eqacbZ fo|kihBkP;k vFkZ'kkL= ,e -, inO;qÙkj inoh lkBh lknj

dsAysyk la'kks/ku çdYi vgoky

HkkjrkP;k gokeku cnykfo"k;h vkf.k Hkkjrh; 'ksrh

fo"k;hpk vH;kl

vH;kld

¼çktäk jktsaæ lksukj ½

gtsjh Øekad

1852003

ekxZn'kZd

çk - M‚ lat; eksjs lj

vH;kl dsaæ

,l- ,l Vh d‚yst v‚Q vkVZl~ vkf.k d‚elZ

mYgkluxj &421004

eqacbZ fo|kihB ]eqacbZ

2018&2019
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dj.;klkBh eqacbZ fo|kihBkrhy ,e - , vFkZ'kkL= gh inoh çkIr
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fo|kihBkr eh lknj djhr vkgs- gs ek>s Lor%ps dke vkgs- rlsp
;klkBh okijysY;k lanHkZ lzksrkpk funsZ'k ;k la'kks/ku
çdYikr dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- vls eh çfrKsoj d:u djhr vkgs-

fnukad

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vkiyh fo'oklw

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lknj djr vlsyyk la'kks/ku çdYi iw.kZ dj.;kdjrk eyk çR;{k o

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vkt i;kZoj.kkr vusd fBdk.kh mæsd gksrkuk fnlrkr- ns'kke/;s

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loZp egÙokP;k ckchaoj R;kpk ifj.kke gks.kkj vkgs- R;klkscr
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gokeku cnykeqGs rkieku ok<] vfu;fer ikÅl] gosrhy vknZzrspk
vkf.k rkiekukpk vpkud p<&mrkj v'kk ckchaph lq:okr >kyh vkgs-
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fo"kqoo`Ùkh; çns'kkarhy fodlu'khy ns'kkalkBh ?kkrd B: 'kdrhy-
gs y{kkr ?ksÅu osGhp mik;;kstuk dj.;kph xjt fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs-

tukojkaoj gks.kkjs ifj.kke

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dkgh Hkkxkr 45 va'k lsfYl;lis{kk tkLr rkieku ok<Y;kus xkHk.k
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vkgs- ;k cnykeqGs jksx vkf.k dhM fufeZrhl iks"kd Bjsy v'kh
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ok<yh vkf.k 'ksaxk rlsp cksaMs deh ykxyh- dkgh fBdk.kh jCch
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vkf.k okGyh- R;keqGs Tokjhpk mrkjk deh vkyk- QGfidkae/;s
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cj~;kiSdh fu;a=.k feGoys xsysys fdjdksG uqdlku dj.kkj~;k oxkZr
eksM.kkjs dhM vkf.k jksx vkrk Hkjiwj çek.kkr uqdlku djr vkgsr-
rlsp fu;a=.k dj.kkj~;k vkS"k/kkauklq)k rs nkn nsr ukghr-
v'kk ifjfLFkrhr usgehP;k la'kks/ku i)rhr cny d:u gokekukrhy cny
vkf.k ik.kh miyC/krsuqlkj ihd mRiknukps ra=Kku fodflr dj.;kph xjt
fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- R;klkscr deh] e/;e rlsp tkLr dkyko/khP;k
gokeku vanktkph vpqdrk vkf.k O;kIrh ok<o.ks] gokeku
cnyklanHkkZr 'ksrdj~;kae/;s tkx`rh fuekZ.k dj.ks] tSora=kpk
mi;ksx d:u gokeku cnykyk lgu d: 'kdrhy vls ok.k fuekZ.k dj.ks]
cnyR;k gokekukyk rksaM ns.kkjs ok.k fodflr dj.ks v'kk mi;k;kstuk
djk;yk gO;kr- rlsp tukojkaP;k xksBîkr xkjok fuekZ.k dj.kkj~;k
mik;;kstuk fodflr dj.ks] mPp rkiekuke/;s rx /k: 'kdrhy v'kk
tukojkaP;k tkrhaph fuoM i)rhus iSnkl dj.ks gs mik;gh egÙokps
Bjrhy- R;klkscr mPp rkiekukeqGs i'kqi{;kaP;k çtuu {kersoj
gks.kkjs foifjr ifj.kke rlsp mik; ;koj la'kks/ku dj.ks] okrkoj.kkrhy
cnykeqGs tukojs vkf.k i{kh ;kaP;ke/;s fnlwu ;s.kkjs vktkj ;koj
la'kks/ku djkos ykx.kkj vkgs- rjp ;k leL;spk ;'kLohfjR;k lkeuk djrk
;sbZy-
 1-6 gokeku cnykps /kksds

1- vUulqj{ksoj ?kkyk------

& lkxjh tSofofo/krsoj ifj.kke gksowu eRL;ksRiknukr ?kV laHkors-

& rkiekukr 2 va'kkais{kk vf/kd ok< >kY;kl] R;kP;k'kh tqGowu u

?ksrY;kl m".k vkf.k le'khrks".k çns'kkr xgw] Hkkr] edk ;kaP;k
mRiknukr ?kV gks.;kpk /kksdk vkgs-

& tkxfrd rkiekukr 4 va'kkaph ok< >kY;kl rj tkxfrd vUulqj{kk

/kksD;kr ;s.;kph eksBh 'kD;rk vkgs-
& i`"Bh; ik.kh o Hkwty ;kaph Hk;adj VapkbZ lrkow 'kdrs-
R;kpkgh 'ksrhoj foifjr ifj.kke laHkorks-

2- vkjksX; : ;k 'kdrkP;k e/;ki;aZr vkjksX;kps ç'u fp?kGrhy-

fo'ks"kr: deh mRiUu vlysY;k ns'kkae/;s R;kpk /kksdk vf/kd vkgs-
rkiekuok< vkf.k vknZzrsrhy ok< ;kP;k ,df=r ifj.kkekeqGs
vkjksX;kP;k leL;k ok<rhy-

& 'kgjh Hkkxkr m".krk ok<] oknGs] vfro`"VhP;k ?kVuk] varxZr

Hkkxkr o fdukjh Hkkxkrhy iwj] njMh dkslG.ks] gosps çnw"k.k]
nq"dkG] ik.;kps nqfHkZ{k] lkxjh ikrGhr ok<] lkxjh ykVk
;kaP;keqGs yksd] R;kaph ekyeÙkk] vFkZO;oLFkk vkf.k
ifjlaLFkkaoj foifjr ifj.kke laHkorks-

& xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ik.;kph miyC/krk & iqjoBk] vUulqj{kk]

ewyHkwr lks;h & lqfo/kk] 'ksrhmRiUu] fidkaP;k ykxoMhP;k
{ks=kr gks.kkjs cny ;k xks"Vhapk ifj.kke gks.;kpk /kksdk vkgs-

3- vFkZO;oLFksojhy ifj.kke

,dw.k tkxfrd ikrGhoj useds dk; ifj.kke gksrhy ;kckcr Hkkdhr

orZo.ks dBh.k vkgs- ek=] ;keqGs ,dw.kp vFkZO;oLFksph xrh
eankosy- R;keqGs xjhch deh dj.;kr vMFkGs ;srhy- vUulqj{ksps
ç'u fuekZ.k gksrhy-
4- foLFkkiu
gokekukP;k rhoz ?kVuk] nkfj|Z ;keqGs vusd yksdkauk vkikiY;k
tkxk lksMwu foLFkkfir Ogkos ykxsy] brj= tkos ykx.kkj vkgs-

Hk:u u ;s.kkjs] nwjxkeh ifj.kke :

ek.klkus dkcZu ok;waps mRltZu dj.ks vkrkP;k ?kMhyk
iw.kZi.ks Fkkacoys rjhgh l/;k vfLrRokr vlysY;k ok;waps ifj.kke
gokeku cny vkf.k R;keqGs gks.kkj~;k cnykaP;k ek/;ekrwu dkgh
'krdkai;aZr rjh gksr jkgrhy-

& dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZMeqGs gokekukr gks.kkjs dkgh cny gs

fdR;sd 'krds] lgL=dkai;aZr dk;eLo:ih vlrhy- vxnhp okrkoj.kkrhy
gk ok;w eksBîk çek.kkr dk<wu ?ksryk] rjp fp= osxGs fnlw 'kdrs-
vU;Fkk gk /kksdk Bjysyk vkgs-

& rkiekuok<heqGs tfeuhrhy dkcZu] f'kf¶Vax ck;ksEl] cQZ vkoj.k]

lkxjh rkieku] leqækP;k ikrGhrhy ok< vkf.k ;keqGs ifjljkr gks.kkjs
vuq"kafxd cny ;k xks"Vh iwoZor gks.;kyk dkgh 'krds] lgL=dkapk
dkG ykxrks-

& dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZMps mRltZu vlsp lq: jkfgY;kl] leqækps

vkEyhdj.k ok<r jkgwu lkxjh ifjlaLFksr eksBîk çek.kkr fc?kkM
gksrhy-
& lkxjh ikrGhrhy ok< gh 2100 lkykuarjgh dkgh 'krdki;aZr dk;e
jkghy- gh ok< fdrh çek.kkr vlsy] gs Hkfo";kr vki.k fdrh çek.kkr
gfjr ok;w okrkoj.kkr lksMrks ;koj voyacwu vlsy-

tqGowu ?ks.ks vkf.k cny jks[k.ks -----

cny jks[k.;klkBh 'fefVxs'ku' Eg.kts leL;sps lewG mPpkV.kklkBh

ç;Ru dj.ks gk i;kZ; vkgsp- R;kpcjkscj 'vWMkIVs'ku' vFkkZr l|
ifjfLFkrh'kh tqGowu ?ks.ks gsgh vko';d vkgs-

'vWMkIVs'ku' lkBh fu;kstu vkf.k R;kP;k vaeyctko.khph vko';drk

vkgs- ;k nksUgh ckch oS;fäd rs ljdkjP;k ikrGhoj djkO;k ykxrhy-

& jk"Vªh; ljdkjus çknsf'kd ljdkj vkf.k LFkkfud laLFkka'kh leUo;

lk/kk;yk gok- R;kauk vWMkIVs'kuckcr ekfgrh] /kksj.k] dk;ns'khj
ckch vkf.k ir iqjoBk ;klkBh enr djk;yk goh-

& LFkkfud ikrGhoj fofo/k lekt] çns'kkrhy LFkkfud & ijaijkxr Kku
vkf.k ikGY;k tk.kkj~;k pkyhfjrh] i/nrh ;kaph ekfgrh ?;k;yk goh- l/;k
lq: vlysY;k mik;;kstukacjkscjp ;k ijaijkxr xks"Vhapk mi;ksx d:u
?ksrY;kl R;kpk vWMkIVs'kulkBh eksBk mi;ksx gksow 'kdsy-

vWMkIVs'kue/;s dkgh e;kZnk o vMFkGs vkgsr-----

& e;kZfnr vkfFkZd L=ksr o ekuoh lalk/ku-

& Hkkoh çHkkokackcr vfuf'prrk-
& /kksD;kackcr fofo/k –"Vhdksu-
&vWMkIVs'kuckcr usr`Ro vkf.k dk;ZdrZ~;kapk & Lo;alsodkapk
vHkko-
& vWMkIVs'kuph ifj.kkedkjdrk rikl.;klkBh e;kZfnr lk/kus-
& ;kckcr viqjs la'kks/ku] uksanh] ns[kHkky ;a=.kk- ;klkBh
ykx.kkj~;k fu/khph derjrk-

fefVxs'kulkBh dkghgh ç;Ru >kys ukghr] rj 2100 lkyki;aZr

rkiekukr 3-7 rs 4-8 va'k lsfYlvl ¼2-5 rs 7-8 va'k½ brdh ok<
gksow 'kdrs- gh ok< 1850 rs 1900 ;k dkyko/khP;k rqyusr vlsy-

;k vgokykrhy vls tGtGhr okLro tk.kwu ?ksrY;kuarj gs lkja

xkaHkh;kZus ?ks.ks vkf.k R;kckcr dkghrjh mik;;kstuk dj.ks
ØeçkIr vkgs-

gs dsys ukgh rj dk; gksow 'kdsy] ;kojgh gk vgoky çdk'k Vkdrks-

vki.k vxnhp VksdkP;k mik;;kstuk dsY;k rj 2100 lkyki;aZrph

rkiekuok< ¼vkS|ksfxd ØkarhiwoZ dkGkP;k rqyusr½ 1-5
va'kkai;aZrP;k vkr jks[k.ks 'kD; vkgs- R;klkBh 2100 lkyh dkcZu
Mk;v‚DlkbZMlkj[;k gfjrx`gs ok;waps okrkoj.kkrhy çek.k çfr n'ky{k
Hkkxkae/;s 430 is{kk deh Bsokos ykxsy-

gs dj.;klkBh 2050 lkyki;aZr ¼2010 lkyP;k rqyusr½ ;k ok;waps

mRltZu 70 rs 95 VDD;kauh deh djkos ykxsy- gs eksBs vkOgku
vkgs- gs dj.;kr vkiY;kyk ;'k vkys] rj vki.k gokekucnykps vkOgku
isyY;klkj[ks gksbZy-

ek=] gs dj.;kr vki.k vi;'kh Bjyks rj rkiekuok< 4 va'kkaP;kgh iq<s

tkow 'kdrs- rls >kY;kl vk/kh mYys[k dsysys vusd /kksds
mn~Hkorkr- R;kps okrkoj.kkoj] gokekukoj] uSlfxZd ifjlaLFksoj
vkf.k vçR;{kfjR;k ek.klkojgh [kksyoj ifj.kke gksrhy-

