ORGANELLE: STRUCTURE

AND FUNCTION

Marlia Singgih Wibowo

Elin Julianti

2018/2019 BI1202 – Biologi Sel Terapan

 What is
Cell???

Cell is the smallest living unit of the body. It is the

basic structural, functional, and biological unit of
all known living organisms.

It is also called “building block of life”

Cells as “Building Blocks of Life”
 Types of
Cells

Prokaryote Eukaryote

Bacteria Archaebacteria
Fungi Animals

Protista
Plants
 Prokaryote Eukaryote

Prokaryote cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound

organelle. Instead, they have nucleoid.
Eukaryote cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.
 Cells Compositions

Cells are mainly comprised of

water, chemical substances,
and organelles

a. Water  as solvents and transport for nutrition

b. Proteins  as enzymes, help cell meets its energy needs
c. Small molecules  such as ions and glucose help the
operation of a cell
d. RNA  involved in expressing information contain in DNA
e. Phospholipids and polysaccharides  mainly found in
plasma membrane to protect the cell and regulate molecule
transport in-and-out of cell
f. DNA –> stores genetic information for cell regulation and
heredity
 Cell
Structures
Organelles in
Animal Cells

 Only in animal cells

 Nucleus
 Nucleus only found in eukaryote cells  in prokaryote it is called nucleoid

 Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell

Nuclear envelope  separate nucleus contents from

cytoplasm
Nuclear pore  regulate the entry and exit of proteins and
RNAs
Nucleoplasm  types of protoplasm which consist of
nucleosol, chromatin and nucleolus
Chromosome/chromatin  complex of DNA
and proteins making up chromosomes
Nucleolus  dense and robust structure of the nucleus, site
of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription, pre-rRNA processing
and ribosome subunit assembly
 Store the cell’s genetic
information and hereditary
materials

Nucleus Function

Coordinates the cell's activities,

which include growth, intermediary
metabolism, protein synthesis, and
reproduction (cell division)
 Reticulum Endoplasmic (RE)

Two types of RE:

Smooth RE  lacks of ribosomes on its
membrane
Rough RE  attached with many ribosomes on
its membrane

Cisternae  a network of membranous tubules

and sacs
Cisternae space/ER lumen  internal
compartment of the ER
Ribosomes  complexes structure that make
proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or
nuclear envelope
 Ribosome Large Subunit

Ribosome is a complex structures made of

ribosomal RNAs and proteins  it is NOT AN
ORGANELLE (not membrane bounded)

Each ribosome consist of two building blocks:

Large Subunit & Small Subunit

2 types of ribosome: prokaryotic ribosome

(70S) and eukaryotic ribosome (80S)

Prokaryotic ribosome (70S) consist of Large

Subunit 50S and Small Unit 30S

Eukaryotic ribosome (80S) consist of Large

Subunit 60S and Small Unit 40S
Small Subunit
 Ribosome

Ribosome can be found in two forms:

Free ribosome  in cytoplasm
Bound ribosome  attached to nuclear envelope,
RE membrane, and mitochondrial matrix

Free ribosome  produce protein mainly function in

the cytoplasm

Bound ribosome  produce protein for secretion

from the cells (e.g. Pancreas cells have larger portion
of bound ribosome compare to free ribosome to
produce enzyme for digestive purpose)

FUNCTION: Protein synthesis (especially in

translation steps of the protein synthesis)
 Reticulum Endoplasmic (RE)
Functions
Rough RE
Major producer of secretory proteins in form of
glycoproteins (a protein which attached by
carbohydrates)  these glycoproteins is
separated from other protein produced by free
ribosome in cytosol by wrapping them with
vesicle from transitional ER

Produces new membrane material which is

transported throughout the cell to enlarge
various membrane system during cell division
 Reticulum Endoplasmic (RE)
Functions
Smooth RE
Smooth RE is mainly found in
adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries
cells (to synthesis hormones and
Synthesis of lipids (oils, steroids, new steroids) as well as in liver cells (to
detoxify drugs and poisons)
membrane phospholipids)

Metabolism of carbohydrates

Detoxification of drugs and poison

Storage of calcium ions

 Golgi Apparatus

Golgi apparatus/Golgi bodies consist of stacks of

associated, flattened sacs, or cisternae.

