
function by forming a also used in contraceptive
mat of vines pills. (University Of
Impenetrable by other Wisconsin-Madison,1999).
plants or Sunlight.
Can smother both
seedlings as well as full
grown trees
(Shultz,1992). Also
impacts wildlife species
dependent on native
vegetation. Extra fees
and taxes must be
Levied for control and
eradication efforts.
(Invasive.org,2002).
69
Local Name:
Common Name: Beach vitex, Monk’s Pepper
Scientific Name: Vitex rotundifolia

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native Vitex stems are Seeds are eaten Beach Considered an Historically used to National
range: brittle and can be by birds and can areas invasive species in the suppress sexual desire in Biological
China, broken apart and be carried at long Carolinas and has the women and in similar reason Information
Japan, India, carried away in distance and potential to spread to became a culinary spice in Infrastructure
Sri Lanka waves and tides excreted in new other coastal shores of monasteries, hence the (NBI)&IUCN/
South to new locations locations (FWS, the U. S. (Madsen, common name Monk’s ISSC Invasive)
Korea where they can undated). et al., 2005). Beach vitex pepper. Some of the active Species
Malaysia, reroot (GRI,2006) Spread of beach rapidly growing and chemical compounds have Specialist
Australia Introduced into the vitex can continue sprawling shrub both been linked to female Group (ISSG
Taiwan, U. S. partly as an if it is still used by vertically & horizontally hormone balance female
Thailand, ornamental Plant the public as an that is very tolerant of reproductive organs,
Indonesia, (Madsen, et al ornamental salt and drought. Its menopause, actions on the
Fiji, New ,2005) and is still (Madsen,et al., aggressive growth leads pituitary gland, and
Caledonia, sold in nurseries in 2005) The seeds to little light reaching the treatment for Acne
Philippines, Texas,Virginia,and and runners of soil surface preventing (SCNPS),undated.
Papua New Alabama (SCNPS beach vitex are other species to grow Compounds in the plant
Guinea Undated).Land spread by water It releases allelophatic have also been linked to
Mauritius, scape/fauna currents And high compounds that make it inhibit lung and Colon
Hawaii “improvement” tides to new hydrophobic causing cancers (Gresham &
(USDA- It was mainly locations (Madsen stress to less tolerant Neal,Undated). Introduced
GRIN,2007 U.S . for dune et al.,2005 species (Gresham and as an erosion control and
Gresham stabilization and Neal, undated) ornamental in the United
&Neal, Coastal erosion Causes mortality in States, however its negative
undated; control (Madsen, young sea turtles by effects On coastal species
Kim 2004) Et al.,2005). entangling them communities does not favor
it for this use.
70
Local Name: Bunchy top

Common Name: Banana bunchy top
Scientific Name: Banana buncy top virus (BBTV)

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
No info Transportation of Horticulture Banana BBTV is a destructive No economic importance National
habitat material: (local): Where the of any pathogen in many Biological
Magnaye and evidence of BBTV variety banana-cultivating areas Information
Valmayor is low the virus is of the World (Su et Infrastructure
(undated). mainly spread by al.,2003). The Hawaii’s (NBII)&
Report that “The planting diseased Department of IUCN/SSC
international suckers. Agriculture Invasive
Spread of BBTV is On animals: (1999) describes the Species
primarily through Manickam et al., affect of the virus stating Specialist
Infected planting (2001) report that “infected banana plants Group (ISSG)
materials. BBTV can be are stunted and have
(Wardlaw, 1961),” transmitted from small deformed fruits.
infected to healthy In advanced stages,
bananas by the diseased plants do not
Aphid Pentaonia produce any fruit.
nigronervosa The banana Aphid
spread the disease by
carrying the virus to
healthy plants
“BananaProduction is
usually unprofitable
once infected
71
Local Name: Passion Fruit

Common Name: Banana Passion Fruit
Scientific Name: Passiflora tarminiana (vine)

