Advanced Foundation

Engineering -2712009
ME structure Sem-1

By

Dr Siddharth G Shah
Professor & Head,
Faculty of PG Studies
& Research in Engineering & Technology
Marwadi Education Foundation Group of Institute
Rajkot-Gujarat-India
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1. different types
2. proportioning of footings for equal contact pressures
3. eccentrically loaded footings,
4. soil design of…
1. combined footings,
2. strap footing,
C.P under rigid and Flexible footing
 Course Outcome
After learning the course the students should be able to:
(a) Select appropriate foundation system for different
structures,
(b) Design shallow foundations that satisfy the allowable
bearing capacity and settlement
requirements based on soil properties,
(c) Design deep foundation satisfying bearing capacity and
settlement requirements,
(d) Design of machine foundation under static and dynamic
loads,
(e) Evaluate the liquefaction potential of soil deposits
Some unsung heroes of Civil Engineering…

foundations soil exploration

tunneling

… buried right
4
under your feet.
 Any structure ultimately rests on soil!
• Needs foundation for stability!
 Transcosna Grain Elevator Canada (Oct.
18, 1913)
If you don’t take care of
foundation!!!

Then………
West side of foundation sank 24-ft
 Application of stress= FOUNDATION
P
  Low stress value
A used for wall
High stress value foundation
used for Pin

Enlarge c/s area @

bottom
Less c/s area @ tip low stress
More stress Easy load distribution,
less settlement of wall
Easy penetration at
in ground
less effort

Advanced Foundation Engineering

10/14/2017 13
Dr . Siddharth G. Shah
SOIL BASICS

Soil is a three phase

material
 MW VV VV
w e n Se  wG
MS VS VT
e
MT VW n
m  S 1 e
VT VV
Va air Ma=0
’ = sat - w Vv
Vw water Mw

Vt Mt

GS  Se
  W
1 e Vs soil
Ms
More W, Less W,
VV
Same S e
VS

VV
n
VT

MW VW
w S
MS VV
 SOIL BASICS
• Soil is a three phase material changing its
properties with
– Water content(dry, bulk, saturated,
submerged),drainage

solids solids solids

Dry Bulk Saturated

 Water content Decrease(Volume changes)
V
V

Dry Bulk Saturated

Soil can be Soil
Soil Soil Soil
moulded Slurry(mud)
 SOIL BASICS
• Soil is a three phase material changing its
properties with
– Size of soil particle ( gradation, permeability, density)
Gradation Curve
 SOIL BASICS
• Soil is a three phase material changing its
properties with
– Loading(compressibility) time dependent

Courtesy:
Aimil
instruments
 Soil Basics (C, )
• Cohesion(C): Refers to the attraction between
the tiny soil solid particles
• Angle of internal friction of soil(): the
angularity of the soil particle enabling them to
resist shear forces by virtue of interlocking
with each other (angle of repose/friction
angle)
• As water content increases, soil becomes soft
and ultimately SBC /CBR reduces
Shear Strength due to sliding friction

Normal Force

Sliding
Force
Shear Strength due to sliding friction

Normal Force

Sliding
Force
 Shear Strength due to Sliding
Y=mx + C
0
Friction
W= Weight of block Normal Force N
F= N 
For soil, Shearing Force S
=  tan 

F= Friction force

Failure Plane
N= Normal Reaction
R=Resultant of Friction force &  = angle of internal friction & tan  = ;
Normal reaction where  is coeff of static friction
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
(in terms of total stresses)

 f  c   tan 
y  c  xm


Friction angle
Cohesion
f
c



f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure,
under normal stress of .
Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope
As loading progresses, Mohr
circle becomes larger…

GL


c
Y c
c

.. and finally failure occurs when

Mohr circle touches the
envelope
 Failure envelopes in terms of total & effective
stresses
v v ’ u

h
= +
 h’ u
X X X

τ Failure envelope in terms Failure envelope in

If X is on of effective stresses terms of total stresses
failure φ’
effective stresses
φ
total stresses

c’ c
 h’ vv’ σ or σ’
u
CD Test CU Test UU test
Slow Intermediate Quick
Effective stress Total stress Total Stress
Cd ; d Ccu ; cu Cu ; u= 0

Long term stability Initally fully consolidated Short term stability

Later quick stress

e.g. slow emb. const e.g. rapid emb. const on e.g. rapid emb. const
on soft clay; soft clay; on soft clay;
d/s slope of dam u/s slope of dam when Fast const. of dam
when reservior is sudden draw dwon of fast const of footing
full; Excavation reservior ; building on
slope
Soil compaction

solids
Soil compaction: It is a process to make soil dense by means
of compaction efforts like Compressive static or dynamic
load or kneading action to reduce its void ratio.

solids
Soil compaction
 Factors affecting Soil compaction
• Gradation of soil
• Moisture content
• Compaction effort
Well graded soil desired for higher
density
Gradation Curve
 Maximum Dry Density-MDD
Zero Air Void= Saturated Soil

