Wall design

Luis E. Garcia

Outline
Generalities
DESIGN OF
Structural wall systems
REINFORCED CONCRETE Behavior of wall systems
STRUCTURAL WALLS ACI 318-08 Requirements
by: Earthquake resistant design
Luis Enrique García
President American Concrete Institute – ACI – 2008-2009 Boundary elements
Partner Proyectos y Diseños Ltda., Consulting Engineers
Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad de los Andes,
Bogotá, Colombia

Structural wall systems

in Latin America
Before 1910 almost everything was masonry walls
The arrival of reinforced concrete brought the use of
moment resisting frames
In the 1960s walls reappear with tunnel formwork
systems such as the French Outinord
In the 1970s Structural Masonry (USA inspired vertical
perforation block) make an appearance.
In the 1980s Box-Type formwork types appear
(Contech y Western)
Story drift restrictions in the seismic codes makes its
use more widespread
Wall vs. Column
Some Codes differentiate them based on
geometry. For example, based on section side
dimensions, slenderness ratio, etc.
In some instances by the presence on an
inflection point in the moment diagram within the
story floor height. Then it classifies as column
when present and wall when not.
In ACI 318 it is done using the vertical
reinforcement steel ratio. If it is greater than 1%
transverse ties are required as in columns.

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Wall Terminology Wall based structural systems

(very confusing)
Bearing walls
In English:
Shear walls
Structural walls
Curtain walls (a glass facade in many instances)
Core walls

In Spanish:
Muros
Muros de cortante
Muros cortina
Pantallas
Paredes estructurales
Tabiques estructurales

Wall based structural systems Wall based structural systems

Box system Dual system

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Wall based structural systems Wall based structural systems

Core systems Some core types

(a) (b) (c)

Wall based structural systems Shear-lag transfer

Actual Stresses without shear-lag
Tube systems stresses
Actual
stresses

Lateral load
direction

Only lateral load

Stresses shown

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Use of structural systems for wind as the

dominant lateral load Coupled walls
No. stories

75

65

55
50

35

20

FRAME SHEAR WALLS DUAL EXTERNAL TUBE IN MODULAR

TUBE TUBE TUBE

Behavior of coupled walls Tunnel forms system

There is ample experimental evidence that the slab-walls joint reinforced

(a) (b) (c) with welded wire reinforcement fails when subjected to cyclic moment
Demands In the nonlinear range. This means that this system requires
Walls in both direction in plan.

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Effective flange
General behavior of wall systems ⎧A 4
⎪
b ≤ min.of ⎨16 ⋅ h f + b w
b ⎪s + b
hf ⎩ w

Building configuration in plan

Building configuration in height bw s

Type of foundation hf b ⎧A 12 + b w
⎪
b ≤ min.of ⎨6 ⋅ h f + b w
⎪
⎩s 2 + b w

Amount of wall with respect to s bw

floor area bf
b ⎧4 ⋅ b w
b ≤ min.of ⎨
bw ⎩b f

Wall section shape

hf ≥ hf
2

bw

Moment frame vs. wall system Fixed base vs. flexible foundation
2m

3m

3m

Wall 3m

3m

3m

3m
Rocking
Stiffness
10 m 9m 9m

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Definition of stiffness WALL BASE SHEAR

1m 1m 1.0
P1
P2
09
0.9

/ Vtotal
0.8
Infinitelly
rigid wall
0.7

wall
V
06
0.6
Flexible
fixed-base
wall 0.5
0 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000
Wall ROCKING STIFFNESS / WALL STIFFNESS
Rocking
Stiffness Stiffness

LATERAL DEFLECTION - TOP OF BUILDING LATERAL DEFLECTION

WALL
1.2% 6 ROCKING
FIXED STIFFNESS
RATIO
5
ht
Deflection / Total Heigh

1 0%
1.0%
FREE
FREE 1

0.8% 4 10
100

STORY
1000

0.6% 3 2000
5000
10000
50000
0.4% 2 100000
1000000
Top D

FIXED
0.2% 1

0.0% 0
0 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
ROCKING STIFFNESS / WALL STIFFNESS
Lateral Deflection (m)

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STORY DRIFT WALL

Structural system combination
ROCKING
6 STIFFNESS
RATIO

5
FREE
1
Wall frame combination existing in all
Wall-frame
10
100
height of the building
4 1000
Wall-frame combination when one system
STORY

FIXED 2000
FREE

3
5000
10000 is suspended in height
50000
100000 Frame in one direction and wall in other
1000000
2
FIXED direction in plan
1 Combination of structural materials
0.00% 0.05% 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% 0.25%
STORY DRIFT (%h)

Reinforced concrete
Bearing wall system
Reinforced masonry

Gravity loads
VERTICALES Lateral forces
HORIZONTALES
Structural steel

= +
Wood

Structural materials

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Frame system Moment frame system

(a)
ƒNon-moment resisting
frame for gravity loads
Moment resisting frame supports gravity loads and
= + lateral forces
ƒLateral forces carried
by walls or bracing

(b) Gravity loads Lateral forces

CARGAS
ƒMoment resisting frame Gravity loads
VERTICALES
Lateral forces
FUERZAS
HORIZONTALES
for gravity loads and
lateral forces
= +
ƒWalls resist tributary
gravity loads and help = +
resist lateral forces
ƒNot enough walls to
meet Dual requirements

Dual system Dual system

Combination of moment resisting frame plus walls
such that: Lateral
(a) Frame supports majority of gravity loads. forces

(b) Both frame and walls resist lateral loads. Floor

diaphragm
(c) Frame must resist at least 25% of base shear. Structural wall
(d) Wall must resist at least 75% of base shear.