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
The Andes, Agriculture: No Consumption/ P.tarminiana can rapidly Often cultivated for fruit and PIER
from Grown for its info excretion: Feral reach and smother the as an ornamental plant, due (Pacific Island
Venezuela). fruits in some Pigs are the forest canopy when the to its attractive flowers Ecosystems At
to Peru (rare areas primary local Sub-canopy vegetation (Binggeli,1997). On Kauai, Risk),2003.
in Bolivia (Benggeli,1997). dispersal agent, is disturbed either banana Poka vines are Binggeli,
For Ornamental with frugivorus ( naturally, by hurricanes woven into Baskets (Starr,., P.1997 Woody
purposes: Often and granivorous and other high winds, or F.,pers.comm 2003). plant Ecology;
planted as an birds also playing by man or feral pigs UCN/SSC
ornamental plant a part Smith, 1985 in Invasive
because of its (PIER,2003). PIER,2003). species
attractive flowers P.Tarminiana Specialist
(Binggeli, 1997). In the region, it is suppresses tree Group (ISSG)
primarily spread regeneration, topples
through shallow-rooted Trees, RDEP study
ornamental kills standing trees
exchange through shading, and
lowers species richness
(Binggeli,1997).
In the region, the
species is observed
only in residential areas,
still not present in the
wild
72
Local Name: Passion orange

Common Name: Passion Fruit
Scientific Name: Passiflora edulis Sims

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to No infor as to No Probably No information. Ornamental, as shade IUCN
Brazil, how it was info introduced/spread The plant is not yet plant. Also grown because
Paraguay, introduced in the during the Spanish observed in the region of its nutritive value. Good RDEP study
Uruguay, country, yet it is period, in the to be invasive not even source of potassium and
Northern widely grown same strategy by its presence in the wild thus lowers high blood
Argentina Spanish The plant is being grown pressure, the pericarp is
missionaries as ornamental and also a good source of
using the plant shade lycopene.
as an expository
aid to convert
inhabitants to
christianity
73
Local Name: Sky Flower

Common Name: Sky Flower
Scientific Name: Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to Introduced as an No Introduced as an It invades pastures and Ornamental plant (PIER, 2007).
Asia and ornamental plant Info ornamental plant roadsides forming IUCN SSC
Northern impenetrable stands and Invasive Species
India Possibly through is a major threat to Specialist Group
Known ornamental plant remnants of tropical (ISSG)
introduced trade forests fragmented by
range: agriculture and
has been urbanisation. It is one of
introduced the most problematic
to many invasive plants in
Pacific Australia. It can cover
islands 100% of the ground over
(Fiji, French several hectares,
Polynesia, excluding all native
Guam, plants.
Hawaii, New
Caledonia,
Palau,
Samoa)
Australia
Costa Rica
Singapore,
74
Local Name: Micania

Common Name: Chinese creeper, Mile-a-minute
Scientific Name: Mikania micrantha (vine)

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Mikania Other: Mikania No On animals: Seed wet Mikania micrantha Because of its extreme Global Invasive
micrantha is micrantha was info dispersed In lands spreads at an alarming fast growth, it is being used Species
native to introduced into clothing or hair.On rate, readily climbing as an ingredient to Database,
south and India to animals (local): and twining on any fermented plant juice Northern
north camouflage Seed dispersed vertical support, crops, formulations as an organic Territory
America, Airfields (New by wind. bushes, trees walls fertilizer to enhance Department of
where it Scientist,2003 and fences. Grows up to vegetative growth Business,)
grows in and The plant produce 27mm/day. Damages or industry and
near forests, No information enormous kills other plants by Resource
along as to how it was volume of seeds cutting out the light Developmen
streams and introduced in the especially in young
in disturbed region plantation & nurseries. RDEP study
areas such Also believed to release
as roadsides substances that inhibit
growth. Worst weed of
tea in India, rubber in Sri
Lanka and Malaysia. In
Somia, have caused the
abandonment of coconut
plantations, reported to
kill large breadfruit and
causes problems to oil
palm and banana
75
Local Name: Yellow creeper

Common Name: Wedelia. Imelda
Scientific Name: Sphagneticola trilobata

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to Brought in to 1981 People sharing Open Declared as class 3 Erosion control, bank Asian
America Claveria by then resources areas Queensland legislation stabilization, medicinal/ Journal
Taggat Indutries pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical
Found in. Inc. then spreads Spreads rapidly and formulations, swine feeds Research 2011
South East in the logging smothers seedlings, and ornamental purposes Vol.1 Issn 1
Queensland, areas of the ferns and shrubs.
coastal company in Invades environmental
areas of Apayao areas. RDEP study
northern and Very hard top eradicate
central
Queensland
76
. MATRIX OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN CAGAYAN VALLEY REGION 02
Local Name: Utot, Bao

