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The yield line theory of analysis is a factored or ultimate load method of analysis. The yield line
theory is conducted based on the bending moment of the structural element at its collapse state.
The yield analysis was proposed by Ingerslev in 1923. The importance of the theory is more
reflected in the analysis of slabs.
During the crack formation in the slabs, the reinforcement starts to yield. This yielding happens
at the point of maximum bending moments. As the cracks propagates, the yield lines started to
develop. Finally, under uncontrollable load, the slab will collapse leaving maximum yield line
representing the achievement of maximum bending moments. The main principle of yield line
theory is to determine the location of appropriate yield lines.
In the case of two-way slab systems, which are statically indeterminate, detailed inelastic
analysis (yield line analysis) is conducted. The moment coefficients given in the Code IS
456:200(Table 26) for two-way rectangular slabs with various possible edge conditions are based
on Yield Line Analysis. ‘Yield line analysis’ is the equivalent for a two-dimensional flexural
member (plate or slab) of the limit analysis of a one-dimensional member (continuous beam).
iii) Yield lines passes through intersection of axis of rotation of adjacent slab elements
iv) Axis of rotation lies along lines of supports and passes over columns
Fig.1: Typical interior panel in a two-way slab system
1. At the collapse stage, the steel reinforcement will be fully yielded along the yield lines.
2. During the collapse, the slab is deformed plastically and they gets separated into segments.
Elastic behaviour is followed by the individual segments.
3. In yield theory, only plastic deformations are taken into consideration. The elastic deformations
are neglected. The so called deformations are happening along the yield lines. Even in the collapse state,
the elements will remain plane.
4. Along the yield lines, there is uniform distribution of bending and twisting moments. The amount
of reinforcement in the section will reflect the capacity that will give the maximum moment capacity of
the section.
5. The yield lines are lines of intersection of two planes, hence they will remain straight.
The guidelines for predicting the yield lines and axes of rotation are mentioned below:
2. In one way slabs, the positive yield line occur at the mide span.
3. At the supports, the yield lines are negative in addition to the mid positive yield lines for one way
continuous slabs.
4. For slabs with a point load, the yield lines will be projecting out of the point of application.
5. For two planes intersecting, the yield line will pass through the intersection of axes of rotation of
two planes.
6. The end of yield lines are either at the boundary of the slab or at another yield line.
8. The edges of support too act as axes of rotation. If the support is fixed, the support will have
negative yield lines. This negative yield line will have resistance to rotation. In the case of simply
supported edges, the axes of rotation at the support will not have resistance to rotation.
9. For a column support, the axis of rotation pass over it. The orientation will depend on other
considerations
The solution of the simultaneous equations will give certain parameter values that will help us to
finalise the yield pattern. This will also give us a relation between the load capacity and the
moment value.
As shown in figure-4, each segment is studied as a free body. Each segment is under equilibrium
under the action of moment, loads along the yield lines. The reactions and shear will be along the
supports. Here, the twisting moments along the yield lines will be zero.
The vector sum of moments along AO & OB = Moments due to the loads on the segment
AOB
For a small element of length dx and dy, the governing equation of equilibrium is given:
Here,
Based on the principle, the internal and the external works is equated hence giving a relationship
between the applied loads and the ultimate resisting moments. The work equation is given by:
Where,
Collapse Load = w