Lateral forces
Gravity loads

=
+ Lateral force resistance:
75 % walls
25 % frame

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Inertial forces are transmitted to the vertical When vertical elements stiffness contribution to lateral
lateral force resisting element through the stiffness is not uniformly distributed in plan torsion of
the whole structure arises
diaphragm Story lateral forces are
Column shear force distributed by diaphragm to
llateral
t l lload
d resisting
i ti
from upper stories
elements in proportion to their
stiffness

= Fx = Fx

The diaphragm transmit s

floor inertial forces to
Accumulate column vertical elements and Accumulate column
shear force (upper distributes shear from shear force (upper stories
stories plus this story upper stories plus this story

If the diaphragm is considered rigid in its own plane

inertial floor lateral forces can be considered to act
at the center of mass of the diaphragm.
The structure rotates with respect to the stiffness Torsion of
centroid the structure
Stiffness
as a whole
centroid

Fx
Mass
centroid

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The soft story problem – Two cases Olive View Hospital

Abrupt change
in stiffness

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Imperial County Services Building

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Fachada Oeste Fachada Este

Planta Primer Piso West facade East facade
Street level plan

Fachada Norte
Planta Piso Típico North facade
Typical floor plan

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Wall Area Ratio (p) Definition The Chilean formula

H
h

t
D

D
section area of walls acting in x direction
px =
floor area

Theoretical relationship between p and story drift

Defining parameters (Moderate seismic risk)
2.0
⎛h ⎞ wi ⋅ g 1.8
Δ = 50Aa g ⎜ w ⎟
⎝ A w ⎠ E ⋅ p ⋅ hp
H/D = 7
1.6
H/D = 6
1.4 H/D = 5
Where:
Story 1.2 H/D = 4
Δ = Story drift as % of hp deriva H/D = 3
Drift 1.0
Aa = PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration) as a fraction of g (%h) H/D = 2
hw = Wall height from base to top, m (%hp) 0.8 H/D = 1
Aw = Horizontal wall length,
g m 0.6
wi = Average building dead load per unit area, kN/m2 0.4
g = Acceleration of gravity, m/s2 0.2
E = Modulus of elasticity of wall concrete, kN/m2 0.0
p = Wall area ratio 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
hp = Story height (typical), m p = área
p = total walltotal
areadeinmuros / área
dir. x or del piso
y / story (%)
area (%)

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Some cases of wall

structures designed
using the Bogota
Seismic Microzonation

Bogota Seismic Microzonation spectra

0.8
Zona 2 - Piedemonte
0.7
Zona 3 - Lacustre A

06
0.6
Zona 4 - Lacustre B

0.5
Zona 5 - Terrazas y Conos
Sa
0.4
(g)

0.3
Zona 1 - Cerros
0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
T (s)

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The cases Building location

N
Zona 4
26 buildings with a total area of 243 000 m2 6 buildings in
Z
Zone 1
„ 19 apartment buildings Zona 1 0 2 4 6 8
Escala
10 km

4 buildings in Zona 2
„ 5 office buildings the transition
„ 2 educational buildings from Zone 1
to 2 Zona 3 Zona 1 - Cerros

Height from 7 to 20 stories 2 buildings in

Zona 2 - Piedemonte
Zona 3 - Lacustre A
Zona 4 - Lacustre B
„ 12 stories in average Zone 2 Zona 5B Zona 5A - Terrazas y Conos
Zona 5B - Terrazas y Conos
12 buildings Zona 5A
Building area from 1 200 to 50 000 m2
Potencialmente Licuables

in Zone 3
„ 9 400 m2 in average 2 buildings in
Zone 4

Lets look at the following parameter Vibration period T (s)

1.50

Fundamental building vibration period computed 1.25

using Rayleigh
Rayleigh’s
s method

Período Dirección y (s)

Relationship between building period and number 1.00
Zona 1
of stories Trans 1-2
0.75 Zona 2
Roof lateral deflection as a % of building height Zona 3
Zona 4
Structural wall area as a function of floor area 0.50
Base shear strength
g from collapse
p mechanisms
0.25
Capacity/demand ratio for horizontal seismic
forces
0.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
Período Dirección x (s)

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Roof lateral deflection δn as % of hn

Estimated fundamental period
1.0
30

erage)
25 0.8

Deflexión Cubierta Y (%hn)

= 1.55 (ave
20
Zona 1 0.6 Zona 1
# pisos/Ty

Mean = 16 Trans 1-2 Trans 1-2

Zona 2 Mean = 0.47% Zona 2
15
Zona 3 Zona 3

Maximum story drift

Zona 4
0.4 Zona 4

n drift
10
SEAOC

Mean
D
0.2
T=N/10
5
Mean = 14 Mean = 0.63%
0.0
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Deflexión Cubierta X (%hn)
# pisos/Tx

p = Structural wall area / floor area Base shear strength Vn (%W)

5.0
60
Mean = 0.72%
piso

4.0 50

W)
Corrte Basal Resistente Y (%W
Área muros direcc. Y/Área del p

40
Zona 1 Zona 1
3.0
Trans 1-2 Trans 1-2
Zona 2 Zona 2
30
Zona 3 Zona 3
2.0 Zona 4 Mean = 21% Zona 4
20
Mean = 1.23%
1.0 10

Mean = 20%
0
0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Corte Basal Resistente X (%W)
Área muros direcc. X/Área del piso

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8
Capacity/Demand Effect of the wall section
7
Compression ρt = 0.01

ment
Tension
ρt = 0.0025

Mom
6

Mean = 2.0 Compression

5 Zona 1 Compression
Vny/(SayW)

Trans 1-2 Tension

Zona 2 Tension
4
Zona 3
Zona 4
3
Mean = 2.2
2 Compression
Compression

1 Compression Tension Tension

Tension
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Curvature
Vnx/(SaxW)

Experimental behavior of low

Typical wall failure modes walls under horizontal load

Flexure
„ Steel fails in tension Based on 143 low wall tests
„ Concrete spalls in the compression zone All loaded statically
„ Lateral buckling in the compression zone All failed in shear
Shear Distributed horizontal and vertical
„ Diagonal tension reinforcement ((no boundary y elements))
„ Sliding Vertical steel ratio between 0.0007 and 0.0290
„ Web buckling
Horizontal steel ratio between 0.007 and 0.0190
General buckling