Common Name: Maori rat
Scientific Name: Rattus exulans

Major
Method Year Host
Spread Impacts
Native to Rattus exulans is No Aggie Atkinson and Towns Valuable food source IUCN/SSC
southeast thought to have info crops (2001) report numerous for polynesians Invasive
asia been deliberately species of New Zealand Species
introduced to flora and fauna that are Specialist
many islands by vulnerable to Pacific Group (ISSG)
Polynesians who rats. Most vulnerable
considered it a amongst invertebrates
valuable food are large, flightless
source species; especially those
(Spennemann, that need to descend to
1997). ground level for part of
their life-cycle. (
Atkinson and Atkinson,
It is a major agricultural
pest throughout
Southeast Asia and the
Pacific region. Crops
damaged include rice,
maize, sugarcane,
coconut, cacao,
pineapple, and root
crops.
77
IAS AWARENESS SURVEY ANALYSIS
There has been no specific target of the survey. It was conducted as to who
is available and willing to provide information. Yet after consolidating data,
respondents came from the academe, government offices which include the DENR
and the civil society. Academe means those working in the Department of
Education which includes those in colleges and universities, while the environment
sector as used in other text of this study refers to those working in the DENR and
government offices refer to all other sectors of the government. While the total
number of respondents may not statistically represent the whole population of the
region, it provides a convincing result on the level of awareness to invasive alien
species.
A total of 142 respondents in the whole Cagayan Valley Region provided

information on their level of awareness except for the province of Batanes
representing about .004 percent of the total population (Popcen, 2010). Based on
the survey, 39.44 and 60.56 percent are women and men, respectively with 57.04
percent have gone to college, 9.85 percent attended and finished high school and
21.12 percent have at least completed elementary education (Table 10). Out of this,
11.26 percent came from the academe, 24.64 percent from the environment and
18.30 percent from other government offices and the rest from the general public.
The foregoing figures suggest that comprehension is generally high with respect to
the questions in the survey form reflecting answer credibility.
Irrespective of the sector represented, about 46.47 percent responded to

have heared about IAS, generally acquired through TV/radio and some by word of
mouth among neighbors. Yet notwithstanding these information, 67.60 percent did
not respond for questions requiring information on their nature. This means that in
general, the acquired information on IAS existence is enough and other information
are not of any interests. This is consistent with result revealing only 12.67 percent
responding that these species are harmful while 5.63 percent believe these species
to be useful.
In the regional setting, 32.39 percent responded for golden kuhol (Pomacea
cananiculata) and 14.08 percent for rice field eel (Monopterus albus) as the main
IAS observed in agroecosystems. However, for the province of Quirino, the main
IAS of concern is the rice field eel more that the golden apple snail which is
providing more trouble among farmers. It was likewise observed that knowledge on
IAS to all of the respondents is focused only on fauna not until they are informed of
floral IAS. This provided information that in the forest ecosystem, notably known is
mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and the giant makahiya (Mimosa diplotricha) and
water lily (Eichormia crassipes) in coastal areas. Among the respondents,
awareness on floral IAS is very low at 4.22 percent on the average (Table 12).
78
Soliciting ideas on management, 77.46 percent provided no answer while
6.33% states eradication, 9.85% for constant monitoring, 1.4% for frequent
inventory, 2.11% suggesting the conduct of IEC and 2.81 suggesting these species
to be propagated. From the above figures, it does aptly necessitate that IEC has to
be conducted in all sectors of the society in the end to contain these species and
conserve biodiversity along with the global concern on biosecurity.
General result of the survey in all of the above sectors shows disgustingly low
awareness on the subject. The mere information alone when IAS is stated has
raised brows not until it is explained yet it is perceived that the subject is not well
appreciated because the survey returns even provide conflicting, unacceptable and
no answers even on simple questions. The survey likewise further reveal that in
general, there is no serious concern to IAS especially in their potential affect to
biodiversity and the losses these may entail on the economy. Seemingly, any of
these species are simply natural occurrences and whatever effect is just like passing
attentions.
The following tables document IAS awareness by province and by sectors of

