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Message-ID: <LANs/ethernet-faq_1060423754@rtfm.mit.edu>
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From: James@NetworkUptime.com (James Messer)
Newsgroups: comp.dcom.lans.ethernet,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: comp.dcom.lans.ethernet FAQ
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Archive-name: LANs/ethernet-faq
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Last-modified: 1999/07/09
Version: 990709
URL: http://www.NetworkUptime.com/faqs/ethernet
Copyright: (c) 1999 James Messer
Maintainer: James Messer <James@NetworkUptime.com>
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/faqs/LANs/ethernet-faq
http://www.NetworkUptime.com/faqs/ethernet
In many cases, the FAQ questions and answers are summarized from the
comp.dcom.lans.ethernet newsgroup. Much of this information is also
obtained from the IEEE standards (http://www.ieee.com) and related
technical documents.
Since this FAQ changes constantly, a copy of the FAQ on your web
page would be out of date in a very short time. Please don't do
this! A more appropriate method would be to set a hyperlink to the
URL found in the secondary header of this FAQ. Please send an e-mail
to James@NetworkUptime.com if you plan on adding a link to this FAQ
to your web page. I reserve the right to restrict the use of this
FAQ.
http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/IEEE802.3.html
http://www.ieee.com
3.0 Ethernet Physical Layer
[3.3] What is the difference between a bus topology and a star topology?
10BASE5
-------
10BASE2
-------
10BASE2 is designed as a smaller and less expensive alternative to
10BASE5, and is sometimes referred to as Thinnet or Thin Ethernet
because of the much smaller cables. 10BASE2 is also a bus topology,
but each of the workstations use a 'T' BNC connector to connect
workstations to the central bus.
[3.5] What are the most common physical Ethernet networks used today?
Contact 1 Transmit +
Contact 2 Transmit -
Contact 3 Receive +
Contact 4 Not Used
Contact 5 Not Used
Contact 6 Receive -
Contact 7 Not Used
Contact 8 Not Used
Contact 1 - Contact 3
Contact 2 - Contact 6
Contact 3 - Contact 1
Contact 6 - Contact 2
The propagation speed of a medium refers to the speed that the data
travels through that medium. Propagation delays differ between
mediums, which affect the maximum possible length of the Ethernet
topology running on that medium.
The Ethernet Version 2 frame format was designed before the IEEE
specifications, but is almost identical to the 802.3 frame type.
With the Ethernet Version 2 frame type, a two-byte Type field
follows the source station's six-byte MAC address. In the 802.3
frame type, this two-byte field after the source address is a length
field specifying the number of bytes in the LLC and data fields. If
these two bytes are greater than 05DC hex (1500 decimal), the frame
is a Version 2 frame. Since all type fields are greater than 1500
decimal (the maximum Ethernet frame size), both frame types can
easily coexist on the same network. Some network protocol analyzers
call a Version 2 frame an Ethertype frame because of this two-byte
Type field.
+--------------+
| | The preamble consists of 62 bits of alternating
| Preamble | ones and zeros that allows the Ethernet card to
| 7 bytes | synchronize with the beginning of a frame.
| |
+--------------+ The Start Frame Delimiter is the sequence
| SFD - 1 byte | 10101011, and indicates the start of a frame.
+--------------+
| | The destination address is a six byte Media Access
| Destination | Control (MAC) address, usually burned into the
| 6 bytes | ROM of the Ethernet card.
+--------------+
| | The source address is a six byte MAC address, and
| Source | can signify a physical station or a broadcast.
| 6 bytes |
+--------------+
| Type | The Type field (see explanation above).
| 2 bytes |
+--------------+
| | Any higher layer information is placed in the
| Data | data field, which could contain protocol
| | information or user data.
~ ~
~ ~
| 46 to 1500 |
| bytes |
| |
+--------------+
| FCS | The Frame Check Sequence is a cyclic redundancy
| 4 bytes | check used by the sending and receiving stations
+--------------+ to verify a successful transmission. The FCS is
based on the contents of the destination address,
source address, type, and data.
+----------------+
| |
| Preamble |
| 7 bytes |
| |
+----------------+
| SFD - 1 byte |
+----------------+
| |
| Destination |
| 6 bytes |
+----------------+
| |
| Source |
| 6 bytes |
+----------------+
| Frame Length |
| 2 bytes |
+----------------+
| DSAP - 1 byte | The Destination and Source Service Access Point
+----------------+ fields determine the protocol used for the upper
| SSAP - 1 byte | protocol type of the frame.
+----------------+
|Control - 1 byte| The Control field is used for administration by
+----------------+ certain protocols.
| Data |
| |
~ ~
~ ~
| 46 to 1500 |
| bytes |
| |
+----------------+
| FCS |
| 4 bytes |
+----------------+
+----------------+
| |
| Preamble |
| 7 bytes |
| |
+----------------+
| SFD - 1 byte |
+----------------+
| |
| Destination |
| 6 bytes |
+----------------+
| |
| Source |
| 6 bytes |
+----------------+
| Frame Length |
| 2 bytes |
+----------------+
| DSAP - 1 byte |
+----------------+
| SSAP - 1 byte |
+----------------+
|Control - 1 byte|
+----------------+ The Organizationally Unique ID (OUI) is assigned
| OUI - 3 bytes | to unique vendors to help differentiate protocols
| | from different manufacturers.
+----------------+
| Type - 2 bytes | The two-byte protocol type defines a specific
+----------------+ protocol in the SNAP. This also maintains a
| | compatibility with Ethernet v2.
| Data |
| |
~ ~
~ ~
| 46 to 1500 |
| bytes |
| |
+----------------+
| FCS |
| 4 bytes |
+----------------+
To implement their 'raw' frame type, Novell used the first two bytes
of the 802.3 data field as 0xFFFF. Since the DSAP and SSAP values of
0xFF do not exist, it becomes easy to differentiate between the
802.3 and 802.3 'raw' frame types.
The SQE Test is used to test for the collision present circuit
between a transceiver and a network interface card (NIC). After data
is successfully transmitted, the Ethernet transceiver asserts the
SQE signal on the collision presence circuit of the NIC. The NIC
sees this test signal as a verification that the transceiver will
inform the NIC when a collision occurs.
Both CRC errors and alignment errors are grouped together as the
single CRC/Alignment error counter.
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