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Experimental behavior of low Experimental behavior of slender

walls under horizontal load walls under horizontal load
Walls resisted shear stresses of the order of
Based on tests of 27 slender walls
1 All of them had boundary elements
f′
2 c
(MPa) = 1.6 fc′ (kgf/cm2)
Vertical steel ratios between
0.0025 and 0.0083
independently of the amount of shear
Horizontal steel ratios between
reinforcement.
0.0031 and 0.0138
Boundary element vertical steel
The upper limit of shear strength is of the order ratios between 0.011 and 0.063
High and low axial loads
of 5
fc′ (MPa) = 2.7 fc′ (kgf/cm2)
6

Experimental behavior of slender walls Experimental behavior of slender walls

under horizontal load under horizontal load
All walls that failed in shear resisted a shear
Ductility of walls that failed in shear was lower
stress g
greater than
that for those failing in flexure,
flexure although both
showed some amount of ductility. 1
f′ (MPa) = 0.53 fc′ (kgf/cm2)
6 c
Capacity to reach a large story drift is insensitive
to failure mode All walls that failed in flexure resisted horizontal
„ Story drift from 1.7% to 3.9% for flexural failures
forces that lead to shear stresses greater than
„ Story drift from 1.1% to 3.6% for shear failures
1
In all cases walls reached a 1% story drift without
f′
6 c (MPa) = 0.53 fc′ (kgf/cm2)
showing distress

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Experimental behavior of slender walls

under horizontal load Structural analysis of wall systems
Boundary elements improve the energy
dissipation capacity in the nonlinear range of Diaphragm effect
walls failing in flexure. B effect
Box ff t
Effective flange of T or C shaped sections
Boundary elements do not improve behavior for Rigid zone effect for coupling beams
walls failing in shear. Shear deformations
Warping of section due to general torsion
The deformation capacity is better when the Soil-structure interaction
horizontal steel ratio is lower. Global slenderness effects
Effect of the nonlinear response
The strength for horizontal loads decreases as
more cycles in the nonlinear range are performed.

Finite elements Finite elements

y y
P v4 v3
a a
u3 y
u4 v4 v3
4 3 b
a a
u3
x x u4
4 3 b
b
u1 1 2 x
u2 b
P v1 v2 u1 1 2
u2
(a) (b) v1
(a)
v2

y
v4 v3
a a
u3
θ1 θ2 u4
4 3 b
x

b
M1 M 1 M2 M2 u1 1 2
u2
v1 v2
(c) (b)

(c) (d)

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Wall requirements in ACI 318-08

Chapter
p 10 – Flexure and axial load

ACI 318-08 Chapter 11 - Shear

Chapter 14 - Walls

Chapter 21 – Seismic requirements

General requirements Minimum steel ratio

Cover 14.3.2 – Minimum steel ratio of vertical reinforcement ρA
20 mm computed over gross section is:
0 0012 for
„ 0.0012 f deformed
f bars not larger than Nºº 5 (5/8”)
( / ) ó 16M (16
(
mm), with fy not less than 420 MPa.
„ 0.0015 for other deformed bars.
„ 0.0012 for welded wire reinforcement with diameter not larger
than16 mm.
s h
Maximum bar spacing s 14.3.3 - Minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to
s gross concrete area, ρt:
s
„ 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than Nº 5 (5/8”) ó 16M (16
s ≤ 3h mm), with fy not less than 420 MPa.
s ≤ 450 mm
„ 0.0025 for other deformed bars.
„ 0.0020 for welded wire reinforcement with diameter not larger
s
than16 mm.
s

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Difference between wall 14.5 — Empirical design method

and column
Walls of solid rectangular cross section may be
designed by the empirical provisions if the resultant
14.3.6 – Vertical reinforcement need of all factored loads is located within the middle
not be enclosed by lateral ties if third of the overall thickness of the wall..
vertical reinforcement area is not
Pu
greater than 0.01 times gross e Pu
Mu
concrete area,
area or where vertical
reinforcement is not required as
compression reinforcement.
Aw/3 Aw/3 Aw/3

14.5 — Empirical design method 14.5 — Empirical design method

14.5.2 - Design axial strength φPn of a wall satisfying
limitations of 14.5.1 shall be computed by Eq. (14-1) 14.5.3 — Minimum thickness of walls designed by
unless designed in accordance with 14.4..
14 4 empirical design method

⎡ ⎛ kA ⎞ 2 ⎤
φPnw = 0.55φf ′A g ⎢1 − ⎜ c ⎟ ⎥ (14-1) 14.5.3.1 — Thickness of bearing walls shall not be
⎢⎣ ⎝ 32h ⎠ ⎥⎦ less than 1/25 the supported height or length,
whichever is shorter, nor less than 100 mm.
where φ shall correspond to compression-controlled
ti
sections andd the
th factor
f t foe
f effective
ff ti length
l th k is:
i 14.5.3.2 — Thickness of exterior basement walls and
(a) k = 0.8 restrained against rotation at one or both ends, foundation walls shall not be less than 190 mm.
(b) k = 1.0 unrestrained against rotation at both ends.
For walls not braced against lateral translation k = 2.0

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TABLE R1.1.9.1 — CORRELATION BETWEEN SEISMIC-

RELATED TERMINOLOGY IN MODEL CODES
Chapter 21
Earthquake-resistant structures
Level of seismic risk or assigned seismic
Code, standard, or resource
performance or design categories as
document and edition
defined in the Code

ACI 318-08; IBC 2000, 2003; 2006;

NFPA 5000, 2003, 2006; ASCE 7- SCD* SCS SCD
z Chapter 21 was reorganized in function of 98, 7-02, 7-05; NEHRP 1997, 2000,
2003
A, B C D, E, F

Seismic Design Categories (SDC) A, B, C,

and D, E, and F in incremental order from BOCA National Building Code
ordinary to special: 1993, 1996, 1999; Standard
Building Code 1994, 1997, 1999;
SPC† SPC SPC
A, B C D; E
ASCE 7-93,
7 93, 7-95;
7 95; NEHRP 1991,
1994
A → B → C → D, E, F
Uniform Building Code 1991, Seismic Zone Seismic Zone Seismic Zone
1994, 1997 0, 1 2 3, 4

*SDC = Seismic Design Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document.

