EXERCISE 12 (formerly 13)

PLANT REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

Name: ALMOITE, Renz Dominic O. Date Performed:

SAJENES, Kyle Dominik D.
TAPE, Jan Angela Y.
Laboratory Section: J-3L Date Submitted:
Lab. Instructor: Cleto Nanola, PhD Score:

I.Plant Reproduction
A.Asexual Reproduction

Parent Cell Cell division New daughter

cells
Fission exhibited by a cell
FIGURE 13. 1______________________________________

Parent

Bud

Budding of hydra
FIGURE 13. 2______________________________________
 Parent planaria

Fragments of
planaria
Daughter of
planaria

Fragmentation of planaria
FIGURE 13. 3______________________________________

B. Sexual Reproduction

Female cell

Male Empty
gematangium male
cell
Conjugation
process
Conjugation
Zygospore
tube

Zygote

Spirogyra sp. conjugation

FIGURE 13. 4______________________________________
1.Morphology of a Flower

FIGURE 13. 5 Parts of a Dicot Flower, Gumamela (H. rosa-sinensis)

Anther
Stamen
Filament
Awn

Palea
Lemma
Stigma
Style Pistil
Ovary

FIGURE 13. 6 Parts of a Monocot Flower, Rice (O. sativa)

 2.Essential Floral Structures

Pollen Sac

Tapetum

FIGURE 13. 7_Cross-section of Lilium sp. anther LPO_

A.Microsporogenesis and Microgametogenesis

Cell wall Diploid (2n) Haploid (1n) Microspores

nucleus nucleus

Meiosis I Meiosis II

Microsporocyte
MICROSPOROGENESIS Tetrad

Microspore Vegetative Vegetative nucleus

nucleus Vacuole nucleus
Generative cell Sperm
Pollen cells
Mitosis I Pollen
Mitosis II

Released Polarised
microspore microspore Bicellular
pollen Tricellular
MICROGAMETOGENESIS pollen
 FIGURE 13. 8_Lilium sp. ovary cross section LPO_

B. Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis

II.Plant Development
A.Development from Double Fertilization to Seed Maturation
1.Embryo

a.Dicot

FIGURE 13. 9_C. bursa ovule (left) and embryo (right) HPO_

b.Monocot

FIGURE 13. 10_Cross sectioned of wheat (Triticum sp.)_

2.Seed
a.Dicot

FIGURE 13.11_Phaseolus sp. longitudinal section_

b.Monocot

FIGURE 13. 12_Dissected corn seed_

B.Development from Seed Germination to Maturation
1.Primary Growth
a.Development of the Root

FIGURE 13. 13_Z. mays root tip longitudinal sec_

b.Development of the Shoot

FIGURE 13. 14_Coleus sp. shoot apex_

 2.Secondary Growth

FIGURE 13. 15_Cross section of wood_

STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Why is the flower considered to be the dominant component of the reproductive cycle of
flowering plants? What are the functions of the flower?

The flower is the only sexual reproductive part of all angiosperm plants. For this
reason, it is the dominant component of the reproductive cycle of the flowering plants since
it plays a major role in all of the plant’s reproductive cycle such as initiating fertilization.
The function of the flower is to serve as the reproductive organ of a plant. Also, flowers
attract pollinators.

2. What is probably the most important advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual
reproduction?
In sexual reproduction, more variations are produced. Thus, it ensures survival of
species in a population. Also, the newly formed individual has characteristics of both the
parents. Finally, variations are more viable in sexual mode than in asexual one. This is
because in asexual reproduction, DNA has to function inside the inherited cellular
apparatus.
3. Specify the roles/functions of the following:
a. Seed coat - helps protect the embryo from mechanical injury, predators and
drying out.

b. Scutellum - serves to absorb nutrients from the endosperm during germination

c. Nucellus - the central and chief part of a plant ovule that encloses the female
gametophyte.