ƒ- lanHkZ

1- vxzksou i`Fohjkt xk;dokM

2- ys[kd M‚ - ckGklkgsc lkoar
3- ys[kd çk -jkepaæ lkcGs
  çdj.k „
„- ƒ cnyrs gokeku vkf.k 'ksrh
„- „ gokeku cnykps okLro
„- … egkjk"Vªrhy 'ksrh oj gokeku ifj.kke
„- †—"kh mRiukoj gokeku cnykpk çHkko
 2-1 cnyrs gokeku vkf.k 'ksrh O;olk;
cnyR;k gokekukpk vkf.k tkxfrd rkiekukr >kysyh ok< ¼Xykscy
okfeaZx½ ;kph pkgwy egkjk"Vªkyk ƒ‹‰„ P;k nq"dkGkiklwu
ykxyh vls EgVys rjh okoxs Bj.kkj ukgh- ƒ‹‰„ iqohZ nq"dkG ƒå
o"kkZrwu ,dnk ;sr vls vkf.k LokraR;kZiqohZ „å O;k 'krdkP;k
lq#okrhyk ƒ‹å‡ lkyh tsOgk R;kosGh Hkwxksy] bfrgkl letw ykxyk
rsOgk if'pe caxkyP;k nq"dkGkpk Hkkjr o"kkZyk /kDdk clyk-
rsOgk y‚MZ dtZuus R;kosGh iqoZ caxky o if'pe caxky v'kh
caxkyph QkG.kh dsyh- ƒ‹‡å uarj ƒå o"kkZrwu ,dnk nq"dkG-
;ke/;s … o"kZ vfro`"Vh] … o"kZ pkaxys gokeku] pkaxyk ikÅl]
pkaxyh fids] … o"kZ ikÅl pkaxyk i.k e/;e fids vkf.k ƒ o"kZ
nq"dkG v'kh lk/kkj.k ifjfLFkrh vls- ƒ‹‰„ P;k nq"dkGkuarj ek=
ikolkus e`xkP;k ‰ twuyk gks.kkjk f'kMdko o isj.khph u pqd.kkjh
rkjh[k ;k BjysY;k 'ksrdj~;kaP;k vkuankP;k {k.kkyk rMk tkow
ykxyk- e`xkph ‰ twuyk lq#okr Eg.kts 'ksrdj~;karhy pkSrU;] —
"kh {ks=krhy O;kikjmnhersrhy mRlkg] xzkeh.k fL=;kaph ch
Hkj.;kph yxcx o lkQlQkbZ dj.;kph eqgwrZes< Bjr vls- tl & tls
dksjMokgw {ks=krhy ekUlwu ikolkojhy voyacu deh gksÅ ykxys
;kps dkj.k frlj~;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusiklwu rs uoO;k iapokf"kZd
;kstusi;aZr y?kw ikVca/kkjs] e/;e o eksBh /kj.ks] dsu‚y ;ke/kwu
flapu {ks=kr Hkjho ok< gksÅu vUu/kkU;] dM/kkU;] xGhr
/kkU;kP;k mRiknukr ok< gksÅ ykxyh- ƒ‹‰Š P;k o"kkZiklwu
ljdkjus dksjMokgw QGckx o ckjekgh MkGhac] æk{k fidkauk
çksRlkgu fnys- R;keqGs QGckx gh ;kstuk jkstxkj geh ;kstusP;k
ek/;ekrwu o R;koj feG.kkj~;k vuqnkukeqGs —"kh {ks=kyk uohu
lathouh feGkyh o —"kh Økarh >kyh-
lk/kkj.k ƒ‹Š‡ rs ƒ‹‹‡ P;k n'kdkr æk{k QGckxkauh o „ååå iklwu
MkGhackyk Hkko cj~;kiSdh feGw ykxY;kps tls nq"dkGh
Hkkxkrhy 'ksrdj~;kaP;k y{kkr ;sow ykxys rls MkGhac QGckx
ykxoMhe/;s ok< >kyh- HkkokP;k ckcrhr ‰å rs ƒ„å :- fdyks
'ksrdj~;kauk Hkko feGw ykxys] rls 'ksrdj~;kaP;k thoukr pgy &
igy fuekZ.k >kyh- lq:okrhP;k dkGkr x.ks'k ok.k gk pkyr vls- ;kyk
Hkko ƒ‡ :- rs †‡ :- fu;kZrhpk Hkko feGr vls- ijarq Egkrksckph
¼pksjkph½ vkGanh ;sFks ƒ‹‰„ rs ƒ‹‰‡ P;k dkGkr vkdkjkus
NksVk] nk.kk eksBk] ykyHkMd o xksMhyk cj~;kiSdh v'kk
LFkkfud MkGhackpk ok.k cjkp dkG fodyk tkr vls- rsOgk
LoLrkbZr R;kyk ‡ rs ƒå :- fdyks Hkko feGr vls- ijarq Hkxok gk
ok.k uarj fodflr >kY;koj >ikVîkus ok<yk vkf.k ;k ok.kkl ;qjksikr o
vk[kkrh jk"Vªkar ekx.kh ok<Y;kus ukf'kd & lVk.;kiklwu laxeusj]
iq.ks] lksykiwj ejkBokMk v'kk vusd Hkkxkae/;s >atkokrklkj[kk çlkj
ok<yk vkf.k vkrk rj fonHkZ] ejkBokMk] mÙkj egkjk"Vªkpk dkgh
Hkkx o HkkjrkP;k fofo/k Hkkxkr MkGhackpk çlkj ok<w ykxyk
vkgs- nqlj~;k cktwyk [kkuns'kph cljkbZ o ukansMph v/kkZiqjh
dsGhyk ‰å P;k n'kdkr „ rs ‡ :- fdyks vlk LFkkfud Hkko feGr vls-
ijarq tsOgk dsGh ;k loZlk/kkj.k QGkps egÙo 'xfjckaps QG'
Eg.kwu #tys vkf.k uarjP;k dkGkr mÙkj fganqLFkkukr o jf'k;kr
;kyk ekx.kh ok<yh vkf.k [kkuns'kP;k jkosj] QStiwj] lkonk] fpukoy]
pksiMk ;k Hkkxkr ykxoMh ok<Y;k- rsFks rkih dkBh mÙke
ntsZnkj dsGh mRiknu gksÅu fu;kZr gksr vls- R;kosGh
'ksrdj~;kaph Jhearh gh dsGhP;k ckxkae/;s vl.kkj~;k [kksMkaP;k
la[;soj Bjr vls- gh lkax.;kps dkj.k vls vf/kd m".k gokekukr ckjekgh
dsGhps mRiknu tfeuhr ?ksrys xsys o vkrk Č rs Ġ :-/fdykspk
Hkko 'ksrdj~;kauk feGw ykxyk- R;kosGsl tksi;aZr Xykscy
okfeaZxpk f'kjdko >kyk uOgrk rksi;aZr dsGhyk vodkGh ikÅl]
oknGkpk QVdk clr uls- ijarq i`Fohojhy xsY;k …å o"kkZe/;s v/kkZ
rs ƒ lsfYlvl rkieku ok<Y;kus ckxkauk ik.kh fnY;koj ik.;kps ck"i
gksrs- gs ck"i okrkoj.kkr ,d:i gksrs vkf.k tsOgk ;k rkiekukyk
jk=hP;k gokekukrhy rQkorheqGs fonHkkZrhy la=h] [kkuns'kkrhy
dsGh] lksykiwjps MkGhac o fofo/k Hkkxkrhy gaxkeh QG &
Hkkthikyk fids] mlklkj[kh vfr [kknkM o ik.;kph xjt tkLr vl.kkj~;k
fidkyk /kj.kkrhy ik.kh fnY;kus R;kps ck"ihHkou vkf.k ex vodkGh
ikÅl xkjihVpk tUe o /kksdk iq<s ikpfoyk iqtyk xsyk- okrkoj.kkrhy
deh nkckps iês fuekZ.k gksÅu vka/kz] vksfjlkP;k iV~Vîkr
lIVsacjiklwu oknGhokjs o vodkGh ikÅl gksÅ ykxys- rlsp mÙkj
Hkkjrkrhy mÙkjkapy] mÙkj çns'k] fgekpy çns'k] fcgkj] caxky ;k
Hkkxkrhy rkieku tls ok<s rls xaxk] czãiq=k ;k u|kauk mUgkG~;kr
cQZ forGY;kus iwj ifjfLFkrh ;sowu çpaM uqdlku gksÅ ykxys-
FkksMD;kr i;kZoj.k o okrkoj.kkrhy cnykus o ,danjhr ckxk;rh
{ks=kr >kysY;k ok<heqGs lIVsacj rs ekpZ & ,fçy es ;k dkGkr
ojhy dkj.kkauh ns'kkrhy fofo/k Hkkxkr oknG] xkjihV] vodkGh
ikÅl] lqukeh vkyh rlsp vesfjdk] ;qjksi] baMkspk;uk] fQyhikbZUl]
phu o tiku] dkgh çek.kkr Jhyadk] ekynho ;k fBdk.kh fofo/k
çdkjph oknGh] Hkwdai vkf.k lqukeh vkdfLer ladVe; ¼Disaster½
ifjfLFkrh mn~Hkow ykxyh- R;keqGs euq";] i'kq & i{kh] ?kjs&
nkjs] xkMîk gs mn~HkoLr gksÅu fulxZ ekuokP;k dkcw ckgsj
xsyk- dkj.k fulxkZoj ek.klkus vR;kpkj dsyk- ;k loZ xks"Vhapk
dsaækfcanw 'Xykscy okfeaZx' gk vkgs- xsY;k … o"kkZe/;s lrr
lyx ns'kikrGhoj o jkT; ikrGhoj rkiekukrhy ok<] FkaMh deh
gks.ks] eksleh ikolkph lq#okr „ efgus m'khjk gksowu R;kph
HkjikbZ fulxZ tesy rsOgk d:u usgehps fulxZpØ cnywu ekUlwuph
ifjfLFkrh gh dkycká o le;'khj u jkgrk mukMD;k dj.kkj~;k csNwV
ygku eqyklkj[kh csnjdkj >kyh vkf.k R;keqGs fofo/k çdkjP;k /kkU;]
xGhr fids] Hkkthikyk] QGfids] QGckxk] & æk{k MkGhac] dsGh
v'kk lkj~;k 'ksrhekykP;k fidkaoj ifj.kke gksowu vCtko/kh #i;kaps
uqdlku ns'kHkj >kys- Eg.kts dks.kR;kgh gaxkekr 'ksrhekykph
uklkMh >kyh ukgh vls >kys ukgh- ;kdfjrk gs vkOgku jkT; ljdkj]
dsaæ ljdkj] gokeku rTKkauk] 'ksrdj~;kauk vlwu vdfYir gks.kkj~;k
?kVukaph pkgwy t'kh eqaX;k] xk;] ?kksMk] i{kh ;kauk çFke
ykxrs] ;krwu lqukeh] oknG „ rklkr iM.kkjk oknGh ikÅl ;kph pkgwy
esa<îkauk yodj ykxrs- uqdrsp okpukr vkys dh] ‹åå fdyksfeVjojhy
oknGkph pkgwy gh i{;kauk çFke ykxrs- esa<îkaph xks"V tj
EgVyh rj ;k lanHkkZr ,d ets'khj lR;dFkk lkaxrk ;sbZy rh v'kh dh]
fczVh'k jktoVhr ns'kkph jk"Vªh; gokeku laLFkk gh egkcGs'ojyk
mHkkjkoh v'kh dYiuk ,dk 'kkL=K Mk;jsDVjus lqpfoY;kuarj rsFkhy
ifjfLFkrhph ikg.kh o rikl.kh dj.;klkBh fnYyhgwu eq[; 'kkL=K
egkcGs'ojyk vkys- R;kosGh R;kauh rsFkhy 'kkL=K çkstsDV
Mk;jsDVjyk vktP;k fnolkP;k gokeku ifjLFkrh cíy fopkjys] rsOgk
R;kauh lkafxrys vkt gokeku LoPN vkgs- ikÅl ;s.kkj ukgh- rsOgk
rs eq[; 'kkL=K tsOgk egkcGs'ojP;k taxykr laLFkk mHkkj.khP;k
tkxsph ikg.kh djr vlrkuk rsFks R;kauk okVsr ,d esa<ikG fnlyk-
rks usgehçek.ks lk;adkGh ˆ oktrk esa<îk ?kjh u usrk † oktrkp
esa<îk ?kjh usow ykxyk gksrk- rsOgk R;k eq[; 'kkL=Kkauk
vk'p;Z okVys o R;kauh fopkjys rw yodj ?kjh dk fu?kkykl \ rsOgk
R;kus R;kauk lkafxrys vkt la/;kdkGh rqQku ikÅl ;s.kkj vkgs- ;koj
R;k eq[; 'kkL=Kkauh R;kyk fopkjys] gs rqyk dls letys \ rsOgk
R;kus lkafxrys] tsOgk esa<îk pjrkr rsOgk R;k ekrhpk okl ?ksowu
R;kauk ikÅl tksjkpk ;s.kkj vkgs] ;kph pkgwy ykxrs o R;k pjk;P;k
Fkkacwu ?kjkph okV /kjrkr ;ko:u letrs vkf.k dkgh {k.kkrp eqlG/kkj
ikÅl lq: >kyk- ex R;kauh useysY;k çkstsDV Mk;jsDVjus dsysY;k
folaxrhcíy /kDdk clyk- dkj.k ,dk vMk.kh esa<ikGkus orZfoysyk
vankt brdk vpwd Bjyk- R;ko:u R;kauh gokekukph eq[; laLFkk
egkcGs'ojyk u mHkkjrk rh iq.;krhy çfl) fleyk v‚fQl ;sFks ƒ‹…å
lkyh mHkkjyh- Eg.kts FkksMD;kr ƒ‹…å & ‡å i;aZr gokekukrhy
vpwdrscíypk vankt gk 'kkL=h;–"Vîk va/kkjkr pkpiM.;ktksxkp
gksrk- 'kkL=K] T;ksfr"kh] fofo/k {ks=krhy vuqHkoh rTK ;kauk
gokeku cnykps vpwd Hkkdhr djrk vkys ukgh- djrk ;sr ukgh rFkkfi
/kkfeZd] lkekftd] ikjaikfjd 'ksrhpk vH;kl dkgh dYidrsifydMP;k
BksdrkG~;koj xsY;k …åå rs †åå o"kkZiklwu fonHkZ] cqy<k.kk]
lksykiwj vankt gs 'ksrhps] fidkps] ikolkps] FkaMh o m".krsps]
jktdh; vk[kkMs] ;s.kkjh vdfYir ladVs] ;q) ;k vusd fo"k;kaoj gs
egkiq#"k vpwd Hkkdhr djhr vlr o rs rarksrar [kjs Bjr vls- R;klkBh
lekt ˆ & ˆ efgus rs ,sd.;kph okV ikgr vls-
vkrk tx „ƒ O;k 'krdkP;k macjBîkoj mHks vlrkuk tiku] pk;uk]
jf'k;k] vesfjdk gs „ rs … fnol vxksnj lqukeh] çpaM oknG] ;s.kkjs
iwj] gokekukrhy rkieku] <xkG gok] çpaM ikÅl] Hkwdai]
rkiekukrhy cny o vks>ksups voj.k ¼Ozone Layer½ vkf.k v'kk
çdkjP;k vdfYir ladVkaph pkgwy oä'khji.ks dYiuk nsow ykxys
vkgsr- ijarq gh ckreh fnyh rjhgh tknk gks.kkjh ftohr gkuh rlsp
i'kq/ku gkuh] taxe ekyeÙkk o fidkaph gkuh gh ikfgts R;kçek.kkr
VkGw 'kdys ukghr- xkjfiVhoj vtwui;aZr laj{k.kkRed bykt lkiMyk
ukgh- ijarq dkgh 'kkL=Kkauh QGckxkaoj 'ksMusV vFkok V.kd
IyWfLVdpk dkxn vkaFk#.k dkgh çek.kkr uqdlku VkGrk ;sr
vlY;kps lkafxrys vkgs- ijarq dkgh osGsl vdfLer ifjfLFkrhpk
'ksrdj~;kauk leku djkok ykxrks- R;keqGs gokeku 'kkL=K] e`n
'kkL=K] ihd 'kkL=K] okrkoj.k 'kkL=K ;kauh ,d= ;sowu ;kP;koj
mÙke rksMxk dk<.ks xjtsps vkgs- ts.ksd:u gks.kkjs uqdlku
VGsy vkf.k 'ksrdj~;kaP;k gkrk& rksaMk'kh ?kkysyk ?kkl okpwu
rs nq:[kkP;k xrsZr dkslGys tk.kkj ukfgr-
2-2 okLro
 baVjxOgesaZVy iWusy v‚u Dyk;esV psat ¼vk;ihlhlh½ ;k
laLFkspk ikpok fLFkrhn'kZd vgoky vMhp efgU;kaiwohZ uqdrkp
çfl/n >kyk- ;k vgokykus gokekucnykps xaHkhj okLro vkiY;kiq<s
ekaMys vkgs-