†SPC = Seismic Performance Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document

102

Seismic Design Category and ACI 318-08 – Chapter 21

Energy Dissipation Capacity Earthquake-resistant structures
Content
SDC Denomination
Must comply with in
21.1 – General requirements
S i i Design
Seismic D i (E
(Energy di
dissipation
i ti 21.2 – Ordinary moment frames B
ACI 318-08
Category capacity) 21.3 – Intermediate moment frames
21.4 – Intermediate precast structural walls C
A Chapters 1 to 19 and 22 21.5 – Flexural members of special moment frames
21.6 – Special moment frame members subjected to bending and
Ordinary axial load
B Chapters 1 to 19, 22,
and 21.2
21.7 – Joints of special moment frames D
21.8 – Special moment frames constructed using precast concrete
Chapters 1 to 19, 22, 21.9 – Special structural walls and coupling beams E
C Intermediate and 21.3 y 21.4 21.10 – Special structural walls constructed using precast concrete
21.11 – Structural diaphragms and trusses F
Chapters 1 to 19, 22, 21.12 – Foundations
D, E, F Special And 21.5 to 21.13 21.13 – Members not designated as part of the seismic-force-
resisting system

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TABLE R21.1.1 — SECTIONS OF CHAPTER 21 TO BE SATISFIED IN TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

21.1 – General requirements Component resisting

earthquake effect,
Seismic Design Category (SDC)

unless A B C D
Scope otherwise noted (none) (21.1.1.4) (21.1.1.5) (21.1.1.6)

Analysis and design

21.1.2 21.1.2 21.1.2, 21.1.3
requirements
Chapter 21 contains provisions considered to be the Materials
minimum requirements for a cast-in-place or None None 21.1.4 21.1.7

precast concrete structure capable of sustaining Frame members 21.2 21.3

21.5, 21.6,
a series of oscillations into the inelastic range of 21.7, 21.8
response without critical deterioration in Structural walls and
strength. coupling beams
None None 21.9

Precast structural walls None 21.4 21.4,† 21.10

None
Therefore, the objective
j is to provide energy
gy Structural diaphragms and
None None 21 11
21.11
di i ti capacity
dissipation it in
i the
th nonlinear
li range off trusses
response. Foundations None None 21.12
Frame members not
proportioned
None None 21.13
to resist forces induced by
earthquake motions
Anclajes None 21.1.8 21.1.8

Chapter 21- Earthquake-resistant structures 21.9 - Special structural walls and

coupling beams
Requirements for structural walls are contained
in Section 21.9 – Special
p structural walls and
coupling beams. 21 9 2 – Reinforcement
21.9.2 R i f t

This section must be met for seismic design The distributed web reinforcement ratios, ρt
categories D, E, and F within the denomination
set by NEHRP and adopted by ASCE 7. and ρA, for structural walls shall not be less
than 0.0025, except that if Vu does not exceed
For seismic design categories A, B and C it is 0.083A cv fc′ (MPa) 0 2 A cv fc′ (kgf/cm
(MP ) = 0.27A (k f/ 2),
)
considered that the requirements of Chapter 14 of ρt and ρA, may be reduced to the values
ACI are appropriate.
Given in14.3.

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21.9 - Special structural walls and 21.9 - Special structural walls and
coupling beams coupling beams
Unless a more detailed analysis is
At least
l t two
t curtains
t i off reinforcement
i f t
performed, effective flange widths of
must be used in a wall if Vu exceeds flanged sections ( I, L, C or T) may be
supposed to extend from the face of the
0.17λ A cv fc′ (MPa) = 0.53λ A cv fc′ web a distance equal to the smaller of:

(kgf/cm2) (a) 1/2 the distance to an adjacent wall web,

and
(b) 25 percent of the total wall height.

21.9 - Special structural walls and Recommendation for pre-dimensioning

coupling beams Minimum amount of walls

Vn of structural walls shall not exceed Shear strength

( )
V
Vn = Acv αc λ fc′ + ρt f y (21-7) ∑ ( A w ⋅ bw ) ≥ 0.25iu f ′ (MPa)
bw
c

αc Slenderness

hw hw
0 25
0.25 ≤4
Aw
0.17
⎛ hw ⎞ this slenderness ratio will Aw
⎜ ⎟ lead to a maximum story Vu
1.5 2.0 ⎝ Aw ⎠ drift Δ ≤ 1% hp

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Recommendation for pre-dimensioning Coupling beams

boundary elements boundary elements
≥ hn/16
bw bw

≥ 300 mm ≥ 300 mm ≥ 300 mm ≥ 300 mm

Aw Aw

⎧150 mm
⎪
b w ≥ ⎨hn 20
⎪ A 25
⎩ w

Wall boundary elements

Boundary elements must be placed at edges and

around openings when inelastic response is
expected.
t d ACI 318
318-08
08 gives
i ttwo alternatives
lt ti to
t
define if boundary elements are needed:
1) Section 21.9.6.2 presents a displacement-based
procedure. Boundary elements are needed or
not depending on the compressive strain at the
edge of wall caused by the seismic lateral
d fl ti
deflection, or
2) Section 21.9.6.3 requires boundary elements
when the compressive stress at the edge of wall
caused by the seismic forces exceeds a
threshold value.