It has a structural and functional directionality,

with a cis face that receives vesicles containing
ER products (usually located near the ER) and a
trans face that dispatches vesicles.
 Golgi Apparatus Function

It functions as a warehouse for

receiving, sorting, shipping, and even
some manufacturing (mostly
polysaccharides)

Golgi apparatus provides vesicles as a

transport for molecules to other part
of the cells
 Lysosome
Lysosome is a membranous sac filled with hydrolytic
enzymes

It is also called as “digestive compartments”

Those hydrolytic enzymes work best in acidic

environment

Excessive leakage from a number of lysosome can

destroy a cell by self-digestion

Lysosome contains various enzymes such as:

Cathepsins (protease)  digest protein
Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase  digest carbohydrate
Lysosomal acid phosphatase  release phosphate
groups of phospholipids
 Lysosome Function
Lysosome digest materials in two ways: phagocytosis and autophagy

Phagocytosis
The lysosome fuses with food or foreign
substances (e.g. bacteria that invades our
body) that enters the cell in vacuoles
through a mechanism called
phagocytosis and then releases its
digestive enzymes, which break down
the foods (for biosynthesis and energy
generation) or foreign substances (to
eliminate the invaders).
 Lysosome Function

Autophagy

Lysosome also has a role in recycling parts

of the cells or the damaged component of
the cells for new biosynthesis.
 Peroxisome

Peroxisome is a specialized metabolic compartment

bounded by a single membrane

It contains enzyme that removes hydrogen from

various substances and transfer it to O2 resulting in
peroxide

Contain various enzyme such as:

Peroxisomal carnitine acyltransferase
Acyl-CoA oxidase
β-ketothiolase
Catalase
 Peroxisome Function

The function of peroxisome is to breakdown of

very long chain fatty acids through beta
oxidation using enzymes such as:
Peroxisomal carnitine acyltransferase
Acyl-CoA oxidase
β-ketothiolase

It also has the ability to convert excess peroxide

produced in the process using catalase
 Relationship in The Endomembrane System
(Nucleus, ER, Golgi Bodies, Lysosome, Peroxisome)

Peroxisome can take part

in adjunct with lysosome
to degrade
macromolecules
 Mitochondria

Mitochondria is a double-membrane-bound
organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms
(especially aerobic organisms)

Mitochondria have five distinct parts, which are:

a. Outer membrane
b. Intermembrane space (the space between
the outer and inner membranes)
c. Inner membrane
d. Cristae space (formed by in-folding of the
inner membrane)
e. Matrix (space within the inner membrane)
 Mitochondria Function

The major function of mitochondria is

cell respiration and ATP production
 Mitochondria
Function

The matrix contains enzymes for the

oxidation of organic compounds, in
particular, enzymes of the citric acid
cycle, the major pathway for the
combustion of organic compounds to
CO2
 Hydrogenosome
Hydrogenosome is mosltly possessed by
anaerobic microorganism

Hydrogenosome lack citric acid cycle

enzymes and also lack cristae

The major biochemical reaction in the

hydrogenosome is the oxidation of the
compound pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate

Hydrogenosomes cannot respire, hence they

cannot oxidize the acetate produced from
pyruvate oxidation as mitochondria do 
acetate is excreted into the cytoplasm
 Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton comprise of 3
components, they are:
- Microtubules (is the thickest of the
three types)
- Microfilaments (is also called actin
filaments)
- Intermediate filaments (fibers with
diameters in a middle range)
 Microtubules

Microtubules has hollow tubes structure having a diameter of 25 nm

with 15-nm lumen

Microtubules has protein subunits called tubulin, a dimer structure

consist of α-tubulin and β-tubulin

Microtubules grow in length by adding tubulin dimers; they can also be

disassembled and their tubulins used to build microtubules elsewhere
in the cell.
 Microtubules Function
Microtubules dynamics:
Catastrophe (the end part break apart/depolymerization)
Rescue (assembly of the end part/polymerization

Microtubule with GTP-β-tubulin on the end of each

protofilament is strongly favored to grow. However, a
microtubule with GDP-β-tubulin at the ends of the
protofilaments forms a curved structure and will undergo
rapid disassembly

Main functions of microtubules:

 maintenance of cell shape (compression-resisting /
push-resistance)
 cell motility (as in cilia or flagella)
 chromosome movements in cell division
 organelle movements
 Microtubules Function

There are 2 motor proteins that

move along microtubules, they are
Kinesin and Dynein  it helps
organelles to move along the cells

All microtubules are nucleated

from structures known as
microtubule-organizing centers,
or MTOCs.

In most cases, the (−) end of the

microtubule stays anchored
in the MTOC while the (+) end
extends away from it.
MTOC / Microtubule-Organizing Centers
 Intermediate Filaments

It has larger diameter than

microfilaments but smaller diameter
than microtubules

It’s only found in some animals cells

It functions to preserve cell shape

and structure  pull-resistance
 Microfilaments

Microfilaments are thin solid rods 

also called actin filaments (build
from actin protein)

It forms a filamentous actin (F-

actin) from association of globular
actin (G-actin)
 Microfilaments Functions

Microfilaments functions mainly as:

- Preserving cells shape and
structure
- Serves as tracks for motor
protein called myosin  to
help organelle transport

There are 3 classes of myosin, they

are:
- Myosin class I
- Myosin class II
- Myosin class V
 Centrosome

Centrosome is a region near the nucleus where the microtubules grow out

Within the centrosome is a pair of centrioles, each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a
ring
 Centrosome Function