the society with significantly similar low awareness result. This condition
increasingly brings the necessity to conduct IEC to back-up whatever effort in the
future including current and future policies that may be formulated in the end to
contain and manage potential negative effects of IAS against biodiversity and to the
economy in general. IEC should focus on trends of continous biodiversity losses
which adversely affect health primarily on the pharmaceutical feedstocks, food,
ecological imbalances that creates pest and diseases affecting production and
climate changes.
79
Table 10. Background and Socio-economic Information of Respondents by Location:
Sector Represented Gender Age Marital Status Formal Education Occupation Rel to Envi?
# of
Mul No
Survey Resp Far No T- No
Env Ag Ac ti NG 21- 31- 41- 51- 61- No Go Ye
Location ondnt Pri An M F S M W Sp Col HS Pri me An che An No
i gie ad An O 30 40 50 60 70 ne v s
s s r s r s
s
Cagayan 58 6 10 11 3 14 8 0 39 19 15 7 8 28 0 12 43 0 0 22 6 25 5 18 9 21 10 34 24 0
Isabela 27 2 5 10 10 0 0 0 10 17 1 5 6 14 1 4 20 3 0 24 3 0 0 0 6 16 5 2 25 0
Quirino 25 1 5 4 2 7 3 3 17 8 2 6 9 8 0 2 23 0 0 13 1 5 6 1 7 17 0 0 0 0
Nueva V 32 5 15 1 1 8 3 2 20 12 8 6 8 9 1 6 24 1 1 22 4 0 6 0 7 25 0 19 11 2
Total 142 14 35 26 16 29 3 5 86 56 26 24 31 59 2 24 110 4 1 81 14 30 17 19 29 79 15 55 60 2
Table 11. Level of Awareness to Invasive Alien Species of Respondents by Location.
Proble
Info on nature of Main IAS in the
Heard IAS? IAS Opinion IAS Benefits ms
Mgmt Measures Proposal
IAS Area
# of Posed
Survey Resp Hu Im Pla Inv
Mul Har Do De Fo Ers Liv
Location onde No Har No Not ma No pro No No No Re Un ce Mo
Us ti m mi Ku str od/I ion No elih Ch No Era en Bre
nt Yes No An mf
eful An
An
Nat
Nat n
nati
An
hol
Eel per An
ucti
An
nco Cnt
An
Ans oo
mo
em
aw 4d
Ans
IEC nito
ed
s ul s ive Inte s An s s s val are spp dic tor r
s ive ng on me rl d
r s . ate y
Cagayan 58 33 25 0 10 7 14 27 0 3 0 24 31 19 4 0 35 31 27 12 13 33 40 0 2 5 9 2 47 3 0 0 8 0
Isabela 27 2 24 1 1 1 0 25 0 1 0 1 25 1 0 0 26 2 25 7 1 19 19 0 0 0 11 1 21 0 0 0 2 4
Quirino 25 12 13 0 4 0 6 15 4 5 1 0 15 6 15 2 2 11 14 9 0 16 21 0 1 1 0 2 20 2 2 0 1 0
Nueva V 32 19 11 0 3 0 14 29 6 6 1 7 12 20 1 4 7 7 25 16 1 15 27 1 3 1 0 0 22 4 1 2 3 0
Total 142 66 73 1 18 8 34 96 10 15 2 32 83 46 20 6 70 51 91 44 15 83 107 1 6 7 20 5 110 9 3 2 14 4
80
Table 12. Observed IAS and Amount of Information by Ecosystem.
List of IAS in the Locality by Ecosystem Amount of IAS Information by Ecosystem

Observed IAS in Observed IAS in Observed IAS in Observed IAS in Coastal Agroecosystem Freshwater Forest
# of
Survey Res Coastal Agroecosystem Freshwater Forest
location pond No Not Not Not No
Im Im Mul Ja Ma G. Im So No So Am No So Am So Am Not
Cat Pa An hin hin hin An
ent No W.l pro Ku No Ku pro ti No Ku nit No ho Ma pro me Ans me ple Ans me ple me ple hing
fis Eel Eel ulo s g g g s
Ans ily per hol ans hol per An Ans hol or Ans ga ka per
h nia
An An s Fis ny hiy An
Cagayan 58 49 2 0 5 2 43 7 2 0 6 44 7 0 7 38 16 0 0 4 21 34 3 27 10 21 0 17 13 25 3 20 10 15 13
Isabela 27 27 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 1 0 27 0 0 0 25 0 0 1 1 27 0 0 26 1 0 0 27 0 0 0 25 1 1 0
Quirino 25 25 0 0 0 0 22 1 0 2 0 18 4 0 3 22 3 0 0 0 21 1 3 17 3 2 3 18 3 0 4 17 6 0 2
Nueva V 32 32 0 0 0 0 24 4 2 1 1 27 1 1 3 22 2 1 1 6 20 2 10 18 7 2 5 15 9 2 6 17 0 9 6
Total 142 133 2 0 5 2 115 12 4 4 7 116 12 1 13 107 21 1 2 11 89 37 16 88 21 25 8 77 25 27 13 79 17 25 21
Table 13. Source of Information,Regularity of Receiving Information and Sufficiency of Information
Source of Information Regularity of Receiving Info Suficiency of Information