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Displacement-based boundary element Displacement-based boundary element

procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.2)
procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.2)
The wall should have a single critical section
This procedure is based on the compressive under flexure and axial load at the base of the
strain demand at edges of wall when the wall is
deformed under the maximum expected lateral wall.
displacement caused by the design earthquake The zones of the wall in compression must be
ground motion. provided with specially reinforced boundary
Section 21.9.6.2 is based on the assumption that elements when the depth of the neutral axis at
inelastic response of the wall is dominated by nominal strength, c, is greater than:
flexural action at a critical, yielding section.
The wall should be proportioned so that the Aw δu
critical section occurs at the base of the wall and c≥ and ≥ 0.007
is applicable only to walls continuous from base ⎛δ ⎞ hw
to top of the structure.
600 ⋅ ⎜ u ⎟
⎝ hw ⎠

Nonlinear response of a wall Nonlinear response of a wall

Using Moment-area theorems it is possible to show that the
P δ lateral deflection caused by curvature up to yield (green
zone) is: b

A
θp and the additional deflection caused by nonlinear
rotation (orange zone) is:

Ap Plastification Ap
length Total lateral deflection is then:
φ a
0 0
Wall Mu My Mcr φu φy φcr (φu− φy) φy
section Moment Curvature φu

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Nonlinear wall deflection Moment-curvature diagram for wall section

Curvature Deflection Nonlinear Nonlinear
Aw at yield at yield curvature deflection M Ultimate curvature
δy (δu−δy) demand
Mn

hw

Ap θp
φy (φu − φy)
The total deflection is: Mcr

0 φ
We can solve for the ultimate curvature φcr φy φn φu
demand and obtain:

What happens at section? Equation (21-8) deduction

The rotation at the plastic hinge when the displacement
demand (δu) takes place is:
At level of εcu
displacement
demand φu
Strain

At level of With a plastic hinge length equal to half the wall horizontal
εc = 0.003 length:
nominal
εs > εy φn
strength c
φy εc < 0.003
At level of εs = εy
yield in
cy
Then the curvature at the wall base when the displacement
tension of
h demand occurs is:
extreme
reinforcement
Aw

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Wall design
Luis E. Garcia

Equation (21-8) deduction Equation (21-8) deduction

The concrete strain at the extreme fiber in compression If a 600 value parameter is used instead of 666 in last equation
at ultimate is: and it is solved for εcu a value of εcu = 0.0033 is obtained, which
in turn leads to the following equation:

We can then obtain the strain at ultimate for the

displacement demand:

and If the maximum strain at the extreme compression fiber exceeds

εcu = 0.0033 then the value of c obtained from last equation
would be exceeded.
exceeded Thus the form ACI 318 presents it:
The value of c for a ultimate strain of εcu = 0.003 is:
If c is greater than the value obtained
boundary elements must be placed
along the length where it is exceeded and
a little more.

Need for boundary elements Boundary elements

If equation (21-8) indicates that the value of c is
exceeded,
d d this
thi is
i a symptom
t that
th t strains
t i
Mn
greater than εcu = 0.0033 must be expected and εcu
the need to confine the edge of the wall is εs 0.003
warranted in order to prevent spalling of the
concrete there. c
Region where
In that case ACI 318 prescribes the same type boundary
and amount of confining transverse elements must
be provided
reinforcement that for columns.

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Wall design
Luis E. Garcia

Stress-based boundary element procedure Stress-based boundary element

in ACI 318 (21.9.6.3) procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.3)
Los elementos de borde deben existir desde la sección Boundary elements must be provided at edges
crítica hacia arriba por una distancia no menor que la p
and around openingsg of walls when the maximum
mayor de Aw o Mu/(4Vu). stress at the extreme fiber in compression
Este procedimiento intrínsecamente está solicitando
caused by factored loads that include seismic
elementos de borde cuando las deformaciones unitarias
effects exceeds 0.2 fc′ unless that whole wall is
confined as a column.
de compresión en la fibra de máxima compresión del
muro exceden 0.003
Pu M u ⋅ A w
La evaluación se realiza para el muro actuando bajo los fcu = + > 0.2 ⋅ fc′
desplazamientos
p inelásticos del sismo de diseño. Ag Iw ⋅ 2
El valor de δu corresponde al desplazamiento inelástico
de la parte superior del muro The boundary elements can be discontinued
when the compression stress is less than 0.15 fc′

Stress-based Old (pre-1999) procedure

boundary element
procedure in ACI 318
p Aw
Pu Boundary elements
(21.9.6.3) Mu resisting all flexural
heb
Pu Mu Pu Mu effect that include
Ptu = − ≤0 Pcu = +
Ag ( A w − 300 mm ) 2 ( A w − 300 mm )
seismic forces Pu
This procedure had been part of ACI 318 since the
Mu
1971 version
version. Pu Mu
P Mu Pcu = +
Ptu = u − ≤0
In the 1999 version of 318 a modification was A g ( A w − heb ) 2 ( A w − heb )
introduced in which the need to resist all flexural
φ ⋅ P0n = φ ⋅ [0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ (A g − Ast ) + A st ⋅ f y ]
forces from seismic effects with just the boundary φ ⋅ Ptn = φ ⋅ A st ⋅ f y
elements was suppressed. φ ⋅ Pn(max) ≤ 0.80 ⋅ φ ⋅ P0n

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

The Example
Wall section 3 m by 0.30 m subjected to
acto ed Pu = 1750
factored 50 kN,, Mu = 2000
000 kN-m,, and
a d
DESIGN EXAMPLE OF Vu = 600 kN, which include gravity and
seismic forces.
STRUCTURAL WALL The wall has 10 stories with each floor having
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS a 3 m height from finish to finish for a 30 m
total.
by:
Expected lateral displacement under seismic
Luis Enrique García
President American Concrete Institute – ACI – 2008-2009
design forces at the roof is δu = 0.20 m.
Partner Proyectos y Diseños Ltda., Consulting Engineers Structure is being designed as a Special Wall
Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad de los Andes,
Bogotá, Colombia
under ACI 318-08.

The Example Example

The appropriate wall reinforcement to resist
these forces must be determined. Once
hw = 30 m reinforcement is found the need for
(10 stories with 3 boundary elements must be investigated,
m finish-to-finish and case they are needed, their design
each) must be done in accordance with:
(a) Old pre-ACI 318-99 procedure.
(b) Using 21.9.6.2 (displacement-controlled) of
Aw = 3 m ACI 318S-08. For this case δu = 0.20 m
(c) Using 21.9.6.3 (stress-controlled) of ACI
318S-08.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

Flexural design of wall

Minimum steel ratio is 0.0025 for longitudinal and
transverse directions.

Solution Smaller (Section 14.3) steel ratio is permitted is

shear force does not exceed .