Optimum Moisture Content-OMC

Volume increases,
Weight increases, as Water content weight decreases
increases

Air Air
Air
 Application of stress= FOUNDATION
P
  Low stress value
A used for wall
High stress value foundation
used for Pin

Enlarge c/s area @

bottom
Less c/s area @ tip low stress
More stress Easy load distribution,
less settlement of wall
Easy penetration at
in ground
less effort

Advanced Foundation Engineering

10/14/2017 39
Dr . Siddharth G. Shah
Significant depths:

40
Pressure Isobars for Footings

41
 Stress beneath diff. foundations
BOUSSINEQE WESTERGAA Line Load Area Area load Circular load
’S-point load RD'S-point Load CG CG
load Corner
σz = (3Q/2πz2) σz = (Q/πz2) * σz = (2q/πz) * q*Ic q*Icg σz = q *
*1/ 1/ 1/ [1+(r/z)2]2) [ 1 -1/[1+(r/z)2]3/2
[1+(r/z)2]5/2 [1+2(r/z)2]3/2

m = x/z
Ic   2

1  2mn m 2  n 2  1 m 2  n 2  2
 tan
 
1  2 mn m 2
 n 2
 1 

4  m  n  1  m n m  n  1

2 2 2 2
2
  2 2 2 2 
 m  n  1  m n 
n = y/z
L z B
m1  ; n1  ; b 
B b 2
2 m1  2n1  1   
2 2
m1n1 1  m1 
I cg     sin
  m 2  n 2  1 (n12  1)(m12  n12 )   m 2  n 2 n 2 1 
 1 1   1 1 1  42
 Active/Passive Earth Pressures
- in granular soils

Wall moves
away from soil

Wall moves A
towards soil
B

smooth wall

Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the wall

movement.
43
 Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils


WJM Rankine
(1820-1872)

[h]active v 

[ h ]active  K A v
Rankine’s coefficient of
1  sin  active earth pressure
KA   tan 2 ( 45   / 2)
1  sin 
44
 Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils

As the wall moves towards the soil, h increases


Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Passive state)
passive earth
pressure

h  v’ 
h passive

increasing h 45
 Functions of foundation
1. Transfer/distribute the load of
superstructure safely on ground/soil.
2. Stability against sliding & overturning
3. Minimize differential settlement
4. Safe against undermining
5. Provide level surface
6. Minimize distress against soil movement
Types of Loads
• Normal Loads, P

• Shear Loads, V

• Moment Loads, M

• Torsion Loads, T (usually negligible)

z

y
z P Normal load
important for buildings

y
z Shear load
important for retaining walls

Vy, Vx
y

Vy
 Moment load
z important for retaining walls
Mx and buildings

y Mx, My
z
Torsion load
usually not significant

T
y
Applied loads induce:

Failure - (collapse/instability)
Design with a generous factor of safety

Movement - (settlement/deformation)
Design to a performance criteria
Factor of Safety (FS) against failure
or for bearing capacity

FS = Resistance/Driving

FS for buildings ~ 3

FS for retaining structures and slopes ~1.5

Movement / Settlement / Deformation

Uniform settlement - least critical

Even tilting - can be critical

Distortion - potentially troublesome

Uniform settlement, 


Even tilting,  (limit < 1/250)


 s s

As built foundation


D

 = maximum total settlement

D= maximum differential settlement

S = column spacing

 = distortion = D/ S

Da = a * S

a, denotes allowable
a = allowable rotation (Table 2.2, Coduto)

Type of structure a

Frame warehouse 1/200

Steel and reinforced concrete buildings 1/600

Unreinforced masonry 1/2500

 Criterion For isolated Rafts
foundation
Angular distortion 1/300 1/300
Greatest differential cm cm
settlements in clays 4.5 4.5
Sands 3.25 3.25
Maximum cm cm
settlements in 7.5 10.0
Clays 5.0 6.25
sands
 Footing /Foundation

• Footing is the enlarged portion of the

column/wall which may be considered as part of
the foundation (substructure) [footing is used
for isolated members like columns,wall]
• Foundation : is the lowest part of the structure it
contains trench, fill-up soil and enlarged area
(footing!) [Foundation is larger term for complex
system like pile foundation, raft foundation etc]
 B

foundation footing
 Shallow v/s Deep Foundation
• Shallow Foundations: These cover such types of
foundations in which load transference is primarily through
shear resistance of the bearing strata ( the fractional
resistance of soil above bearing strata is not taken into
consideration ) and are laid normally to depth of 3 m.
• Deep Foundations -: This is a foundation generally in the
form of piles, caissons, diaphragm walls, used separately or
in combination to transmit the loads to a deeper load
bearing strata when, no adequate bearing strata exists at
shallow depths. The transference of load by a deep
foundation may be through friction, end-bearing or a
combination of both.
 Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations Deep Foundations

D/B ≤ 4 (For general guidle D/B >4

line only ;Not necessary!!)
(Acc. to Terzaghi Df ≤ B)
D= Depth of Foundation from B= width of Foundation
GL
Spread (rectangular, circular) Caisson, well, pile foundations
footing, Strip (wall)footing,
strap footing, Raft/Mat
footing
 Df < 4B Df > 4B

