Stated in modern language, Newton's universal law of gravitation states that every

particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force along a line joining
them. The force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The UNIVERSAL Gravitation Equation

But Newton's law of universal gravitation extends gravity beyond earth. Newton's law of
universal gravitation is about the universality of gravity. Newton's place in the Gravity
Hall of Fame is not due to his discovery of gravity, but rather due to his discovery that
gravitation is universal. ALL objects attract each other with a force of gravitational
attraction. Gravity is universal. This force of gravitational attraction is directly
dependent upon the masses of both objects and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance that separates their centers. Newton's conclusion about the magnitude of
gravitational forces is summarized symbolically as

Using Newton's Gravitation Equation to Solve Problems

Knowing the value of G allows us to calculate the force of gravitational attraction
between any two objects of known mass and known separation distance. As a first
example, consider the following problem.
Sample Problem #1
Determine the force of gravitational attraction between the earth (m = 5.98 x 1024 kg)
and a 70-kg physics student if the student is standing at sea level, a distance of 6.38 x
106 m from earth's center.
Parabolic water motion trajectory

Components of initial velocity of parabolic throwing

Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or particle (a projectile) that is

thrown near the Earth's surface and moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only (in
particular, the effects of air resistance are assumed to be negligible). This curved path was shown
by Galileo to be a parabola. The study of such motions is called ballistics, and such a trajectory is
a ballistic trajectory. The only force of significance that acts on the object is gravity, which acts
downward, thus imparting to the object a downward acceleration. Because of the object's inertia, no
external horizontal force is needed to maintain the horizontal velocity component of the object.
Taking other forces into account, such as friction from aerodynamic drag or internal propulsion such
as in a rocket, requires additional analysis. A ballistic missile is a missile only guided during the
relatively brief initial powered phase of flight, and whose subsequent course is governed by the laws
of classical mechanics.
Ballistics (gr. βάλλειν ('ba'llein'), "to throw") is the science of mechanics that deals with the flight,
behavior, and effects of projectiles, especially bullets, unguided bombs, rockets, or the like; the
science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance.

Trajectories of a projectile with air drag and varying initial velocities

The elementary equations of ballistics neglect nearly every factor except for initial velocity and an
assumed constant gravitational acceleration. Practical solutions of a ballistics problem often require
considerations of air resistance, cross winds, target motion, varying acceleration due to gravity, and
in such problems as launching a rocket from one point on the Earth to another, the rotation of the
Earth. Detailed mathematical solutions of practical problems typically do not have closed-
form solutions, and therefore require numerical methods to address.
 ACTIVITY
True or False:

1. Sir Isaac Newtons inspiration for the Law of the Universal Gravitation.
2. Newtons place in the gravity Hall of Fame is due to his discovery of gravity.
3. All objects attract each other with the force of gravitational attraction.
4. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance that separates their
centers.
5. Newtons conclusion about the magnitude of gravitational forces is
summarized symbolically.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Newtons law of Universal Gravitation ____ gravity beyond earth.

2. The force is ____ proportional to the product of their masses.
3. ____ is a form of motion experienced by object or particle.
4. This curved path was shown by galileo to be a ____.
5. The study of such motions is called ____.

ENRICHMENT

/ or X :

1. The study of such motions is called ballistics.

2. A ballistic missile is a missile only.
3. The magnitude of the gravitational forces is not summarized symbolically.
4. Form of motion experienced is not by an object.
5. The only force of significance that acts on the object is gravity.
 Anwer key:

Activity

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True

Assessment

1. Extends
2. directly
3. Projectile motion
4. Parabola
5. Ballistics
Enrichment

1. /
2. /
3. /
4. X
5. /
 S.I.M
IN
SCIENCE
‘ LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION AND PROJECTILE MOTION’

Submitted to:
Ma’am Anna Marie Ramos

Submitted by:
Kyla Monteron
Christcel Ann Montallana
Jaila Lingahan
Jenzel Ann Abendan
Aries Labong
Raya Anes