For this case: and

Then

therefore the minimum steel ratio is 0.0025 and

bar spacing cannot be larger than 450 mm.

Flexural design of wall

Flexural design of wall φ 9.5 mm (3/8”) diameter bars (db = 9.5 mm, Ab = 71 mm2)
„ Number of bars = 2 250/71 = 32 in two vertical layers with 16
14.3.4 requires that wall with thickness grater bars each
„ Vertical bar spacing = (3 000 – 2 · 20 – 9.5)/15 = 197 mm < 500
than 250 mm must have their reinforcement in mm. ok!
both directions placed in two layers. „ Horizontal bar spacing = (71 · 2)/(300 · 0.0025) = 189 mm. ok!
φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) diameter bars (db = 12.5 mm, Ab = 129 mm2)
„ Number of bars = 2 250/129 = 18 in two layers with 9 bars each.
Reinforcement area is then: „ Vertical bar spacing = (3 000 – 2 · 20 – 12.5)/8 = 368 mm < 500
mm. ok!
„ Horizontal bar spacing = (129 · 2)/(300 · 0.0025) = 344 mm. ok!
φ 16 mm (5/8”) diameter bars (db = 16 mm, Ab = 199 mm2)
„ Number of bars = 2 250/199 = 12 in two vertical layers with 6
bars each.
each
7.7.1(c)
7 7 1( ) requires
i a concrete cover greater or equall „ Vertical bar spacing = (3 000 – 2 · 20 – 16)/5 = 589 mm > 500 mm.
to 20 mm. Doesn’t work!
„ Horizontal bar spacing = (199 · 2)/(300 · 0.0025) = 530 mm.
Bar spacing is computed as follows for different Doesn’t work!
bar diameter alternatives: The φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) bar diameter option is selected.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

Interaction diagram
Diagrama de– 18 φ -12.5
Interacción (1/2”)
Muro Tarea 5 - 2006 diameter bars Flexural design of wall
20000
For axial force of 1 750 kN, moment φMn = 3 130
Pn-Mn kN > 2 000 kN, which meet the design objective.
15000

φPn-φMn
Moment strength is Mn = 3 638 kN and neutral
10000 axis depth when reaching the moment strength
Axial (kN)

is k = 0.132 for Pu = 1 750 kN

5000
3130.3, 1750
2000, 1750
Therefore, c = 0.132 x 3 000 = 396 mm (this
0
3638.1, 1750 information is needed for the design following
ACI 318-08).
-5000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Momento (kN x m)
7000 8000 9000 10000
Note: the load factors and φ factors of
Appendix C of ACI 318-08 were used.

Shear design of wall (a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Now we investigate if the wall needs boundary
Now we check the shear strength for the elements following the pre-ACI 318-99 procedure
g
minimum reinforcement used for flexural design (the checking is the same prescribed by ACI 318-
according to Section C.21.9.4 of ACI 318-08: 08 S
Section 21.6.3.
This section requires the use of boundary
elements if the extreme fiber in compression
stress exceeds
The stress must be computed using factored
forces that include seismic effects (Pu y Mu), a
linear elastic model and gross section
dimensions.

Stress is obtained from:

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99 (a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
Pu = 1 750 kN
Therefore, the wall requires boundary
Mu = 2 000 kN·m
kN m
elements!
l t !
Ag = 3 000 x 300 = 900 000 mm2
Aw = 3 000 mm The former pre-ACI 318-99 procedure
Ig = (1/12) x bw x Aw3 = 675 x 109 mm4 required the boundary elements alone to
be able to resist all forces derived from
flexural response including factored
gravity loads and factored seismic forces
forces.
The factored axial force Pu includes
gravity loads and factored wall moment Mu
includes seismic forces.

((a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

((a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
Aw
A initial trial size of 300 by 300 mm is given to the
boundary elements.
hbe
Therefore, hbe = 300 mm, and
Ag = 300 x 300 = 90 000 mm2.
Boundary element tension axial force is:
Pu

Mu
Pu Mu
Pu Mu Pcu = +
Ptu = − ≤0 2 ( A w − hbe )
2 ( A w − hbe )
φ ⋅ P0 n = φ ⋅ [0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ ( Ag − Ast ) + Ast ⋅ fy ]
Ptu ≤ φ ⋅ Ptn = φ ⋅ Ast ⋅ fy
Pcu ≤ φ ⋅ Pn (max) ≤ 0.80 ⋅ φ ⋅ P0 n
It is in compression!

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
Axial force in the boundary element in
compression
p is:
Ast is then:
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
Boundary elements, when required, must
have hoop transverse reinforcement as for
special moment frame columns.
Sections 21.6.4.2 through 21.6.4.4, except Eq.
(21-4) need not be satisfied and the
transverse reinforcement spacing limit of
21.6.4.3(a) shall be one-third of the least
dimension of the boundary element.
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
This area is less that the required for tension
and 1 877 mm2 must be used. Using φ 16 mm
(5/8”)) diameter bars having Ab = 199 mm2, the
(5/8
number of bars is 1 877/199 = 9.4, and 10 φ 16
mm (5/8”) bars are selected.
The vertical steel ratio for the boundary
element is then: ρA = (10 x 199)/(300 x 300) =
0.022, This is 2.2% of the boundary element
area. This steel ratio indicates that a smaller
section boundary element may not have
worked.
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
Now the hoop transverse confinement
reinforcement for the boundary element is
defined.
Distributed horizontal reinforcement for
the wall was determined to be φ 12.5 mm
(1/2”) bars. The same bar diameter is used
for the hoop transverse confinement
reinforcement of the boundary element.
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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99 (a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
The layout of the hoop follows the same φ 12 mm (1/2”) spaced 340 .mm vertically.
This reinforcement must be anchored in
rules that for column ties in Section 77.10.5
10 5 10 φ 16 mm (5/8
(5/8”)) the boundary element
element.
of ACI 318-08: all vertical bars must be at
the corner of a tie or crosstie, unless the Confinement
hoops φ 12 φ12 mm (1/2”) spaced 300 mm
clear distance to next bar which is at a tie or mm (1/2”) 340 mm horizontally
crosstie corner is less than 150 mm.
On the other hand, Section 21.6.4.2 requires
. vertically.
φ 12 mm (1/2”) spaced 340 mm
that the horizontal spacing of crossties or 300 mm
This reinforcement must be anchored in
legs of rectilinear hoops, hx, within a cross the boundary element.

section of the member shall not exceed 350

mm on center.