;k vk/khpk pkSFkk vgoky 2007 lkyh çfl/n >kyk gksrk- R;kuarj

>kysY;k la'kks/kukph ;k ikpO;k vgokykr Hkj iMyh vkgs- gk vgoky
vls lkaxrks dh] gokekukojhy ek.klkpk çHkko Li"V vkgs- ek.klkP;k
m|ksxkaeqGs ckgsj l/;kps iMysys dkcZu ok;waps çek.k lokZf/kd
vkgs- gokekukP;k ;k cnykapk ek.kwl vkf.k uSlfxZd O;oLFkkaoj
foLr`r ifj.kke >kyk vkgs-

gk vgoky gokekucnykalaca/kh vlyk] rjh gokekukpk lokZr

egRokpk ?kVd ik.kh gkp vkgs- dkj.k i`Fohpk rCcy 78 VDds
i`"BHkkx ik.;kus O;kiyk vkgs- i`Fohojhy ik.;kps çpaM çek.k]
vFkkax egklkxj] R;krhy fofo/k çokg] /#oh; çns'kkrhy cQZ pk
çpaM lkBk] pØhoknGs] itZU;------ ;keqGs ik.;kpk i`FohP;k
gokekukoj O;kid ifj.kke gksrks- R;kpçek.ks gokekukph fLFkrh
fdaok gokekukrhy cny gs eq[;r: ik.;k'kh lacaf/krp vlrkr- Eg.kwup
gokeku cnyklaca/khpk fLFkrhn'kZd vgoky useds dk; lkaxrks] gs
ikg.ks la;qfäd Bjsy-

vgokykrhy çeq[k uksanh

& okrkoj.kkP;k rkiekukr vkS|ksfxd Økarhiklwu fu:la'k; ok< >kyh

vkgs- R;kr 1950 lkykuarj ikgk;yk feGkysyh rkiekuok< rj xsY;k
fdR;sd n'kdkaiklwu rs lgL=dkae/khy 'u Hkwrks' Lo:ikrhy vkgs-
& okrkoj.k vkf.k leqækps rkieku ok<Y;keqGs eksBîk çek.kkr
cQZ forGys vkgs vkf.k leqækP;k ikrGhr ok< >kyh vkgs-

rkiekuok< fdrh o d'kh

1- 1850 iklwu vkrki;aZrpk fopkj djrk] 1983 rs 2012 gh rhu n'kds

vk/khP;k n'kdkaP;k rqyusr vf/kd mcnkj Bjyh vkgsr- brdsp uOgs rj
mÙkj xksyki;aZr rkiekukP;k T;k uksanh miyC/k vkgsr] R;kuqlkj
gh rhl o"ksZ xsY;k pkSnk'ks o"kkaZP;k rqyusr lokZr mcnkj Bjyh
vkgsr-

2- tehu vkf.k leqækP;k i`"BHkkxkojhy miyC/k uksanhuqlkj] 1880

rs 2012 ;k dkGkr tkxfrd ljkljh rkiekukr 0-85 va'kkaph ¼0-65 rs 1-
06 va'k½ ok< >kyh vkgs-

3- leqækps] fo'ks"kr: ojP;k 75 ehVjps rkieku lokZf/kd ok<ys

vkgs- 1971 rs 2010 ;k dkGkr gh ok< çfrn'kd ljkljh 0-11 va'k brdh
vkgs- ;kp dkGkr vkf.k R;k vk/khph 'kaHkj o"ksZlq/nk leqækpk
ojpk 700 ehVjpk HkkxrkiY;kps fuf'pri.ks lkaxrk ;srs-

4- mÙkj xksyk/kkZr tfeuhoj 1901 iklwu ikolkP;k çek.kkr ok<

>kyh vkgs- fo'ks"kr: 1951 uarj rh Li"Vi.ks ikgk;yk feGrs- brj=gh
ikolkP;k çek.kkr ok< & ?kV >kyh vkgs] ek=] R;kyk Li"V iqjkos
ukghr-
5- leqækph {kkjrk : leqækP;k {kkjrse/;s >kysys cny gslq/nk
typØkr leqækoj >kysY;k cnykaps fun'kZd vkgs-

1950 lkykuarj vls Li"Vi.ks ikgk;yk feGkys vkgs dh] tkLr {kkjrk
vlysY;k ¼Eg.kts rqyusus deh ikÅl vlysY;k½ Hkkxkrhy {kkjrk
vk.k[kh deh >kyh vkgs] rj deh {kkjrk vlysY;k ¼Eg.ktsp tkLr ikÅl
vlysY;k½ Hkkxkrhy {kkjrsps çek.k vk.k[kh deh >kys vkgs-

6- leqækph vkEyrk : vkS|ksfxd ;qxkiklwu leqækr 'kks"kY;k

tk.kkj~;k dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZMps çek.k ok<ys vkgs- R;kpk ifj.kke
Eg.kwu leqækP;k i`"BHkkxkojhy ik.;kpk æä ¼lkew 0-1 us deh
>kyk vkgs] rj vkEyrk 26 VDD;kauh ok<yh vkgs-

7- xzhuy¡M / vkbZly¡M ;sFkhy cQ cQZ vkoj.k : ;k çns'kkrhy cQZ

vkoj.kkr 1992 rs 2011 ;k dkGkr lkrR;kus ?kV gksr vkgs- fo'ks"kr:
2002 rs 2011 ;k dkGkr rh çd"kkZus ikgk;yk feGkyh- R;kpçek.ks
mÙkj xksyk/kkZr olar _rwr iM.kkj~;k fgekps vkoj.k lkrR;kus
?kVys vkgs] /#oh; çns'kkrhy dk;eLo:ih xksBysY;k tfeuhP;k
¼ijekÝksLV½ rkiekukr 1980 P;k n'kdkuarj lkrR;kus ok<p >kyh
vkgs-

8- vkfdZ~Vd o vaVkfVZde/khy cQZ : 1979 rs 2012 ;k dkGkr]

vkfdZ~Vd leqækrhy cQZ ps vkoj.k çR;sd n'kdkyk 3-5 rs 4-1
VDD;kauh ?kVys vkgs-
& ;kp dkGkr nf{k.k xksyk/kkZr vaVkfVZdojhy cQoj.kkr çR;sd
n'kdkr ljkljh 1-2 rs 1-8 VDD;kauh ok< >kyh vkgs- ek=]
vaVkfVZdkarxZr fopkj djrk dkgh Hkkxkr ?kV] rj dkgh Hkkxkr ok<
>kyh vkgs-

9- leqækP;k ikrGhrhy ok< : 1901 rs 2010 ;k dkGkr leqækP;k

ikrGhr 0-10 ehVjus ¼0-17 rs 0-21 ehVj ½ ok< >kyh vkgs- eq[;r:
19 P;k n'kdkr e/;kuarj leqækP;k ikrGhr >kysyh ok< gh xsY;k
nksu lgL=dkaP;rqyusr tkLr vkgs-

2-3 gokekucnykph dkj.ks

vkS|ksfxd Økarhuarj tkxfrd yksdla[;k vkf.k vkfFkZd ok<
çpaM çek.kkr >kyh- R;kpcjkscj gfjrx`g ok;waps çek.kgh d/khgh
uOgs v'kk çek.kkr ok<ys vkgs-

;kckcrP;k vH;kliw.kZ uksanh vls lkaxrkr dh] dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZM]

feFksu vkf.k uk;Vªl v‚DlkbZM ;kaps l/;kps okrkoj.kkrhy çek.k
xsY;k 8o"kkaZP;k rqyusr fdrhrjh tkLr vkgs-
R;keqGs 1950 lkykuarj tkxfrd riekukr >kysY;k ok<hps eq[; dkj.k
;k ok;waP;k çek.kkr >kysyh ok< gsp vkgs-

1- dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZM mRltZu fdrh o dls \

& 1750 rs 2011 njE;ku okrkoj.kkr dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZMps mRltZu

: 2040 vCt Vu ¼v/& 301 vCt Vu½ brds >kys vkgs-

& R;kiSdh 40 VDds ok;w ¼880 vCt Vu] v/& 35 vCt Vu½
okrkoj.kkr fVdwu vkgs] mjysyk ouLirh] tehu vkf.k leqæ ;kaP;kr
'kks"kyk xsyk- ;k 'kks"kysY;k dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZMiSdh fuEek
leqækauh 'kks"kyk] R;keqGs leqækaps] egklkxjkaps
vkEyhdj.k >kys vkgs-

& okrkoj.kkr dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZM lksM.;kps çek.k fnolsafnol

ok<rp vkgs- dkj.k 1750 rs 2011 ;k 261 o"kkaZe/;s okrkoj.kkr
lksMysY;k 2040 vCt Vu iSdh fuEek dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZM dsoG
ekxP;k 40 o"kkaZe/;s okrkoj.kkr lksMyk xsyk vkgs-

& ;k 40 o"kkaZrgh v[ksjP;k n'kdkr ¼2000 rs 2010½ lokZf/kd

dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZM okrkoj.kkr lksMyk vkgs- ,dVîk 2010 lkyh gs
çek.k rCcy 49 vCt Vu ¼v/& 4-5 vCt Vu½ brds >kys-