Af < 0.5A Af > 0.5A Driven Cast in Place

Caisson
Pier
Af =sum of footing areas Df = depth of cover Bored Pile
A = plan area of structure B = footing width
 Basic Design Procedure
Assessment of site conditions in the context of the site
& soil investigation report

Calculation of anticipated structural loading

Choosing the foundation type, should

consider:

• Soil condition Sizing the chosen foundation

• Type of structure in the context of loading,
• Structural loading ground bearing capacity & any
• Economic factors likely future movement of the
• Time factors relative to the proposed contract building / structure
period
• Construction problem
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Advantages
a) Cost (affordable)
b) Construction Procedure (simple)
c) Material (mostly concrete)
d) Labour (doesn’t need expertise)
 ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING

• Used to support individual columns.

70
ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING

71
2) COMBINED FOOTING
Supports two columns
the two columns are so close to each other that
their individual footings would overlap
one column is placed right at the property line
C.G. of column load and centroid of the footing
should coincide

72
 COMBINED FOOTING

• Rectangular footing • Trapezoidal footing

73
 3) STRAP FOOTING

 Two isolated footings connected with a strap or beam

 Connects in such a way that they behave as one unit
 The strap acts as a connecting beam and does not take
any soil reaction. The strap is designed as rigid beam.
 It does not provide bearing

74
 to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior
column
 Used to transmit the moment caused from an eccentricity to the
interior
 Can be used instead of combined footing if the distance between
two columns is large
 More economical than combined footings

75
 Strap footing
Property line issues (row houses or margin)
Strap footing
Property line
issues
 4) RAFT FOUNDATION

• Large reinforced concrete slab supporting no.

of columns & walls
• area of spread footings or combined footings
exceeds about 50 percent of the gross area of
the building
• Greater weight & continuity of a mat provides
sufficient resistance

78
RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION

79
Raft/Mat Foundation is suitable under following
conditions
 Structural loads are heavy or the soil condition is poor
 Soft or loose soils having less bearing capacity
 Foundation soil is non-homogeneous and prone to
excessive differential settlements
 Lateral loads are non-uniform
 Columns are so close that their individual footings would
overlap
 To resist water pressures when groundwater extends above
the floor level of the lowest basement of a building
 There is a large variation in the loads on individual columns

80
FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION SELECTION

FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION CHOICE:

 Sub-surface soil
 Ground water table conditions

 Type of structure

 Magnitude of load

 Tolerances of structure i.e. permissible values of

settlement and tilt etc.
There 2 type of End Bearing Piles That is Preformed Timber Pile & In-Site-Reinforced Concrete Pile
Friction Pile May Be Used To Support DownWard Load
Displacement Pile
Replacement Pile / Non Displacement Pile
Pile Driving Rig - raise and temporarily support the pile
that being driven and to support the pile hammer.
Pile Driving Rig
Pile Installation Using Drop Hammer
Jacking Method Of Insertion
Pier
Pier
Pier
Pumping Water Out Of The Hole For The Excavation
Of The Pier
Constructing The Pier Framing
 Completed Pier Framing

Post Footing & Detail

 Ramp Is Installed

Ramp Is Bolted
 Floor Decking
Installation

Completed Pier
CAISSON FOUNDATION
Caissons
Reinforced Concrete Caissons
Caissons
Caisson As One Of The Elements In This Structure
 Choice/Selection of foundation
(Shallow or Deep)?

1. Soil profile
2. Type of super structure-load
3. Practical requirement/feasibility/cost
 Choice of foundation
• Foundation cannot be choosen by just SBC or
few data
• Lot of experience is also required in its
selection along with lot of field data such as
– Soil profile
– Type of super structure-load
– Practical requirement/feasibility/cost
 Soil profile
• Depth of hard strata (near-shallow, moderate /deep)
• Soil type (Cohesive/Cohesion less/ Settlement
/liquefaction/Expansive/ collapsible) (Ground
improvement ?)
• Soil stratification and sequence of Hard/Soft
layers(Hard top , soft bottom; soft top , hard bottom)
• Ground water variation
• Soil bearing capacity (SBC)from above all
• Soil settlement (allowable?)
 Low Bearing capacity
• Raft foundation
– Differential settlement
– Af>0.5A
– Heavy Structural load
• Pile foundation
– Hard strata near
– Rivers/shores
– Uplift of raft
 Practical Requirements & Cost
• Influence of site conditions-near by buildings
Property line-dewatering-cofferdam-noise-
dust/air pollution
• Ease of approach for machinery
• Availability of skilled labours/machinery
• Economy
 Structural load-
load- Amount of super
structure load
• Light load- individual footing/ combined
footing
• Moderate load- combined footing /raft/pile
• Heavy load- Raft/pile/cassion/shaft/well
• Machines-specially designed
 Building Codes
Local and national codes guide practice.

Design must conform to code or

Departures require approval

Compliance does not assure safety or economy

Earth Retaining Systems
Wall System Stabilized Earth System
(external) (internal)
Slope Stability
How steep can the slope be?

What is the factor of safety (FS)?

How can we improve the FS?