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99 (a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Now in order to obtain the vertical spacing In order to apply this equation it must be
of the confining hoops we must use Eq. t k iinto
taken t accountt th
thatt Ash is
i the
th area off
(21-5). We solve it for the vertical spacing all hoop legs including crossties that are
because we know all the other variables. perpendicular to the direction under
study.

bc is the dimension of the confined core

perpendicular to the hoop and crosstie
legs and measured center to center of the
outer hoop leg.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
The concrete cover to the hoop is 40 mm
(Section 77.7.1(c)
7 1(c) of ACI 318-08)
318 08).
Using this value, the distance from the
wall edge to the center of the outer hoop
bar is: 40 + 12.5/2 = 46 mm.
Therefore, in this case hc for both
directions is: 300 – 46 x 2 = 208 mm.
mm
Ab for φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) diameter bars is
129 mm2.
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
Now we apply the other rules for spacing of
p
hoops:
„ From Eq. (21-5) Æ 310 mm
„ 1/3 of the minimum section dimension 300/3 -> 100 mm
„ and 100 mm.
Therefore, for this direction the maximum hoops
vertical spacing corresponds to the lesser of
these values = 100 mm
For the other direction the variables have the
same values thus the vertical spacing is the
same.
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
First we check in the direction parallel to
g Aw .
wall length
Variable values are as follows:
Ash = 3 x 129 = 387 mm2
fyt = 420 MPa
hc = 208 mm
= 28 MP
MPa
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
Now we need to check shear for the situation
g We have
where the wall is at flexural strength.
two alternatives, either to design for the shear
force that corresponds to flexural strength or to
use Section 9.3.4(a) where a reduced φ factor of
0.6 is required when not designing for the shear
corresponding to flexural strength.
The intent is to prevent a premature shear failure
when the wall is responding in the nonlinear
range.
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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

M-φ diagram including

Diagrama Momento boundary
Curvatura - Para elements
Carga Axial de 1750 kN
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99 6000.0
Mp = 5550 kNxm

The flexural strength already computed didn’t

take into account the vertical reinforcement of the 5000.0

b
boundary
d elements.
l t It mustt be
b computedt d for
f a
value of φ = 1.0. ACI 318-08 does not require the 4000.0

Momento (kN x m)
use of the strain-hardening stress for walls now
but used to require it in the pre-ACI 318-99 3000.0

versions.
The moment-curvature diagram for an axial load 2000.0

of 1 750 kN,, including

g the boundaryy element
vertical reinforcement and allowing strain- 1000.0
hardening with a yield strength for the
reinforcement of 1.25 fy was computed. The 0.0
probable moment strength (1.25fy y φ = 1) is of 0.000000 0.000002 0.000004 0.000006 0.000008 0.000010

the order of 5 550 kN·m. Curvatura (1/mm)

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99 (a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
The value of the shear reached when The horizontal reinforcement steel ratio is
p
responding g in the nonlinear range
g at obtained by solving the equation for shear
moment strength is obtained proportional strength for variable ρt:
to the one from analysis as given in the
data for the example:

Shear strength computed previously was:

φVn = 1478 kN.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
The steel ratio required for shear is:
Now we solve for the vertical spacing for 2
φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) diameter bars :
(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
From the construction point of view this to
spacing. Using φ 16 mm (5/8
close spacing (5/8”))
diameter bars the following vertical
spacing is obtained (this reinforcement
can be used in the zone critical for shear
and change to the other reinforcement in
the upper floors):

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99 (a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99
φ 16 mm (5/8”) spaced 85 mm
. vertically.
This reinforcement must be anchored in
A horizontal reinforcement vertical 10 φ 16 mm (5/8”)
(5/8 ) the boundary element
element.
spacing of 85 mm will be used.
Confinement
hoops φ 12 φ12 mm (1/2”) spaced 300 mm
mm (1/2”) 340 mm horizontally
spaced at
This type of reinforcement must be used 100 mm
until the compressive
p stress at the wall vertically
φ 16 mm (5/8”) spaced 85 mm .vertically.
edge reaches a value of 300 mm
This reinforcement must be anchored in
the boundary element.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08 (b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08
According to this Section of ACI 318-08 zones in First we compute the quotient:
compression must be reinforced with special
b
boundary
d elements
l t when:
h

( 21-8)
Since it is less than 0.007, we take this last value
as the value for the quotient.
where c in Eq. (21-8) corresponds to the largest
neutral axis depth for the range of factored axial Dimension Aw = 3 000 mm and c was obtained
loads at moment strength consistent with the before as c = 396 mm.
design displacement. Quotient in Eq. (21-8)
must not be taken less than 0.007.

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08 (b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08
Applying Eq. (21-8) : The other condition required is that when no
boundary elements are needed, in Section
21
21.9.6.5
9 6 5 th
the steel
t l ratio
ti off vertical
ti l reinforcement
i f t att
the edge of wall is greater than confinement
reinforcement with a maximum spacing of 200
mm must be provided.

Also requires that if no boundary elements are

Therefore, c = 396 mm < 714 mm, then no required and shear is greater than the
boundary elements are required! horizontal wall reinforcement must be anchored
at the edge by hook or additional U shaped
reinforcement.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08 (b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08
The vertical distributed steel ratio at the edge is φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced at 340
. mm vertically.
0.0025, and this steel ratio is less than: This reinforcement must end in a standard
hook at the wall edge.
edge

No need for the reinforcement in 21.9.6.5(a).

φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced at 300 mm
350 mm horizontally
Vu = 600 kN >

therefore it is required for the distributed .

horizontal reinforcement ending at the edge to φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced at 340 mm vertically.
have a standard hook engaging the vertical This reinforcement must end in a standard
hook at the wall edge.
reinforcement as required by 21.9.6.5(b).