& xsY;k 40 o"kkaZr yksdla[;k ok< vkf.k vkS|ksfxd ok< ;keqGs gs

mRltZukps çek.k ok<ys vkgs-
& dksG'kkP;k ok<ysY;k okijkeqGs dkcZu ok;waps mRltZu deh
dj.;kP;k ç;Rukauk ;'k vkysys ukgh-

2- ek.klkpk çHkko : fdrh o dlk \

& ek.klkpk gokekucnykoj ifj.kke >kY;kps vf/kdkf/kd iqjkos

pkSF;k vgokykuarj çkIr >kys vkgsr-

& 1951 rs 2010 ;k dkGkr th tkxfrd rkiekuok< >kyh] R;kiSdh

fuEE;k ok<hl ek.kwl tckcnkj vlY;kps Eg.krk ;sbZy-

& i`Fohoj vaVkfVZd oxGrk brj loZp [kaMkae/;s 1950 uarj gh ok<
ikgk;yk feGkyh vkgs-

& ek.klkP;k çHkkokeqGsp brjgh vusd cny >kys vkgsr…

v½ 1960 uarj tkxfrd typØ çHkkfor >kys vkgs-

vk½ 1993 uarj xzhuy¡Me/khy cQZ vkoj.k forG.;kpk osx ok<yk
vkgs-
b- vkfdZ~Vd leqækrhy cQZ forG.;kps çek.k ok<ys vkgs-
bZ½ leqækr ojP;k 700 ehVje/;s tkLr çek.kkr m".krk lkpwu jkfgyh
vkgs-
m½ tkxfrd lkxjh ikrGhr 1970 uarj lrr ok<p >kyh vkgs-

gokekucnykps ifj.kke : gokekucnykps loZp uSlfxZd ?kVdkaoj /

O;oLFkkaoj [kksyoj ifj.kke >kys vkgsr-

& cnyrs itZU;] cQZ & fge forG.;kP;k çek.kkrhy cny ;keqGs fofo/k
Hkkxkae/khy typØkr xq.kkRed vkf.k la[;kRed cny >kys vkgs-

& gokekucnykeqGs tfeuhojhy] xksMîk ik.;krhy vkf.k leqækrhy

vusd çtkrhaph la[;k] HkkSxksfyd fuoklLFkku] gaxkekrhy dk;sZ]
LFkykarjkP;k i/nrh ;kr cny >kys vkgsr-

& ek.klkP;k O;oLFkkaoj >kysY;k çHkkokykgh gokekucnykyk

tckcnkj /kj.;kr vkys vkgs-

& fidkaojgh gokekucnykpk cjk okbZV ifj.kke >kyk vkgs- vusd

vH;klka}kjs vls Li"V >kys vkgs dh] fidkaojhy ldkjkRed
ifj.kkekais{kk udkjkRed ifj.kke vf/kd vkgsr-
 2-4 egkjk"VªkP;k 'ksrhoj gokeku cnykps
ifj.kke
fulxZ Eg.ktsp ç—rh lokaZr eksBh O;oLFkk vkgs- i;kZoj.k
Eg.kts vkiY;k toG vlysyk fulxkZpk Hkkx- vkf.k vki.k Eg.kts ekuo
ák fojkV o vuar iljysY;k O;oLFkse/khy ,d NksVs d.k ek= vkgksr-
Hkxoku cq)kapa ,d opu vkBora- /kEeinke/;s R;kauh EgaVya
vkgs dh] ekuo e/; ns'kke/;s vkgs- R;kpk vFkZ ekuo ák loZ
vfLrRokP;k e/;ke/;s vkgs- ákyk vktP;k oSKkfud Hkk"ksr lkaxk;pa
rj lokaZr lw{e oLrq& v.kw fdaok v.kwpkgh ewG d.k vkf.k lokaZr
eksBa fo'o& vuar iljysya ák nksu VksdkaP;k cjkscj e/;Hkkxh
ekuo vkgs- ekuo v.kwis{kk frrdkp eksBk vkgs ftrda fo'o
ekuokis{kk eksBa vkgs- Hkxoku cq)kauh gslq)k EgaVya vkgs
dh] ekuo ,d pkSjLrk vkgs- ,d taD'ku vkgs- cq) Eg.krkr ek.klkP;k
pkj 'kD;rk vkgsr- ,d 'kD;rk i'kq gks.;kph vkgs& nq:[kkdMs tk.;kph
vkgs- dkj.k ekuokpk HkwrdkG i'kwpk vkgs- nqljh 'kD;rk lq[kkph
vkgs T;kyk LoxZ Eg.krkr- frljh 'kD;rk ekuo Eg.kwup jkg.;kph
vkgs r.kkoxzLr& lq[k vkf.k nq:[k v'kk pdjk ekj.kkjk- vkf.k pkSFkh
'kD;rk cq)Ro vkgs ts lq[k vkf.k nq:[k nksUghP;k iyhdMs vkgs-
ek.kwl gk fulxkZe/kyk vlk ?kVd vkgs tks uSlfxZdlq)k vlrks vkf.k
vuSlfxZdlq)k vlw 'kdrks- tj ekuokus cq)Ro çkIr dsya rj rks vfr'k;
oj iksgprks- vkf.k rksp ek.kwl tj i'kqaP;k ikrGhoj [kkyh mrjyk rj
i'kqais{kkgh okbZV gksrks- ákpk vFkZ gklq)k vkgs dh] ekuo
vkf.k ç—rh ákaP;ke/;s [kwi eksBk ikjLifjd laca/k vkgs- vkf.k lw{e
vFkkZus ,d nofcanwlq)k fgeky;k'kh tksMysyk vkgs- fdacgquk gs
loZ uSlfxZd ?kVd ,desdka'kh vfr'k; toGwu tksMysys vkgsr vkf.k
,d nql&;kauk çHkkforgh djrkr- foKkugh ghp xks"V lkaxra- vlks-
nq"dkGkpkpa mnkgj.k ?ksÅ- nq"dkG ,dk çdkjpk jksx vkgs fdaok
r.kkokph fLFkrh vkgs- i.k vkiya y{k vki.k jksxkis{kk
vkjksX;kdMs& ewG LoLFk fLFkrhdMs |k;yk ikfgts- R;keqGs v'kh
ewG LoLFk fLFkrh Eg.kts dk;] gs letwu ?;k;yk goa- LoLFk
fLFkrh d'kkyk ekurk ;sbZy\ gk rlk Qkj xqarkxqarhpk ç'u- dkj.k
vclksY;qV ikrGhoj cf?krya rj ts dkgh gksra;] ts dkgh Hkh"k.k]
fdrhgh vekuoh] vkfVZfQf'k,y fdaok vuSlfxZd okV.kkja gksra] rs
loZ fulxkZrp gksra- i.k bFks vki.k LoLFk fLFkrh larqyukph fLFkrh
vkgs] vla ekuw;k- LoLFk fLFkrh Eg.kts ç—rhe/khy loZ iSywae/;s
leUo; vkf.k leUo;- T;kyk flack;ksfll Eg.krkr& lkgp;Z- v'kh fLFkrh
T;ke/;s loZ ?kVd leku çdkjs fodflr gksÅ 'kdrkr vkf.k lokaZlkBh
vuqdwyrk vlrs-
ewyr: i`Foh v'kkp fLFkrhe/;s gksrh- i.k ekuokpk ntkZ fof'k"V
vkgs- R;keqGs gh LoLFk fLFkrh ladVkr lkiMyh vkgs- R;keqGs
ák –"Vhdksukrwu cf?krya rj nq"dkG ,d jksxkph fLFkrh vkgsp] i.k
,dk vFkkZus rks fulxkZpk Lor:yk larqfyr dj.;kpk ekxZgh vkgs-
foKkuke/kyk ,d fu;e bFks egÙokpk vkgs- U;wVupk fu;e lkaxrks
dh] fo'okr ÅtkZ fuekZ.kgh djrk ;sr ukgh vkf.k u"Vgh djrk ;sr ukgh-
rh Qä #ikarfjr djrk ;sÅ 'kdrs- ÅtsZph :is& Q‚eZ~l Qä cnyr jkgrkr-
d/kh rh ik.kh vlrs] d/kh cQZ rj d/kh ck"i curs- d/kh rh fgjO;k
>kMkaP;k :ikr vlrs] rj d/kh thok'ekP;k fdaok rksMysY;k
ykdMkaP;k :ikr vlrs- gh loZ ÅtsZph ek/;ea ek= vkgs-
R;keqGs ák leL;kdMs vki.k ek.kwl ák utjsrwu u c?krk ç—rhrhy
,d ?kVd Eg.kwu c?kk;yk goa- ç—rhe/;s çR;sd O;oLFksps fu;e
vlrkr- loZ dkgh fu;ekauqlkjp gksr vlra- ák fu;e ç.kkyhykp Hkxoku
cq)kaP;k Hkk"kse/;s fdaok foi';uk ijaijse/;s fulxkZpk fu;e& ç—
rhpk xq.k/keZ ¼/keZ 'kCnkpk ewG vFkZ gkp½ EgaVys tkrs- gs
fu;e NksVîk d.kkiklwu eksBîk rk&;ki;aZr vkf.k nksu rk&;kae/;s
vlysY;k fojkV iksdGhykgh ykxw gksrkr- v'kk fu;ekauk ç—rh
cka/khy vlrs- R;keqGs vla c?kkoa ykxsy dh] fulxkZe/;s i`Foh
xzgkojP;k ekuoklkBh vls fu;e dk; vkgsr\ ákyk v'kkgh çdkjs
fopkjkr ?ksrk ;sÅ 'kdsy& i`Fohoj ekuoklkBhph LV¡MMZ v‚ijsfVax
çksfltj dk; vkgs\ uSlfxZd O;oLFkspa ÝseodZ dk; vkgs\ larqyu
fVdowu Bso.;klkBh R;k pkSdVhjgkvoa ykxsy- tj ekuo R;kP;k
cq)heqGs R;k pkSdVhps mYya?ku djr vlsy] rj R;keqGs iw.kZ
larqyu ckf/kr gksbZy vkf.k gGq gGq R;kps ifj.kke gksÅ ykxrhy-

2-5 —"kh mRiUukoj gokeku cnykps ç{ksfir

çHkko-

lc&lgkju vkfÝdk ¼,l,l,½ P;k vusd ns'kkae/;s 'ksdMks yksdkaps

vfLrRo fVdowu Bso.;klkBh —"kh dsaæ vkgs- fodlu'khy
ns'kkae/khy jkstxkj vkf.k vkthfodkrhy gk uacj ,d çnkrk vkgs ]- —
"khojhy okrkoj.kkrhy cnykapk çHkko thouko';d] vUu/kkU;
mRiknu vkf.k ns'kkaP;k ,dw.k vFkZO;oLFksoj] fo'ks"kr%
fodlu'khy txkr —"kh&vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkslg gksrks dkj.k
fodkl'khy ns'kkaP;k thMhihiSdh 2 9 VDds vkf.k fodkl'khy
ns'kkaps 65 VDds ;ksxnku —"kh&vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkkaeqGs
gksrs- ^yksdla[;k] y‚csy ,V vy-] txkP;k 12 vUu&vlqjf{kr
{ks=kae/;s vH;kl dsY;kus dGys vkgs dh 2030 i;aZr gokeku cny
vkf.k fo'ks"kr% mi&lgkjk vkfÝdk vkf.k nf{k.k vkf'k;klkBh gokeku
lqjf{krrk çHkkfor gksÅ 'kdrs dkj.k rkieku vkf.k ikolkP;k nksUgh
cnykaeqGs rlsp ok<ho cny nksUgh vksdykvksbZ bV vy ;kauh
uk;thfj;kpk vH;kl dsyk- vyhdMhy o"kkaZr gokekufo"k;d ?kVd
vR;ar cnyys vkgsr vkf.k iwj vkf.k nq"dkG okjaokjrk ok<r vkgs gs
n'kZfors- Guiteras uqlkj gokeku cny ihd mRiknu çHkkfor d:u
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk oj y{k.kh; [kpZ ykxw gks.;kph 'kD;rk vkgs-

