Computer Networking

Network?
• The interconnection of the logical and physical components of a
system.
• Logical components (Operating System)
• Physical components (NIC, cables, computers, Telco lines, routers, switches and hubs.)
• Is group of computers, peripherals, and software that are connected
to each other and can be used together.

Screen Monitor II Screen Monitor II

Computer Network

A collection of computing
devices that are connected
in various ways in order to
communicate and share
resources
Computer Network
Usually, the connections between computers in a
network are made using physical wires or cables
However, some connections are wireless, using
radio waves or infrared signals
Computer Network
More specifically, a network is any method of
sharing information between two systems
(human or mechanical).
The Four Types of Networks based on
geographical spread of the network. :

 Personal Area Network (PAN)

 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Personal Area Networks
Personal area networks are based on
a global specification called
Bluetooth™, which uses radio
frequency technology to transmit
voice and data. Bluetooth is being
personal digital
developed by the Bluetooth Special assistant (PDA)
Interest Group established in 1998. cellular phone printer
Bluetooth Wireless Technology
connecting a workstation to its
peripheral’s or even to other
fax machine
workstation within the laptop
personal
Transmission distance of 100 meters computer
or 329 feet.
Wired and Wireless PAN
 Local Area Networks (LAN)

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network with two or more

computers connected to each other in a single location, such
as single building, room and an office that are spread across a
small geographical area.It is the simplest type of network in
which computers are connected to each other by a cable.
 -Terminals

- peripherals

- servers/switches

- power supply/ups

Typical Office LAN

 Metropolitan Area Networks
(MAN)

A computer network connecting geographically separated

sites which are located in a single metropolitan area.
Interconnected LANs within a city or metropolis via ATM or Frame Relay

50 km
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
A network of computer network which is unlimited in
geographical extent. It can connect computers and other
devices on opposite sides of the world. A WAN is made up of a
number of interconnected LANs. Perhaps the unlimited WAN is
the Internet.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
A network that connects two or more local-area networks over a
potentially large geographic distance
Often one particular node on a
LAN is set up to serve as a gateway
to handle all communication going
between that LAN and other
networks
Communication between
networks is called internetworking or
the Internet, as we know it today, is
essentially the ultimate wide-area
network, spanning the entire globe
Local Area Network consists of a:

• Workstation/Host/Node – computers that make

request for services or data on the network server.
• Servers – are computers that provide services and
data to the different clients. The server in the
network perform number of complex tasks.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A network that connects a relatively small number of
machines in a relatively close geographical area.

Current LANs are most likely to be

based on Ethernet technology.
TYPES OF NETWORK MODELS
•PEER TO PEER
NETWORK
•CLIENT SERVER
NETWORK
• a networking scheme in which both
the resources and administration is
distributed throughout the network.
Every computer in this model can be
viewed as both a server and a client.
Peer-to-Peer Network
Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users
to share resources and files located on their
computers and to access shared resources found on
other computers. However, they do not have a file
server or a centralized management source . In a
peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered
equal; they all have the same abilities to use the
resources available on the network. Peer-to-peer
networks are designed primarily for small to
medium local area networks.
 Peer to Peer Network
Advantages
• Resources are easily shared
• Easy to design and implement
• Effective for limited number of
machines with minimal distance client4

Disadvantages
No centralized administrative and
client1 clien
t3
Account control
Duplicate accounts through out client2

the network
Client /Server Network
a logical grouping of computers in
which administration and security is
centralized
 Client/Server
Server-is a computer on the network that
provides other computers (called client or
workstation) with access to resources, such as
disk drives, folders, printers, modems, scanners
& Internet access. Uses more powerful
hardware features.
Use for different types of software and task.
Ex. application servers – run task for clients
file server – stores data and program files for
client
mail server – stores and distribute email to
clients.
Client/workstation – is a computer that uses the
resources on a server.
Client/Server Network
Client/server network operating systems allow the
network to centralize functions and applications in one
or more dedicated file servers. The file servers become
the heart of the system, providing access to resources
and providing security. Individual workstations (clients)
have access to the resources available on the file
servers.
 Client Server Network

Server

client1
client3

client2
 Advantages of a client/server
network:

• Centralized - Resources and data security are

controlled through the server.
• Scalability - Any or all elements can be replaced
individually as needs increase.
• Flexibility - New technology can be easily
integrated into system.
• Interoperability - All components
(client/network/server) work together.
• Accessibility - Server can be accessed remotely
and across multiple platforms.
 Disadvantages:

• Expense - Requires initial investment in dedicated

server.
• Maintenance - Large networks will require a staff to
ensure efficient operation.
• Dependence - When server goes down, operations
will cease across the network.