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08 (c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08
The size of the boundary element section
Section 21.9.6.3 del ACI 318-08 prescribes is defined by geometric rather than
the need to use boundary elements in an strength
t th requirements.
i t
similar way than the old pre-ACI 318-99
The depth c of the neutral axis is needed
procedure.
here also. It was established before to be
396 mm.
The main difference is that under ACI 318- The horizontal extension of the boundary
08 there is no need to resist all flexural l
element t iis th
the llarger of:
f
effect with just the boundary elements and
the rest of the wall can contribute to
strength for flexure.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08 (c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08
A dimension of 200 mm complies with
minimum 198 mm. There is no special φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced .
requirement for the vertical reinforcement
reinforcement, 6 φ 12.5 mm (1/2”)
340 mm vertically
so the same bars φ 12.5 mm (1/2”)
diameter may be used.
φ 12.5 mm
(1/2”) hoops φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced 300 mm
350 mm horizontally
The boundary element must comply with
the requirement
q for transverse
φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced .
reinforcement in special frame columns. 200 mm 340 mm vertically

6 φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) diameter bars will be

used with the hoop layout shown.

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08 (c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08
Minimum hoop spacing in ACI 318-08:

Now we define the confinement hoops as 21.6.4.3

6 3 — SpacSpacing goof ttransverse
a s e se reinforcement
e o ce e t a along
o g tthe
e
required by ACI 318-08. length lo of the member shall not exceed the smallest of (a),
(b), and (c):
Using a concrete cover of 40 mm the (a) One-quarter of the minimum member dimension;
distance from wall edge to center of (b) Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal
boundary element vertical bar is 40 + bar; and
12.5/2 = 46 mm. Then bc for analysis in the (c) so, as defined by Eq. (21-2)
direction parallel to Aw is 300 – 46 x 2 = 208
mm and in the direction perpendicular to (21-2)
Aw is 200 – 46 x 2 = 108 mm
Ab for f 12.5 mm (1/2”) bars is 129 mm2. The value of so shall not exceed 150 mm and need not be
taken less than 100 mm.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08 (c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08
Now we obtain the vertical spacing of
hoops in the boundary elements. First in
th di
the direction
ti off the
th hoop
h legs
l parallel
ll l to
t
wall length Aw
Now in the direction of the hoop legs
perpendicular to the wall length:
Ash = 3 x 129 = 387 mm2 Ash = 2 x 129 = 258 mm2
fyt = 420 MPa
fyt
y = 420 MPa
bc = 108 mm
bc = 208 mm
= 28 MPa
= 28 MPa

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08
The smaller of the two is 310 mm.
Now we check the limits of ACI 318-08:
1/3 of the smallest dimention of the
element = 200/3 = 66 mm
6db of longitudinal reinforcement = 6 x
12.5 = 75 mm
so according g to Eq.
q (21-2).
( ) This Eq.
q
increases over a minimum of 100 mm, it
is not relevant in this case.
The smallest value is 66 mm.
(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08
This spacing is controlled by the minimum
dimension of the boundary element (200
mm).) A llarger di
dimension
i may have
h been
b
used, say 300 mm, and the spacing would
be larger and equivalent to the one
obtained for the pre-ACI 318-99 part of the
example (100 mm).
The vertical reinforcement may have been
kept using φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) bars.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08 M-φ diagram including

Diagrama Momento boundary
Curvatura - Para elements
Carga Axial e 1750 kN

M n = 4240 kN x m
4500

Now we have to check that shear strength 4000

at moment strength is appropriate.

appropriate 3500

3000

Momento (kN x m)
The flexural strength of the wall is 2500

computed including the boundary 2000

elements vertical reinforcement. This is 1500

done for φ = 1.0

1 0 but without the strain-
strain 1000

hardening requirement. 500

0
0 0.000002 0.000004 0.000006 0.000008 0.00001 0.000012
Curvatura (1/mm)

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08 (c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08
The shear at flexural strength is obtained
proportional to the one for the loads N° 4 a 340 mm verticalmente.
given:
i 6 N° 4
E refuerzo
Este f d b quedar
debe
del elemento de borde
d anclado
l d en ell núcleo
ú l

Estribos de
confinamiento N° 4 a 350 mm 300 mm
de barra N° 4 horizontalmente
espaciados a 50
This value is less than the shear strength mm
verticalmente
obtained
bt i d initially
i iti ll for
f the
th minimum
i i 200 mm
N° 4 a 340 mm verticalmente.
Este refuerzo debe quedar anclado en el núcleo
reinforcement (1 272 kN < 1 478 kN) del elemento de borde
therefore no change in reinforcement is
needed.

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Wall boundary element design example
Luis E. Garcia

Comparison φ 16 mm (5/8”) spaced 85 mm

. vertically.

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08 10 φ 16 mm (5/8”)

This reinforcement must be anchored in
the boundary element.

Confinement
hoops φ 12 φ12 mm (1/2”) spaced
340 mm horizontally
300 mm Pre-ACI 318-99
mm (1/2”)
spaced at
φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced. 100 mm
vertically
340 mm vertically φ 16 mm (5/8”) spaced 85 mm .vertically.
6 φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) 300 mm
This reinforcement must be anchored in
φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced at 340
. mm vertically.
This reinforcement must end in a standard
the boundary element. hook at the wall edge.

φ 12.5 mm
(1/2”) hoops φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced 300 mm ACI 318-08 - Displacement φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced at
350 mm horizontally
300 mm

spaced 350 mm horizontally

vertically
.
at 65 mm φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced. φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced at 340 mm vertically.
340 mm vertically This reinforcement must end in a standard
φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced . 6 φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) hook at the wall edge.

200 mm 340 mm vertically

φ 12.5 mm
(1/2”) hoops φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced 300 mm
spaced 350 mm horizontally ACI 318-08 - Stress
vertically
at 65 mm
φ 12.5 mm (1/2”) spaced .
200 mm 340 mm vertically

The End

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