vkfÝdu ns'kkae/kwu] bfFk;ksfi;k gk —"kh mRikndrk vkf.k vUu

lqj{ksojhy okrkoj.kkojhy cnykP;k ifj.kkekP;k tks[kehaiSdh ,d
vkgs - xsfczth>sj ,V vy- vgokykuqlkj R;kph deh vuqdwyh {kerk]
HkkSxksfyd LFkku vkf.k LFkykarj.kkeqGs ns'kkrhy gokeku
cnykP;k çfrdwy çHkkokauk cGh iMrks- ;kO;frfjä] vkthfodklkBh
gokeku laosnu'khy {ks=kaojhy cgqrsd yksdla[;koj voyacwu
jkg.ks Eg.kts bfFk;ksfi;kP;k okrkoj.kkrhy cnykaP;k çHkkokph
derjrk ok<rs- xsY;k n'kdkr] bfFkvksfi;krhy rkieku nj n'kdkr 0-2
fMxzh lsfYlvl ok<ys] rj nqljhdMs] ns'kHkjkr ljkljh 50 o"kkaZr
o"kkZpk tksjnkj fLFkj jkfgyk- rFkkfi] itZU;ekukps LFkkfud vkf.k
rkRiqjrh ifjorZu'khyrk tkLr vlrs eWdMksukYM vkf.k lk;eu [26]
vlsgh lkax.;kr vkys vkgs dh bfFk;ksfi;kP;k v/kZ&'kq"d vkf.k 'kq"d
fupjk Hkkxkae/;s jkg.kkjs 'ksrdjh T;kaP;kdMs fofo/k fofo/k
ekyeÙkk vkgsr vkf.k ikolkoj voyacwu vlysY;k 'ksrhoj rs voyacwu
vkgsr] rlsp R;kaP;k tukojkalg] fo'ks"kr% gokeku cnykl cGh
iMrkr- vlk vankt vkgs dh 1 9 84 &85 P;k gokekukeqGs
nq"dkGxzLr bfFk;ksfi;kP;k 'ksrh mRiknukr 21 VDds ?kV >kyh
vkgs] T;keqGs thMhihe/;s 9 -7 VDds ?kV >kyh vkgs- ]
bfFk;ksfi;ke/khy gokeku ifjorZukrhy cny vkf.k fofo/k fidkaP;k
mRiUuke/;s egÙoiw.kZ çHkko n'kZforkr- fo'ks"kr% vH;klkr vls
fnlwu vkys vkgs dh bfFk;ksfi;krhy Ål vkf.k dkilkph mRikndrk deh
dj.;klkBh gokekukrhy cnykoj y{k.kh; çHkko iMsy-
vQkj uW'kuy jhtuy LVsV ¼,,uvkj,l½] 2010 ] vgokykP;k vuqlkj]
bfFkvksfi;krhy loZ ikFkksjy {ks= gokeku cnykP;k çfrdwy
çHkkokauk cGh iMrkr vkf.k ns'kkP;k mÙkjiwohZP;k
yks[kaMkae/;s çkeq[;kus vQkj {ks= vf/kd çpfyr vkgs-
bfFk;ksfi;kP;k fofo/k Hkkxkr dsysY;k vH;klkarwu vls vk<Gys
vkgs dh okrkoj.kkrhy cnykoj i'kq/ku lalk/kukaoj çpaM çHkko
iMrks 1]32]- R;kpçek.ks] xsfczft>kcsjP;k ers] ] bfFk;ksfi;kP;k uhy
csflue/;s 2014 pk vH;kl] okrkoj.kkrhy cnykeqGs ikolkps rieku
vkf.k rieku cnyY;kus fidkaoj vkf.k i'kwoj osxosxGs ifj.kke vkgsr-
  çdj.k …
3- 1 'ksrh gokeku 'kkL=
3 -2 xzkeh.k la'kks/ku
3- 3 xzkeh.k uola'kks/ku
3- 4 uola'kks/ku pk gokekukoj ifj.kke
3- 5 vk;ihlhlh pk vgoky
 3-1 'ksrh gokeku 'kkL=
gokeku n'kZd ;a= & dk;Z'kkGk
okrkoj.k cnyk'kh vuqdwyu çdYikarxZr 'ksrdj~;kauk "gokeku
n'kZd ;a=" fo"k;kph dk;'kkZGk ?ks.;kr vkyh R;klac/khph ekfgrh
;ke/;s fnyh vkgs-

gokeku vankt ihd O;oLFkkiu

gokeku vanktkuqlkj ihd O;oLFkkiu dj.;klanHkkZrhy ekfgrh ;sFks
ns.;kr vkysyh vkgs-

gokeku cnykps uos ladV

cnyR;k gokekukpk —"kh] m|ksx/kans o tukojkaoj o ,dw.kp
l`"Vhoj gks.kkj~;k –'; ifj.kkekaph ekfgrh ns.;kr vkysyh vkgs-

gokeku cnykpk ekrhoj çHkko

ekrhpk j~gkl gksÅu vUuæO;kaph tfeuhrhy gks.kkjh rwV Hk:u
dk<.;klkBh loZp O;oLFkkiu ?kVdkaP;k ;ksX; okijkph xjt vlrs-

gokekukr lq/kkj.kk
gokekuke/;s vkiY;kyk vko';d rls cny ?kMfo.ks 'kD; vkgs dk] ;k –
"Vhus xsY;k dkgh n'kdkaiklwu la'kks/kdkaps ç;Ru lq: vkgsr-
txHkjkrhy v'kk ç;Rukapk gk vk<kok-

—"kh la'kks/ku fn'kk cny

gokekukrhy cnykeqGs nq"dkG]xkjihV] FkaMh ;k :ikauh
'ksrhleksj eksBs vkOgku mHks dsys vkgs- nqnSZokus —"kh
la'kks/kukr gokeku cnykoj vtwu fopkj dsyk xsyk ukgh-

gokeku cnykpk ekrhoj çHkko

ekrhpk j~gkl gksÅu vUuæO;kaph tfeuhrhy gks.kkjh rwV Hk:u
dk<.;klkBh loZp O;oLFkkiu ?kVdkaP;k ;ksX; okijkph xjt vlrs-

gokekucnykpk QVdk
e‚Ulwups vkxeu vkf.k e‚Ulwupk çokl ;kP;k loZlk/kkj.k rkj[kk fuf'pr
vkgsr- eqGkr e‚Ulwu ;k 'kCnkpk okij fczfV'k dkGkiklwu lq: >kyk-

xgw & gokeku cnykps ifj.kke

xsY;k dkgh o"kkaZiklwu okrkoj.kke/;s lkrR;kus cny gksr vlwu]
rkiekukrhy cnykeqGs xgw fidkP;k mRiknuke/;s ?kV gksr vkgs-

gokekukçek.ks 'ksrhr cny

gokeku vR;ar csHkjo'kkps >kys vkgs- nq"dkG] xkjihV] ikÅl]
FkaMh] m".k rkieku vknh ?kVd 'ksrhoj ifj.kke ?kMow ykxys
vkgsr-
 3-2 xzkeh.k la'kks/ku
1- vkiyk lksyj dqdj Lor%p cuok
?kjkHkksorh lgtxR;k miyC/k vlysY;k lk/;k oLrwaP;k enrhus lksyj
dqdj cufork ;srks- LogLrs cuoysY;k vkiY;k lksyj dqdje/;s rqEgh
vkxisVhgh u isVork pfo"V tso.k cuow 'kdrk-
2- 'ksrhlkBh lksyj mRiknus
Fkzh bu&ou lksyj ,dkfRed midj.k] ihOgh fouksoj de Mªk;j]
ckxkalkBh ihOgh tujsVj] lksyj ihOgh MLVj] ihOgh eksckbZy
;qfuV
gs&c‚Dl ¼Hay BoÛ½
3- gs&c‚Dl ba/ku cpr dj.kkjs ra=Kku rlsp deh [kpkZps ,d lk/ku
vkgs-
ÅtkZfojfgr ik.;kpk iai
dks.kR;kgh ikjaifjd o vikjaifjd ÅtsZf'kok; pky.kkjk gk;MªWe o‚Vj
iai xzkeh.k Hkkxkr fo'ks"kr: ftFks ik.kh ykaco:u vk.kkoa ykxra
v'kk fBdk.kh nsonwr B: 'kdrks-
4- iqu% ,dnk ck;ksxWl
fonHkkZrY;k vdksyk ftYákrys fpÙkyokMh [ksMs-
fpÙkyokMhrY;k ,dk Msvjhps ¼nqX/k'kkGsps½ ekyd fot; baxGs
ákauh] xsY;k o"khZ] Msvjhe/;s ck;ksxWl la;a= clo.;kps Bjoys
rsOgk cgqla[; yksdkauh 'kadk O;ä dsyh-
5- 'kwU; ÅtkZ okij.kkjk 'khr&d{k
Hkkthikyk b- FkaM fLFkrhr lkBo.;klkBh 'kwU; ÅtkZ okij.kkjk
'khr&d{k Eg.ktsp >hjks ,uthZ dwy psacj gk ,d pkaxyk o deh
[kpkZpk i;kZ; vkgs-
6- ekrhP;k HkkaMîkr fLi#fyuk 'kSokykph ykxoM
fLi#fyuk gs ,d [kk.;k;ksX; lw{e 'kSoky vkgs- rs fcufo"kkjh vlrs
vkf.k R;kr Hkjiwj çfFkus o thoulÙos vlrkr- R;kps oS|dh; ewY;
mPp vlrs-
7- deh [kfpZd vaMh tksikluk ra=Kku
gs ehB ykowu vaMh lkBowu Bso.;kps lk/ks ra=Kku fdQk;rh vlwu
R;klkBh ykx.kkjs lkfgR; LoLr vkf.k lgt miyC/k vkgs-
8- manhjoxhZ; çk.;kapk miæo jks[k.;klkBh uohu la'kks/ku
dukZVdP;k rqedwj ftYákrys Jh- v:.k dqekj ákauh manhjoxhZ;
çk.;kapk miæo jks[k.;klkBh ,d i;kZoj.kiwjd fiatjk cuoyk vkgs-
9- dkpsP;k ?kjkus dsys m".k rkieku deh
vfrm".k fdaok okGoaVh çns'kkrgh 'ksrh fgjohxkj dj.ks 'kD;
gksbZy dk\ Xykscy okfeaZxph saeL;k dkgh çek.kkr deh djrk
;sbZy dk\
 3-3 xzkeh.k uola'kks/ku

1 -xka/khthapk mtkZ lans'k ti.kkjh mtkZ ckx

[ksMîkdMs pyk gk xka/khthapk lans'k… iq.;krhy ,dk la'kks/kd
bathfuvjus foKku vkf.k ltZuf'kyrk [ksMîklkBh okijyh… LFkkfud
lk/kukapk okij djr paædkar ikBd ;kauh 'ksrd;kaZlkBh lk/kh&lksih
midj.ks cuoyh
2- f'kokthuxj ¼lkØh½ ;sFkhy egÙokdka{kh lkSj mtkZ çdYi
vk/kqfud ekuoh thoukr vkt fotsyk vuU; lk/kkj.k egÙo çkIr >kys
vkgs- çR;sd xks"VhlkBh oht vko';d vkgs- vkti;aZr çkeq[;kus vki.k
ikjaifjd i)rhus vkSf".kd rlsp tyfo|qr fufeZrh djr vkyks vkgksr-
3- lksyj daMD'ku Mªk;j ¼lkSjmtsZoj Hkkthikyk okGo.;kpa
midj.k½
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oSHkous lksyj daMD'ku Mªk;j Eg.ktsp lkSjmtsZoj Hkkthikyk
okGo.;kpa midj.k r;kj dsys -
4- bdks isysV esdj e'khu & 'ksrhl iwjd tksM&/kank--!
'ksrkr fid.kkj~;k 'ksrekykph foØh >kY;k uarj iq<hy isj.kh dfjrk 'ksr
fjdkes dj.ks vkf.k ;k çfØ;srwu fu?k.kkjk dpjk o VkdkÅ ekykph
foYgsokV yko.;kpk ç'u usgehp 'ksrdjh cka/kokleksj mHkk
Bkdrks-

uohu ra=Kku % gokeku cnykps dkGkr leL;kauk

lkeksjs tk.kkjs ra=Kku okij.;kph xjt vkgs-

1½gokekukoj vk/kkfjr ihd i)rhph xjt % njo"khZ ykac iYY;kps

gokeku vankt ,fçy o twu efgU;kr fnys tkrkr rsaOgkp gs Li"V
gksrs dh gs o"kZ nq"dkGh vkgs] ljkljhP;k toGiklps vkgs dh
ikÅleku ljkljhis{kk vf/kd vkgs- R;k osGh loZ ckch Li"V gksrkr-
ikÅleku ljkljhis{kk deh gks.kkjs vlsy rsOgk twu vFkok tqyS
efgU;kr ikolkr [kaM ge[kkl vlrkr- v'kk o"khZ e‚Ulwu vkxeugh
mf'kjk gksrs- rsOgk 65 fefyehVj tfeuhr vksykok >kY;kf'kok; isj.kh
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deh dkyko/khP;k tkrh fuoMkO;kr- dik'khlkj[ks eksB;k dkyko/khps
ihd ftjk;r {ks=kr 'kD;rks ?;k;ps VkGwu rwj + lks;kchu v'kh
vkarjihd i)rh fuoMkoh- rlsp cktjh+rwj ihdi)rh gh mÙke vkgs-