Centrosome mainly functions as:

- Microtubule organizing center
- The centriole acts as anchor that
microtubules attach during cell division
to move chromosomes
 Cilia and Flagella

Cilia and flagella are related microtubule-based

and membrane-enveloped extensions of the
plasma membrane
 Cilia and Flagella Functions

Flagella and cilia has function to help cells

movement

Flagella and cilia differ in their beating

patterns

Flagellum has an undulating motion

like the tail of a fish

Cilia have alternating power and recovery

strokes, much like the oars of a racing crew
 Microvilli

Microvilli is actin-based structures found on the apical

aspect of many epithelial cells  increase the surface area
of the cells

It has variety functions such as:

absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and
mechanotransduction
Organelles
in Plant
Cells

 Only in plant cells

 Chloroplast
Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, along
with enzymes and other molecules that function in the
photosynthetic production of sugar

Inside the chloroplast is another membranous system in the

form of flattened, interconnected sacs called thylakoids.

In some regions, thylakoids are stacked like poker chips;

each stack is called a granum (plural, grana).

The fluid outside the thylakoids is the stroma, which contains

the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes.

The membranes of the chloroplast divide the chloroplast

space into three compartments:
the intermembrane space, the stroma, and the
thylakoid space.
 Chloroplast Functions

Chloroplasts function mainly for photosynthesis

Photosynthesis consists of 2 steps:

1. Light reactions  production of O2
2. Dark reactions  synthesis of sugar

Stroma  has various enzyme and a suitable pH for

the Calvin cycle  it is where the dark reactions take
place

Thylakoid  has ETC and ATP synthase for

photophosphorylation  it is where the light
reactions take place
 Central Vacuole

Central vacuole  develops by coalescence of smaller

vacuole

The solution inside the central vacuole, called cell

sap, is the plant cell’s main repository of inorganic
ions, including potassium and chloride

The central vacuole plays a major role in the growth

of plant cells, which enlarge as the vacuole absorbs
water, enabling the cell to become larger with a
minimal investment in new cytoplasm
 Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata joins the internal chemical environments of adjacent cells

It mainly function to help communication between cells and matter transport

 Cell Wall
Component :
- cellulose microfibrils
- non cellulose matrix  pectin
compound, hemicellulose, lignin and
protein

Function:
giving shape to cells, strengthen cells,
protector

The cell wall grows when it still has

contact with the protoplast
The cell wall is an extracellular structure

Cell Wall
of plant cells

Plant cell walls are much thicker than the

plasma membrane, ranging from 0.1 μm
to several micrometers

Young plant cell first secretes a relatively

thin and flexible wall called the primary
cell wall  mainly found in newly formed
cells

Between primary walls of adjacent cells

is the middle lamella, a thin layer rich in
sticky polysaccharides called pectin.

The secondary wall, often deposited in

several laminated layers, has a strong
and durable matrix that affords the cell
protection and support
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
 Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
BASIS FOR COMPARISON PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Size 0.5-3 µm 2-100 µm
Kind of Cell Single-cell Mostly multicellular
Cell Wall Cell wall present, comprise of Usually cell wall absent, if
peptidoglycan or mucopeptide present (plant cells and fungus),
(polysaccharide). comprises of cellulose
(polysaccharide).
Presence of Nucleus Well-defined nucleus is absent, A well-defined nucleus is
rather 'nucleoid' is present which present enclosed within nuclear
is an open region containing envelope.
DNA.
Shape of DNA Circular, double-stranded DNA Linear, double-stranded DNA
Mitochondria Absent Present
 Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
BASIS FOR COMPARISON PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Ribosome 70 S  subunit 30S and 50S 80S  subunit 40S and 60S
Golgi Apparatus Absent Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Absent Present

Mode of Reproduction Mostly asexual Mostly sexual

Cell Divison Binary Fission, Mitosis

(conjugation, transformation,
transduction)
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Absent Present

Chloroplast (Absent) scattered in the Present in plants, algae.

cytoplasm.
 Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
BASIS FOR COMPARISON PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Transcription and Translation Occurs together.
Organelles Organelles are not membrane
bound, if present any.
Examples Archaea, Bacteria.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Transcription occurs in nucleus
and translation in cytosol
(ribosome).
Organelles are membrane bound
and are specific in function.
Plants and Animals.
 Daftar Pustaka
▪ Bruce et al, 2013, Essential Cell Biology 14th Ed, Garland Learning System
▪ Urry, L. et al, 2013,Campbell Biology 11th Ed, Pearson Benjamin Cummings
▪ Madigan, M.T., et al, 2017, Brock Biology of Microorganisms 15th Ed., Prentice Hall Inc.
▪ Lodish, G., et al, 2016, Molecular Cell Biology, W. H. Freeman