# of
Ra Pri
Survey Res No Nei Mult Fello Very No
dio W nt NG For Oth No Nev Rar Freq
Location pond An ghb i Far Freq repl Yes No
/T eb Me O um ers Ans er e uent
ent s or Ans mer uent y
V d
Cagayan 58 0 4 4 6 0 27 0 7 5 5 29 13 0 14 2 27 4 27
Isabela 27 19 4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 8 17 1 0 1 7 0 20
Quirino 25 16 2 0 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 12 6 4 2 1 11 1 13
Nueva V 32 18 2 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 1 12 4 6 5 7 10 1 21
Total 142 53 12 4 8 2 39 0 11 6 7 61 40 11 21 11 55 6 81
81
Table 14. Frequency on the Access of Information
Radio/TV Forum Print Media Net NGO Neighbor Fel l ow Fa rmer

# of
Survey
Respo No Occ Oft Fre Nev No Occ Oft Nev No Occ Oft Nev No Occ Oft Nev No Occ Oft Nev No Occ Oft Nev No Occ Oft Fre Nev
Location
ndents Ans atio en que er Ans atio en er Ans atio en er Ans atio en er Ans atio en er Ans atio en er Ans atio en que er
nal nt nal nal nal nal nal nal nt
Cagayan 58 28 9 4 1 16 30 7 5 16 35 5 2 16 34 2 6 16 33 6 7 12 36 5 4 13 37 3 4 2 12
Isabela 27 14 1 0 0 12 14 0 0 13 14 0 1 12 14 2 0 11 14 0 0 13 14 1 0 12 14 1 0 0 12
Quirino 25 17 4 0 0 4 18 2 0 5 18 4 0 3 20 1 0 4 19 1 0 5 18 1 1 0 5 16 3 2 4
Nueva V 32 16 7 4 1 4 20 5 4 3 19 4 4 5 22 4 2 4 20 1 0 11 19 3 1 9 17 6 3 2 4
Total 142 75 21 8 2 36 82 14 9 37 86 13 7 36 90 9 8 35 86 8 7 41 87 10 6 34 73 26 10 6 32
82
Appendix A. Observed Invasive Alien Species in the Province of Cagayan R02
Local Name Common Name Scientific Name Location (Mun.)
Agoho* Agoho Casuarina equisetefolia Province wide
Auri* Earleaf acacia Acacia auriculaeformis Province wide
Claveria, Sta. Praxedes, Sanchez
Apitong* Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Mira, Pamplona, Gonzaga, Sta.
Ana, Gattaran
Bayabas Guava Psygium guajava Province wide
Eucalyptus* Mindanao gum Eucalyptus deglupta Province wide
Falcata* Falcata Albizzia falcataria Claveria, Ballesteros
Gmelina* Yemane Gmelina arborea Province wide
Ipil ipil Ipil ipil Leucaena leucocephala Province wide
Lomboy Black berry Syzygium cumini Province wide
Mahogany* Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Province wide
Mangium* Mangium Acacia mangium Province wide
Mansanita Chinese apple Ziziphus mauritiana Province wide
Teak* Teak Tectona grandis Province wide
Kangkong** Morning glory Ipomea aquatic Province wide
Fashion fruit** Fashion fruit Passiflora edulis Province wide
Micania Mile-a-minute Micania micrantha Province wide
Sky flower** Sky flower Thunbergia grandiflora Province wide
Yellow creeper Wedelia,Imelda Thunbergia trilobata Sta. Praxedes to Allacapan
Asolla Azolla Azolla pinnata Province wide
Letis Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Province wide
Water lily Water hyacinth Eichornia crassipes Province wide
Bain bain Giant mimosa Mimosa diplotricha Province wide
Hagonoy Hagonoy Chromolaena odorata Province wide
Lantana Lantana Lantana camara Province wide
Sigsag Asiatic witchweed Striga asiatica Province wide
Galut galut Bahama grass Cynodon dactylon Province wide
Bain bain Sensitive grass Mimosa pudica Province wide
Birut Flat head goby Glossogobius giurus Province wide
Dalag Snakehead fish Channa striata Province wide
Claveria, Abulog, Gattaran,
Karpa Scale carp
Cyprinus carpio Amulong, Iguig
Kiwet Rice field eel Monopterus albus Iguig, Solana, Baggao
Taiwan paltat Asiatic catfish Clarias batrachus Province wide
Tilapia Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Province wide
Mosambique Oreochromis
Tilapia Province wide
Tilapia mossambicus
Giant african Achatina fulica
Birurukong Province wide
snail
Golden apple Pomacea cananiculata
Taiwan kuhol Province wide
snail
Karag Toad Bufo marinus Province wide
Taiwan tukak Taiwanese frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Abulug, Ballesteros
Kannaway Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Province wide
Papa Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Province wide
Rhinocerus Oryctes rhinoceros
Barairong Province wide
beetle
Coconut hispid Allacapan, Gattaran, Amulung,
Brontispa Brontispa latissima
beetle Iguig
*Conflict species
83
Appendix B. Observed Invasive Alien Species in the Province of Isabela
Trees
Sierra madre mountain
range
Vines
Herbs
Shrubs
Grass
Fish
Tilapia Mosambique Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus Province wide
Mollusks
Birurukong Giant african snail Achatina fulica Province wide
Taiwan kuhol Golden apple snail Pomacea cananiculata Province wide
Amphibian
Bird
Insect
Barairong Rhinocerus beetle Oryctes rhinoceros Province wide
*Conflict species
84
Appendix C. Observed Invasive Alien Species in the Province of Nueva Vizcaya
Trees
Magat Experimental
Forest, Quezon
Falcata* Quirino
Kiri Paulonia Paulonia spp Diadi
Vines
Herbs
Shrubs
Grass
Fish
Tawes
Mollusks
Amphibian
Bird
Insect
*Conflict species
85
Appendix D. Observed Invasive Alien Species in the Province of Quirino
Trees
Apitong* Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Province wide
Kiri Paulonia Paulonia spp Diffun
Vines
Herbs
Shrubs
Grass
Fish
Mollusks
Amphibian
Bird
Insect
*Conflict species
86
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
The project leader is indebted in the deepest sense of gratitude to Ms. Lida Alan
and Ms. Arlou I. Soriano for their untiring support from the inception of the study to the
crafting of this terminal report. To them this project could not have been completed.
87