2½gokekukoj vk/kkfjr ra=Kkukpk okij % dkgh ra=Kku

[kkyhyçek.ks%
1½[kjhi gaxkekr ikolkps çek.k ljkljhis{kk deh gks.;kph 'kD;rk
vlY;kl ikp vksGhauarj lgkO;k vksGhP;k fBdk.kh ljh ikMwu
'ksrkrhy ik.kh R;k ljhr lkBsy vkf.k R;k {ks=kr vksykok ok<sy v'kh
O;oLFkk djkoh-
2½lks;kchuph isj.kh lyx djko;kph >kY;kl rh #an ojack o ljh i)rhus
djkoh- R;keqGs ljhr ik.kh lkpsy o R;k vksGhpk Qk;nk ihd
ok<hlkBh gksbZy-
3½jCch Tokjhisj.khiwohZ 'ksrkr8 q8 ehVj vkdkjkps cafnLr okQs
cuokosr- R;kr ikolkps ik.kh eq: n;kos- R;kuarj jCch Tokjhph
isj.kh djkoh-
4½thouh lao/kZukpk okij djkok-
5½lajf{kr ik.kh fBcdOnkjs |kos-
6½T;k o"khZ ikolkph 'kD;rk vf/kd vlsy R;k o"khZ 'ksrkrhy tkLrhps
ik.kh 'ksrkckgsj dk<.;kph O;oLFkk djkoh-

ljksojkr ik.khlkBs dj.ks %

lákæh ioZrkojhy iBkjkoj ljksojs r;kj d:u çpaM eksBs ik.khlkBs
dj.;kph xjt vkgs- ,dw.k 30 o"kkaZiSdh 16 o"ksZ nq"dkGh] rj
nq"dkGh iSdh 3 o"ksZ rhoz nq"dkGh vlrkr vls ek÷;k ,dk vH;klkr
fnlwu vkys vkgs- lu 2015 P;k nq"dkGkus vki.kkl [kwi dkgh
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gksrk- R;krwu vki.k dkghp f'kd.kkj ulY;kl R;klkj[kh iqUgk osG
;sbZy rsOgk vki.k dkghp f'kdyks ukgh- v'kh fLFkrh iq<hy
fi<;kauk tk.kosy- NksV;k VsdMîkoj rGho:u R;k ik.;kpkgh
'ksrhlkBh] fi.;klkBh] tukojkalkBh taxyh] i'kq&i{kkalkBh mi;ksx
gksbZy- ;kf'kok; taxykP;k lao/kZuklkBhgh R;k ik.;kpk mi;ksx
gksbZy-

LFkkfud Lo:ikps ikolkps vankt ns.kkZ;k e‚MsYlph xjt %

lu 2004 lkyh eh LFkkfud Lo:ikps ikolkps vankt ns.kkZ;k
15e‚MsYlph fufeZrh dsyh- çR;sdkyk vkiY;k Hkkxkr fdrh ikÅl
gksbZy ;kph mRlqdrk vlrs- lknj e‚MsYlps eh isaVV feGoys-
Hkkjrkrhy gokekufo"k;d laLFkkaeqGs ykac iYY;kpk LFkkfud
fBdk.kps vankt ns.kkjh e‚MsYl ukghr- ek=] rh ckc eh 2004
lkykiklwu 2016 lkyki;aZr lkrR;kus pkyoyh vkgs- egkjk"Vªkrhy
'ksrdZ;kauk R;kpk çpaM Qk;nk gksr vkgs- egkcGs'oj ;sFks
ljkljhus 5000 fefyehVj ikÅl gksrks] rj R;kp lkrkjk ftYákrhy ek.k
rkyqD;krhy EgloM ;sFks ljkljhus Qä 250 fefyehVj ikÅl gksrks-
Hkkjrh; gokeku'kkL= foHkkxkus 93%ikÅl gksbZy vlk vankt 2015
lkyh fnyk gksrk- vankt ,sdY;kuarj vki.kkl lkgftdp okVrs] dh dsoG
7% ikÅl dkeh gks.kkj vkgs- R;keqGs eksBh Qlxr gksrs rs vki.k
R;k o"khZ vuqHkoys vkgsp- R;keqGsp LFkkfud fBdk.kpk
ikolkpk vankt ns.kkZ;k vk.k[kh vusd e‚MsYlph egkjk"Vªkyk xjt
vkgs- R;klkBh Lo;apfyr gokeku dsaækphgh xjt vkgs-
gokekukP;k vpwd vkdMsokjhf'kok; e‚MsYl cuork ;sr ukghr] vkf.k
vpwd vanktgh ;sr ukghr- vpwd gokekukP;k vanktkf'kok; 'ksrh
dj.ks Eg.kts va/kkjkr 'ksrh dj.;klkj[ks vkgs-
3- 4 uola'kks/kukrwu gokeku cnykoj djk ekr

vkSjaxkcknsr ƒ† fMlsacjiklwu ^gokeku cnykpk —"kh {ks=koj

>kysyk ifj.kke* ;k fo"k;koj rhufnolh; tkxfrd ifj"kn pkyw vkgs- ;k
fufeÙkkus cnyR;k gokekukph dkj.ks] gokeku cnykpk 'ksrhoj
>kysyk ifj.kke vkf.k R;kojhy mik;;kstuk ekaM.;kpk gk ç;Ru---

gokeku cnyklkBh ekuokpk uSlfxZd larqyukr voktoh gLris{k gk

çkeq[;kus dkj.khHkwr vkgs- gokeku cnykpk lokZr eksBk fo?kkrd
ifj.kke —"kh {ks=koj gksr vkgs- xsY;k ohl o"kkZr ,danjhr rkiekukr
toGikl … va'k lsfY'kvlus ok< >kyh vkgs- rkiekuok<heqGs ikolkr
Qjd >kyk vkgs- e‚UlwuP;k çek.kkr Qkjlk cny >kyk ulwu R;kP;k
forj.kkr eksBk cny >kyk vkgs- „å…å i;aZr rkieku vk.k[kh … va'k
ls- ok<.;kph fpUgs vkgsr- gokeku vkf.k ik.;kpk toGpk laca/k
vkgs- rkiekuok<heqGs ik.;kps eksBîk çek.kkoj ck"ihHkou gksr
vlY;kus fidkaph ik.;kph xjtgh ok<.kkj vkgs- ik.;kpk dkVljhus vkf.k
dkGthiwoZd okij dj.ks egÙokps vkgs-
ikolkP;k forj.kkr cny
gokeku cnykpk ifj.kke c?krk xr 'kaHkj o"kkZr rkiekukr å-ˆ va'k ls-
ok< >kyh] ek= xsY;k ohl o"kkZr R;kr … rs ‡ va'k lsfY'kvus ok<
>kY;kps vH;klkrwu Li"V >kys vkgs- ;keqGs ikolkps forj.k cnyr
vlwu vpkud eksBk ikÅl iM.ks fdaok [kaM iM.ks gs R;kps y{k.k
vkgs- ns'kkrhy itZU;kekukP;k ckcrhr fopkj dsY;kl foHkkxfugk;
ikolkps çek.k cnyrs vkgs- mUgkG~;krhy ikÅl iM.;kps çek.k
ok<ys vkgs- ikssolkps ,dw.k fnol deh gksr vkgsr- leqækP;k
ikrGhr çrh o"khZ „-‡ fe-eh- ¼ƒ‹‡å iklwu½ ok< >kyh vkgs-
ok<R;k rkiekukeqGs cQZ forG.;kps çek.k ok<ys vkgs- gokekukr
vpkud cny ?kMr vlwu m".krk fdaok FkaMhph ykV] /kqds iM.ks]
xkjihV gks.ks gs loZ okjaokj ?kMr vkgs- gokeku cnykpk ifj.kke
l/;k ƒå rs ƒ‡ VDds fnlr vlwu osGhp mik;;kstuk u dsY;kl „‡
VDD;kaoj rks ikspsy-
^xzhu gkml xWlsl* ?kkrd
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okrkoj.kkr çek.k ok<r vlwu ;k ok;wapk çHkko jks[k.kkj~;k
?kVdkaps çek.k deh gksr vkgs- 'kgjhdj.kkeqGs gksr vlysyh veki
o`{krksM] vkS|ksfxdhdj.kkeqGs ok<rs çnw"k.k] okgukaeqGs
gks.kkjs çnw"k.k vknhaeqGs gosrhy dkcZuMk; v‚DlkbZMps
çek.k ok<r vkgs- ;kyk jks[k.kkj~;k o`{kkaph la[;k deh >kyh vkgs-
u=;qä [krkaP;k ok<R;k okijkus uk;Vªl v‚DlkbZM ok<r vkgs-
feFksu ok;wps çek.kns[khy ok<ys vkgs- ;keqGs fulxkZps larqyu
fc?kMwu gokeku cny ?kMr vkgs-
gokeku cnykr 'ksrhps uqdlku
cnyR;k gokekukeqGs lokZr tkLr uqdlku gs 'ksrhps gksr vkgs-
vfrikolkus [kfjikph] rj m".krseqGs jCchph fids /kksD;kr vkyh
vkgsr- m".krk ok<r vlY;kus fidkar eksBîk çek.kkoj ck"ihHkou
gksrs- fidkyk osGsoj vkf.k xjtsiqjrs ik.kh miyC/k u >kY;kl fids
djiwu tkrkr- ikolkps fnol deh gksr vlY;kus fofo/k fidkaP;k
mRiknuklkBh gh xks"V gkfudkjd vkgs- dsoG isj.khuarj ikÅl iMwu
xsyk vkf.k Qwy vkf.k QG/kkj.ksP;k dkGkr fidkyk vko';d rso<s
ik.kh u feGkY;kl mRiknukr ;keqGs ?kV ;sr vkgs- vfr m".krk] vfr
FkaMh gh fidkyk ?kkrd vkgsp] f'kok; /kqD;keqGsns[khy fidkoj
jksxfdMhaps çek.k ok<ys vkgs- xsY;k dkgh o"kkaZr
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cnykeqGs ,dw.kp —"kh {ks= vMp.khr vkys vkgs-
cnyR;k gokekukoj mik;;kstuk
vpkud fdaok rkRiqjR;k gokeku cnykoj ra=Kkukrwu mik;kstuk
djrk ;s.ks 'kD; vkgs- nh?kZdkyhu mik;;kstukalkBh la'kks/ku vkf.k
/kksj.kkr cny dj.ks vko';d vkgs- gokeku cny] ik.kh ;kapk ijLij
laca/k vlY;kus ikolkps fnol deh gksr vkgsr- iM.kkj~;k ikolkP;k
Fksackps laj{k.k gks.ks vko';d vkgs- ;klkBh ewyLFkkuh
tyla/kkj.k] cka/k ?kkywu ik.kh vMfo.ks] 'ksrrG~;kr ik.kh lkBfo.ks
gs mik; djrkuk fidkauk flapuklkBh fBcd] rq"kkjlkj[;k lw{e flapu
i)rhpk mi;ksx djkok-
dksjMokgw 'ksrkr tkLrhr tkLr ik.kh ftjfo.ks vkf.k ckxk;rh
{ks=klkBh lw{e flapu i)rhpk okij dj.ks vko';d vkgs- jkT;kr toGikl
Šå VDds {ks= gs dksjMokgw vlY;kus HkwxHkkZrhy ik.;kps
laj{k.k vkf.k tfeuhoj iM.kkj~;k ik.;kps lao/kZu dj.ks vko';d vkgs-
>kMkrwu ik.;kps gks.kkjs ck"ihHkou y{kkr ?ksrk tfeuhr 'kD;
rso<s ik.kh ftjfo.ks] efYpax ra=kpk okij dj.ks] chch,Qlkj[ks
ra=Kkuns[khy mi;qä Bj.kkjs vkgs- Åu vkf.k okj~;kiklwu
laj{k.kklkBh fidkyk ltho dqai.k djkos- ;keqGs i;kZoj.kkps lao/kZu
vkf.k fidkaps laj{k.k gksbZy-
'ksrhlkBhP;k dkgh ikjaifjd i)rh ;k mi;qä vlY;kps la'kks/kukrwu
fl) >kys vkgs- ;k ihdi)rhpk voyac d:u uqdlku deh djrk ;sbZy-
fidkapk QsjikyV] vkarjihd i)rhpk okij] lokZr egÙokps Eg.kts
cnyR;k gokekukr rx /k:u jkg.kkj~;k ok.kkaph fuoM djkoh-
gokekukoj vk/kkfjr ihd i)rh voyacfo.ks ;kiq<hy dkGkr vfuok;Z
vkgs- eksBîk çek.kkoj lajf{kr ¼mnk- 'ksMusV½ 'ksrh dj.ks vko';d
vkgs- QGfidkalkBh gsylkj[;k ra=Kkukpk mi;ksx djkok- ckxsoj
laiw.kZi.ks vkPNknu dj.ks ;k ra=kr vko';d vkgs- ;k lkj[ks ç;ksx
dWuMk] vesfjdk vknh ns'kkr gksr vkgs- jkT;kr dkgh Hkkxkrhy
'ksrdjh tqU;k lkMîkapk okij d:u fidkaps m".krsiklwu laj{k.k djr
vkgsr-
fofo/k fids vkf.k QGckxsoj /kqD;kpk vfu"V ifj.kke ?kMrks- ;koj
mik; Eg.kwu /kqds iM.;kP;k dkyko/khr 'ksrkP;k cka/kkoj
dkMhdpjk tkGwu /kqD;kps çek.k deh djrk ;s.ks 'kD; vkgs- xzhu
gkÅl xWlsl deh dj.;klkBh o`{kykxoM djkoh- fidkauk u=;qä [krs
nsrkuk dkGthiwoZd vkf.k vko';d rso<hp |kohr- 'kgjhdj.k vkf.k
dkj[kkunkjheqGs ok<rs çnw"k.k jks[k.ks xjtsps vkgs-
uO;kus gos la'kks/ku
cnyrs gokeku y{kkr ?ksrk fofo/k fidkaP;k isj.khiklwu
dk<.khi;aZrpk dkyko/kh cnyr vkgs- ;keqGs fidkalkBh f'kQkjl
dsysys ok.k] ik.;kph xjt] [krs ;k lxG~;k xks"Vh cny.kkj vkgsr-
;keqGs l/;k vlysys fofo/k fidkalkBhps isj.kh ra=Kku gs dkycká
gks.;kph 'kD;rk ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- ;klkBh gokekukpk vpwd vH;kl
d:u la'kks/kukrwu uohu ra=Kku 'ksrdj~;kaleksj ekaM.ks xjtsps
vkgs- gokekukpk vankt vpwd ;s.;klkBh vk/kqfud lk/kulkexzh
xjtsph vkgs-
 3-5 vk;ihlhlh*pk vgoky >kyk çfl)