d. Coleorhiza - acts as a protective covering enclosing the plumule and radicle

e. Coleoptile - pointed protective sheath covering the emerging shoot

in monocotyledons such as grasses

f. Micropyle - a differentiated area of surface in an egg through which a sperm

enters

g. Endosperm - provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also

contain oils and protein

h. Cotyledon - It becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling when

germination occurs

i. Suspensor - helps in pushing the embryo into the endosperm

j. Funiculus – attached the ovule to the ovary wall until maturity

k. Integuments - perforated by a pore, the micropyle, through which the pollen tube
can enter

l. Fruit – protects the seeds and aids in their dispersal

4. Compare and contrast the following:

a. Open development vs. closed development

Determinate (close) – grows to a certain size then stops, eventually undergoing

senescence and death.
Indeterminate (open) – continuous development throughout the life of the plant.

b. Primary growth vs. secondary growth

Primary – initiated by the meristematic regions of the plants such as the

elongation of the tips of roots and stems
 Secondary – secondary tissues not derived from the apical meristems but instead
from the lateral meristems. This type of growth causes the roots and stems to
thicken.

c. Apical meristem vs. lateral meristem

Apical meristem – Found in shoots and roots. These differentiate into three kinds
of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary
meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems
because they are involved in lateral growth.
Lateral meristems - meristem located along the sides of a part, as a stem or root.
The division of lateral meristems gives rise to the secondary growth

d. Hypogeal germination vs. epigeal germination

In hypogeal germination, the seed/cotyledon remain inside the soil or

below the soil. The cotyledons also play no role in photosynthesis. There is
greater elongation is epicotyl. The terminal part of the epicotyl is curved to
protect the plumule from friction. Energy for growth is primarily derived from
endosperm. Examples of plants that exhibit this type of germination is the pea,
maize, and coconut.
In epigeal germination, the seed/cotyledons emerge out of the soil or
above the soil. The cotyledons turn green and act as the first leaves of the plant.
There is also a greater elongation of the hypocotyl. The terminal part of the
hypocotyl is curved to protect the plumule from the friction of the soil. Lastly,
energy for growth primarily derived from cotyledon. Examples of plants that
exhibit hypogeal germination is the bean or castor plant.

e. Corpus vs. tunica

The shoot apical meristem is composed of two layers: the outer layer
turnica and inner layer corpus. Cells in the tunica layers would divide anticlinally,
whereas cells in the corpus divide in all planes.

f. Periclinal division vs. anticlinal division

Anticlinal and periclinal cell division are both different ways of cell
division. Periclinal cell divisions are the ones that occur parallel to the tissue or
organ surface. As a result, we get rows of cells stacked one over the other. The
anticlinal cell division on the other hand, are perpendicular cell divisions to the
 adjacent layer of cells so the tissue formed is composed of cells adjacent to each
other.

5. Name some external and internal factors which can affect germination of seeds. Explain the
role(s) of each factor.
External factors:
i) Water – water plays a very important part in seed germination since a dormant seed
is dehydrated and needs 75-95% water to carry out metabolism. Therefore, it needs to
absorb external water to germinate.
ii) Oxygen – oxygen is necessary for respiration which releases the energy needed for
growth. Germinating seeds respire very actively and need sufficient oxygen.
iii) Temperature – Seed germination can take place over a wide range of moderate to
warm temperatures (5-40ºC), the most optimum for most of the crop plants is around
25-30ºC. The germination in most cases stops at 0ºC to 45ºC.
Internal factors:
i) Immature seed – Some plants have embryos that is not fully mature at the time of
seed shedding. Such seeds do not germinate until the embryo attains maturity.
ii) Insufficient growth hormones – The freshly shed seed in certain plants may not
have sufficient amounts of growth hormones required for the growth of embryo. The
seeds require some interval of time during which the hormones get synthesized.
iii) Viability periods – Seeds of almost all the plants remain viable or living for a
specific period of time. This viability period ranges from a few weeks to many years.
Seeds of lotus have the maximum viability period of 1000 years. Seeds germinate
before the ending of their viability periods.