Final Biosecurity Terminal Report

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ABSTRACT

The Philippines is considered as a biodiversity hotspot because of its wide array

The introduction of exotic species, either intentionally or unintentionally,

In a more specific sense, biosecurity is relatively new word, a contraction of the

Numerous international instruments have been developed to address IAS and

Further, to frame up effective guidelines to contain these invasive species and

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1. Fuyot Spring National Park:

The validated floral composition of the area shows 49 species, consisting of

QPL was established under Presidential Proclamation Number 779 dated

PENRO Quirino NGP/RBC 2013

Among the floral IAS, the giant

On the assumption that this species is

Economic losses from BBT in the

Local Name Common Name Scientific Name Status

While gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) are

The presence of Kiri [local

In like manner, falcata

b. Priority IAS Species:

Finding beauty on its flower, collection

Equally, the janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus) may come as a

Common Name Scientific Name Potential Areas of Threat

Local Name: Karag

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Taiwan Tukak

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Golden/Taiwan Kuhol

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Birurukong

Introduction Likely Threat

Hermaprodite, and lays

Local Name: Dalag

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Tawes

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Kiwet

Local Name: Tilapia

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Birut

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Mosquito fish

Local Name: Million Fish

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Tilapia

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Tilapia

Local Name: Hito, Taiwan Paltat

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Janitor fish

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: lomboy

Introduction Likely Threat

The bark is used in cooking

Local Name: Mahogany

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Teak

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Yemane, Gmelina, Paper Tree

Local Name: Kiri

Paulonia spp. Are

Local Name: Auri

Local Name: Mangium

Introduction Likely Threat

Local Name: Eucalyptus