la;qä jk"Vªla?kkP;k lgdk;kZus vkarjjk"Vªh; ikrGhojhy gokekukr

gks.kkj~;k cnykapk vH;kl dj.kkj~;k baVjxOguZ~esaVy iWusy v‚u
Dyk;esaV psat ¼IPCC½ ;k laLFkspk vgoky uqdrkp çdkf'kr >kyk
vkgs- ;k vgokyke/;s ek.kwl vkf.k uSlfxZd i;kZoj.kkoj gokekukrhy
cnykaP;k ifj.kkaekph vH;kliw.kZ ekaM.kh dsyh vlwu] ;k cnyR;k
gokekuk'kh tqGowu ?ks.;klkBh laHkkO; mik;;kstukafo"k;h
ekfgrh ns.;kr vkyh vkgs- xsY;k vkBoMîke/;s tiku ;sFkhy
;ksdksgksek ;k 'kgjke/;s ikp fnolkaP;k ifj"knse/;s ;k vgokykyk
vafre Lo:i ns.;kr vkys- gokekukrhy cnykps ifj.kke i`Fohrykojhy
çR;sd ?kVdkoj vkf.k leqækoj eksBîk çek.kkr fnlwu ;sr vlwu] ;k
/kksD;kiklwu okp.;klkBh tx rso<s r;kj fdaok rRij ulY;kps er ;k
la'kks/kdkaP;k xVkus O;ä dsys vkgs-
vgokykrhy rF;koj rTKkaps fopkj---
m".krsph ykV] nq"dkG] iwj ifjfLFkrh]pØh oknGs vkf.k o.kos
;kalkj[;k ?kVukae/;s xsY;k n'kdke/;s ok< gksr vlwu] R;kps
i;kZoj.k vkf.k ekuoh tuthoukoj foijhr ifj.kke gksr vkgsr- xjhc
yksdkaP;k vk;q";koj ;k ckchapk eksBk ifj.kke gks.kkj vlwu]
R;kaP;k gkyvis"Vkae/;s Hkj iM.kkj vkgs-
;k vgokykyk vafre Lo:i ns.kkj~;k la'kks/kdkaP;k xVkps lglnL;
fOglsUVs ckjksl ;kauh lkafxrys] dh ekuoh gLr{ksikeqGs fuekZ.k
gksr vlysY;k gokekucnykP;k dky[kaMke/;s vki.k jkgr vkgksr-
R;kpk lokZf/kd /kksdk ekuoh lqj{ksyk vkgs- R;keqGs lokZf/kd
uqdlku ?kjs] LFkkoj ekyeÙkk ;kauk gks.kkj vlwu] vUu vkf.k
ik.;kP;k leL;se/;s ok< gks.kkj vkgs- R;kps i;Zolku
LFkykarfjrkaP;k la[;se/;s ok< gks.;kr gksr vkgs- ;k çdkjP;k
?kVukauk lkeksjs tk.;klkBh vki.k v|ki r;kj ulY;kps Li"V gksrs-

vk;ihlhlhps lnL; jktsæ ipkSjh ;kauh lkafxrys] dh ;k i`Fohrykojhy

dq.khgh gokeku cnykP;k ifj.kkekiklwu vfyIr jkgw 'kd.kkj ukgh- l/;k
;k ifj.kkek'kh tqGowu ?ks.ks vkf.k çek.k deh dj.ks] brdsp vkiY;k
gkrh vkgs- R;krwup gokekucnykps /kksds deh dj.ks 'kD; vkgs- tj
iwoZ vkS|ksfxd ikrGhP;k rkiekuke/;s pkj va'k lsfYlvlph ok<
>kY;kl gokekucnykps /kksds gs vf/kdiklwu mPpre e;kZnsP;k
iyhdMs tkrhy- rkiekuke/;s ƒ rs „ va'k lsfYlvlus ok< >kY;kl
/kksD;kaP;k vle çek.kkr ok< gks.kkj vkgs-

HkwrdkGkrhy ?kVukapk ekxksok ?ksr Hkfo";krhy cnykalkBh r;kj

jkg.;kdMs vkiys vf/kd y{k vlys ikfgts- ;k cnyka'kh tqGowu
?ks.;krwu /kksD;kaps çek.k deh gksÅ 'kdsy] vls er f[kzl fQYM
;kauh O;ä dsys- rs iq<s Eg.kkys] dh fofo/k ns'kkarhy 'kklu]
laLFkk vkf.k txHkjkrhy leqnk; R;kaP;k vuqHko vkf.k vH;klkoj
vk/kkfjr gokeku cnykyk lkeksjs tk.;klkBh ç;Ru djhr vkgsr- ;k
vuqHkokrwu iq<hy ekxZ fnl.;kl enr gksbZy- vf/kd egÙokdka{kh
lq/kkj.kkalkBh gokeku vkf.k lektke/;sgh cny gks.ks vko';d vkgsr-

^xzhuihl baVjuW'kuy*ps vf/kdkjh dSlk dkslksusu ;kauh lkafxrys]

dh l/;k vki.k ,dk v#an fpapksG~;k jLR;ko:u ekxZØe.k djhr
vkgksr- gokekukrhy cnykdMs nqyZ{k d:u pky.kkj ukgh-
gokekukrhy çnw"k.kkeqGs ekuoh lqj{kscjkscjp lkxj vkf.k taxys o
R;karhy fofo/k çtkrhauk /kksdk ikspr vkgs- gs VkG.ks 'kD; vlwu]
;k çtkrh u"V gks.;kiklwu okpfork ;srhy-
^vk;ihlhlh*ps vgoky vkf.k vkarjjk"Vªh; fu;e
xsY;k lIVsacje/;s ^vk;ihlhlh*us çlkfjr dsysY;k varjhe vgokyke/;s
ekuokyk tkxfrd rkiekuok<hlkBh çkFkfed –"Vîk dkj.khHkwr Bjoys
gksrs- ;k rkiekukrhy ok<heqGs vis{ksis{kk vf/kd osxkus
leqækP;k ikrGhe/;s ok< gksr vlwu] cQZ forGr vkgs- gk
^vk;ihlhlh*pk nqljk vgoky vlwu] ;sR;k ,fçy efgU;ke/;s ^fefVxs'ku
v‚Q Dyk;esaV psat* ;k fo"k;kojhy frljk vgoky cfyZu ¼teZuh½
;sFks çdkf'kr dj.;kr ;sbZy-
iWfjl ¼ÝkUl½ ;sFks „僇 e/;s uO;k vkarjjk"Vªh; i;kZoj.kfo"k;d
fu;ekaP;k fufeZrhlkBh ifj"knsps vk;kstu dj.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- gs fu;e
„僄 e/;s eqnr laiysY;k ƒ‹‹‰ P;k D;ksVks çksVksd‚yph tkxk
?ksrhy-
vgokykrhy egÙokps eqís
gokekukrhy cnykps ekiu dj.;klkBh ljG fujh{k.ks vkf.k mixzgkP;k
ek/;ekrwu o fofo/k O;klihBkao:u feGoysY;k ekfgrhpk okij dsyk
xsyk-
• xsY;k pkSnk'ks o"kkaZP;k dky[kaMke/;s ƒ‹Š… rs „僄 gk
rhl o"kkaZpk dky[kaM lokZf/kd m".k vlY;kps Li"V >kys vkgs-
ƒŠ‡å iwohZP;k rkiekukP;k rqyuse/;s xsY;k rhl o"kkaZe/;s
i`FohP;k i`"BHkkxkps rkieku lkrR;kus ok<r vkgs-
• leqækP;k ikrGhe/;s ƒ‹åƒ rs „åƒå ;k dkyko/khe/;s tkxfrd ljkljh
ikrGhe/;s å-ƒ‹ ¼å-ƒ‰ rs å-„ƒ½ ehVj ok< >kyh vkgs-
• çnw"k.kkP;k çek.kke/;s >kysyh ok< & okrkoj.kkrhy dkcZu
Mk;v‚DlkbZM ¼†å VDds½] feFksu vkf.k uk;Vªl v‚DlkbZM
rhozrse/;s ok< >kyh vkgs- ;kaiSdh lqekjs …å VDds dkcZu
Mk;v‚DlkbZM leqæke/;s 'kks"kyk xsyk vlwu] lkxjkP;k
vkEyhdj.kke/;s ok< >kyh vkgs-
tkxfrd ikrGhoj gokekukrhy fofo/k ?kVdkae/khy cny
• vkfdZ~Vd &&lkxjh cQZ ƒå& ‡ çfr oxZ fdyksehVj&
ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• mÙkj vesfjdk && rkieku va'k lsfYlvl&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• mÙkj iWflfQd &&leqæh m".krk ¼ƒå&„„
T;qy½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå
• mÙkj वVykafVd&&leqæh m".krk ¼ƒå&„„
T;qy½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå
• ;qjksi&&& rkieku va'k lsfYlvl&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• vkf'k;k && rkieku va'k lsfYlvl&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• vkfÝdk &&&& rkieku va'k lsfYlvl&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• nf{k.k iWflfQd&&&&leqæh m".krk ¼ƒå&„„
T;qy½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå
• nf{k.k vesfjdk&&rkieku va'k lsfYlvl&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• nf{k.k वVykafVd&&leqæh m".krk ¼ƒå&„„
T;qy½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå
• Hkkjrh; milkxj&&leqæh m".krk ¼ƒå&„„
T;qy½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå
• v‚LVªsfy;k&&rkieku va'k lsfYlvl&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• vaVkfdZ~Vd&&leqæh cQZ ¼ƒå&‡
oxZfdyksehVj½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• vaVkfdZ~Vd&&rkieku ¼va'k
lsfYlvl½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• nf{k.k leqæ&&leqæh m".krk ¼ƒå&„„
T;qy½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
tkxfrd ljkljh
• lkxjh i`"BHkkx&&rkieku ¼va'k
lsfYlvl½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• tfeuhpk i`"BHkkx&&rkieku ¼va'k
lsfYlvl½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• lkxjh o tfeuhpk i`"BHkkx&&rkieku ¼va'k
lsfYlvl½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
• lkxjh m".krkeku&&¼ƒå&„„ T;qy½&&ƒ‹ƒå&&ƒ‹ˆå&&„åƒå-
  çdj.k- †
†- ƒ Hkkjrkrhy —f"k{ks=
†- „ 'ksrhpk i)rh
†- … 'ksrhyk ik.kh |kpk i)rh
†- † gokeku vankt ihd O;oLFkkiu
†- ‡ 'ksrh {ks=klkBh egRokpk fidkpk foek
†- ˆ Hkkjrkrhy çeq[k —"kh leL;k vkf.k mik;
†- ‰ gokeku cnyklkBh 'ksrhfo"k;d ;ksxnku
 4-1 Hkkjrkrhy —"kh{ks=
Hkkjr gk ns'k HkkSxksyhd–"Vîk {ks=QGkus txkr 7 O;k Øekadkoj
vkgs- Hkkjrkps {ks=QG 32]87]240 pkS- fd-eh- vkgs-
taxy]okGoaV] osLV~y¡M ¼'ksrh v;ksX; {ks=½ fopkjkr ?ksrk
Hkkjrkr toG toG 53 % {ks= tfeuh ;ksX; vkgs- txkrhy 'ksrh
;ksX;{ks=kpk fopkj dsY;kl phups 'ksrh ;ksX; {ks= 11-9% ]
v‚LVªsfy;ke/;s 6-43% ] jf'k;ke/;s 7-43 %] vesfjdk ] o
dWuMke/;sQä~ 5-02 % ] {ks= 'ksrtfeuhlkBh okijkr vkgs-
Eg.ktsp brj ns'k Hkkjrkis{kk vkdkjekukus eksBs vlys rjh Hkkjr
ns'k 'ksrtfeuhP;k VDdsokjhps ckcrhr txkr vxzslj vkgs] —"kh
mRiUukckcr çFke Øekadkoj phu vlqu R;kps mRiUu 670-89
vesjhdu M‚yj vkgs- nql&;k Øekadkoj Hkkjr vlqu mRiUu 333-65
chayh;u vesjhdu M‚yj vkgs- Hkkjr gk —"kh ç/kkuvkgs o euq";cG
la[;k txkr nql&;k Øekadkoj vkgs- 53 % {ks= tfeuh ;ksX; vkgs]
rqyukRed æq"Vhus Hkkjrkrhy —"kh {ks= phuis{kk 4-5 iVhus
vf/kd vkgs mRiUu ek= phu is{kk 50 VDds deh vkgs- eksBîk
çek.kkr —"kh {ks=] euq";cG o vuqdwy ijhfLFkrh fopkjkr ?ksrk
—"kh mRiUukP;k ckcrhr vki.k Qkjp ekxs vkgksr-

itZU;eku
 'ksrhlkBh Hkkjrkr lqihd tehu vkgs] loZ çdkjps okrkoj.k
vuqdqy vkgs] itZU;ekukP;k Øeokjhr Hkkjr txkr 9 O;kØekadkoj
vkgs- ns'kkrhy ljkljh itZU;eku 2168 fe-eh- çfro"kZ vkgs- Eg.ktsp
loZckch vuqdqy vlrkukgh vki.k mRiUukr nql&;k Øekadkoj
vkgksr- ;k ckchapk xkaHkh;kZus fopkj dj.ks vko';d vkgs-
'ksrhlkBh flapu O;oLFkk ] iqjs'kh oht ] ntsZnkjfc;k.ks] [krkapk
vko';d iqjoBk o 'ksrhekykps ;ksX; Hkko ;k loZckchaps fu;kstu
d#u lkaxM ?kkryh rjp 'ksrhps o 'ksrd&;kapsç'u lqVq 'kdrh ik.kh
flapukpk ç'u lqVyk rj ckdhps ç'u lgt lqVrhy- rlsp gk ç'u lksMfo.ks
fuf'prp vkokD;kckgsjukgh- dkj.k Hkkjrkr lokZr tkLr ikml iMrks
Eg.kqup vkiY;kyk ik.;kps egRo okVr ukgh- Hkkjrkr ftrdk ikml
iMrks oT;k çek.kkr ik.kh okgqu tkrs R;kpk fopkj dsY;kl 1 VDds
ik.;kpk lq)k vki.k fofu;ksx d# 'kdr ukgh] fg oLrqfLFkrh vkgs-
fulxkZus eqä gkrkus vkiY;kyk HkjHk#u fnysys vkgs- ek= R;kpk
fofu;ksx dj.;kP;k bPNk'käh vHkkoh vki.k cjsp dkfgxekoys vkgs-

yksdla[;k

Hkkjrkph yksdla[;k 121 dksVh vlwu yksdla[;kr Hkkjrkpk txkr

nqljk Øekad ykxrks- ,dw.k yksdla[;kiSdh 68-8VDds turk xzkeh.k
Hkkxkr jkgrs- Hkkjrkr 6 yk[kkis{kk vf/kd [ksMs vkgsr lkgftdp 60
VDds turk 'ksrh o 'ksrhiwjdO;olk;koj voyacwu vkgs-
LokraR;ksZÙkj dkGkr Hkkjrkph yksdla[;k vMhp iVhgwu vf/kd
ok<yh- ek= 'ksrhps {ks= fnolsufnol deh gksr vkgs- lq[k lqfo/kk]
cktkj isBk] 'kS{k.khd lksbZ vlysyh xkos 'kgjkps :i /kkj.k djhr
vkgs- 'kgjs egkuxjkps :i/kkj.k djhr vkgs] R;keqGs 'ksr tfeuhps
Iy‚V iMr vkgs] nksu 'kgjs tksM.kkjs jksMps nksUgh cktqoj utj
Vkdyh rj Iy‚Vp Iy‚V fnlwu ;srkr- tfeuhps gs ?kVrs çek.k Hkfo";kr
isp fuekZ.k dj.;kph 'kD;rkukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- ok<.kkjh yksdla[;k o
lkrR;kus ?kV.kkjh tehu fg fparktud ckc vkgs

ikjaifjd 'ksrh
vktP;k lanHkkZr dkyP;k 'ksrhpkgh dky[kaM Lokra=iwoZ dkG
fdaok egkjk"VªkP;k fufeZrhP;k iwohZP;k ‡å&ˆå o"kkZpk
dky[kaM Eg.kwu ?ksrk ;sbZy- baxztkaP;k dkGkr 'ksrhr lq/kkj.kk
dj.;klkBh Qkjls ç;Ru >kys vls fnlwu ;sr ukgh- rhoz nq"dkGkph
uksan ?ksÅu lu ƒŠŠƒ e/;s Qsehu dfe'kuph LFkkiuk dsY;koj
R;krhy f'kQkj'khaP;k vk/kkjs lu ƒŠŠ… e/;s vkiY;k jkT;kr çFkep
— "kh foHkkxkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-
Lokra=iwoZ dkGkr çkeq[;kus 'ks.kkP;k Lo:ikr 'ks.k[krkpk okij
gksr vls o dhVd&uk'kds Qkj'kh dkgh miyC/k uOgrh- ux.;
okijkiklwu vkt dhVduk'kdkapk okij lqekjs ikp gtkj Vu njo"khZi;aZr
iksgkspysyk vkgs- 'ksrhr ;kaf=dhdj.kkpk okij R;k dkGkr vR;Yi
vlwu ikjaifjd 'ksrh votkjkapk okij d:u 'ksrh dj.;kd Ms 'ksrd&;kapk
dy gksrk-
ikjaifjd fids&Tokjh] cktjh] HkqbZewx] ewx] mMhn] Hkkr] rwj]
dkiwl v'kkp fidkadfjrk tfeuhpk okij gksr vls rj mlklkj[;k ckxk;rh
fidk[kkyh rlsp QG vkf.k Hkkthikyk fidksarxZr {ks= vR;Yi gksrs-
vk/kqfud 'ksrh
LokraR;ZçkIrhuarj o çkeq[;kus egkjk"Vª jkT;kP;k fufeZrh >kY;koj
ns'kkP;k mÙkj Hkkxkr >kysY;k gfjrØksarhP;k ik'kZ~oHkwehoj
vkiY;k jkT;ke/;sgh lad fjr vkf.k vf/kd mRiUu ns.kk&;k tkrhapk okij
>ikV;kus ok<r xsyk- ,dksp çdkjP;k tkrhP;k fc;k.;kP;k okijkeqGs
jksxkoj ekr dj.;kph çrhdkj{kerk deh >kY;kus o jksxjkbZps
çek.kgh ok<r xsY;kus dhVduk'kdkapk okijgh eksB;k çek.kkoj
ok<ysyk vkgs- dksjMokgw 'ksrd&;kauk c¡ds dMwu dtZ
?ksrY;kf'kok; 'ksrh dj.ks 'kD; gksr ukgh- vktph 'ksrhph i)r ;k
vFkkZus tkLr dtkZph] [kwi [kpkZph] tkLr mRiknukph] ijarq deh
mRiUukph vls Eg.krk ;sbZy-
Hkfo";dkyhu 'ksrh
—f"kØksarhps tud M‚- ,e- ,l- Lokehuk;u ;kauh vktP;k 'ksrhyk
gfjrØkarh vls tjh uko fnys vlys rjh Hkfo";dkGkph 'ksrh lnkgjhr
Økarh v'kk Lo:ikph jkghy] vls er çnf'kZr ds ysys vkgs- dkyph
'ksrh ikjaifjd] vktph 'ksrh vk/kqfud o m|kph 'ksrh 'kk'or vls lehdj.k
vlwu m|kph 'ksrh djrkuk vk/kqfud 'ksrh – ra=Kkukpk okij d:u
ikjaifjd 'ksrh – ra=Kkukph lkFk ?ksÅu ;k 'ksrhyk 'kk'or cufo.ks
vkrk dkGkph xjt vkgs- m|kP;k 'ksrhpk fopkj djrkuk ikjaifjd vkf.k
vk/kqfud 'ksrhe/;s lkeatL; LFkkfir djhr vlrkuk ts ç'u mHks jkgrkr
R;koj vR;ar xkaHkh;kZus fopkj dj.ks vko';d vkgs-
ikjaifjd vkf.k vk/kqfud 'ksrh %
egkjk"Vª jkT;krhy ,d dksVh ikp y{k 'ksrdjh vkf.k Š… y{k 'ksretwj
jkT;kP;k ,dw.k mRiUukP;k lqekjs ,d"k"Bka'k Hkkx feGowu nsrkr-
'ksrO;olk;kr vlysY;k O;ähaps mRiUu fcxj 'ksrhr vlysY;k
O;kolkf;dkais{kk ,d n'kka'k vkgs-
 4-2 'ksrhP;k i)rh
'ksrdj~;kus mnjfuokZgklkBh fdaok /kank Eg.kwu Lor%P;k 'ksrkoj
pkyfoysyk O;olk; v'kh <kscGekukus 'ksrhph O;k[;k djrk ;sbZy-
'ksrke/kwu dk<ko;kP;k mRiknuko:u 'ksrhps ÅleGk] Hkkr 'ksrh]
i'kq/kuç/kku 'ksrh] eRL; 'ksrh b- fujfujkGs çdkj vfLrRokr vkysys
vkgsr- rlsp flapukP;k miyC/krsuqlkj ckxk;rh 'ksrh] ftjkbZr 'ksrh
vlsgh çdkj iMrkr- [krkaP;k okijkuqlkj lsafæ; 'ksrh] jklk;fud 'ksrh
vls çdkjlqn~?kk vfLrRokr vkys vkgsr- LFkwyekukus uSlfxZd
vkf.k vkfFkZd ?kVdkaeqGs 'ksrhP;k çdkjkar cny gksrkr-'ksrh gk
[kwi egÙokpk Hkkx vkgs Hkkjrke/khy- uSlfxZd fdaok çk—frd
?kVd gs o"kkZo"kkZyk cnyr ukghr- R;kaP;krhy lokaZr egÙokps
Eg.kts gokeku] tehu vkf.k Hkwjpuk gs gksr- ,[kk|k foof{kr
foHkkxkr dks.krs ihd ;sÅ 'kdsy gs ;k ?kVdkoj voyacwu vlrs- deh
ikolkP;k çns'kkr tj flapuklkBh ik.kh miyC/k >kys rj ckxk;hr dik'kh
vkf.k rhG o mlklkj[kh nh?kZeqnrhph fids mÙkejhrhus ;sÅ 'kdrkr-
R;k fBdk.kh v'kk rj~gsus iwohZ vfLrRokr ulysyk vlk 'ksrhpk
O;ogk;Z çdkj fuekZ.k gksÅ 'kdrks- Hkkr 'ksrh vkf.k
m".k&dfVca/kkrhy QGckxkaph 'ksrh dksd.kkr 'kD; vkgs- dkj.k
rsFkhy gokeku Hkkr] vkacs] ukjG] dktw] lqikjh] elkY;kph fids
;kP;k mRiknukyk iks"kd vlrs- uohu ladfjr tkrhaeqGsgh gokeku]
tehu o Hkwjpuk ;kauk ;ksX; v'kh fids vkrk ?ksrk ;srkr-
fids vkf.k 'ksrhpk çdkj gs tehu vkf.k Hkwjpuk ;kaoj voyacwu
vlrkr; i.k ;k ?kVdkauk tj itZU;ekukphgh tksM feGkyh rj R;kaps
ifj.kke vf/kd mBkonkj fnlrkr- [kksy] lqihd vkf.k likV tehu vlsy vkf.k
ikÅl Hkjiwj o pkaxyk foHkkxwu iM.kkjk vlsy rj rsFks 'ksrhph
HkjHkjkV >kysyh vk<Grs- MksaxjkG vkf.k iqjs'kk itZU;ekukP;k
çns'kkr xorkG jkus eqcyd vlY;kus v'kk fBdk.kh loZlk/kkj.ki.ks
dqj.k'ksrh] ou'ksrh] xor'ksrh fdaok i'kq/ku ç/kku 'ksrh Qk;ns'khj
Bjrs- ekQd [kksyhph tehu o rqViqatk ikÅl vl.kkj~;k çns'kkar ⇨
nqtZy 'ksrh fdaok ftjkbZr 'ksrhf'kok; i;kZ; ulrks-
vkfFkZd ?kVd fujfujkG~;k uSlfxZd ?kVdkao:u dks.kR;k
Hkwçns'kkr dk; fidfork ;s.ks 'kD; vkgs rs lkaxrk ;sbZy; ijarq
dks.krh fids vxj 'ksrhpk çdkj fdrh Qk;ns'khj gksbZy rs lkaxrk
;s.kkj ukgh- rs osGksosGh cny.kkj~;k vkfFkZd ?kVdkao:u
Bjokos ykxsy- gs ?kVd Eg.kts mRiknu [kpZ] foØh [kpZ] nqlj~;k
m|ksx/ka|k'kh Li/kkZ] 'ksrh mRiknukP;k lkis{k fdaerhr gks.kkjs
cny] vokLro mRiknu ok< o ?kV ;kaps nq"V pd] R;k R;k
cktkjisBkaP;k fof'k"V ekx.;k] tfeuhP;k fdaerh] miyC/k HkkaMoy]
etwj iqjoBk] fidkojhy dhM o jksx vkf.k oS;fäd ?kVd oxSjs-
R;kapk lokaZxh.k gks.kkjk ifj.kke y{kkr ?ksÅu 'ksrhps çdkj
fu;ksftr dsys tkrkr- R;krhy dkgh egÙRok çdkj vkf.k R;kaph
oSf'k"Vîs iq<s fnysyh vkgsr-
,dsjh vxj cgqfo/k fidkaph 'ksrh ,dsjh fidkph 'ksrh Hkkjrkr Qkj :<
ukgh- ;kyk dkj.ksgh osxosxGh vkgsr- R;kr egÙkokps Eg.kts
Hkkjrkrhy 'ksrh gh çk/kkU;kus mnjfuokZgkP;k gsrwus dj.;kr
;s.kkjh vlwu tehu/kkj.ksps ifjek.k vYi vkgs- 'ksrdj~;kyk vkiY;k
ygku'kk 'ksrhP;k rqdMîkr dqVqackP;k xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh vko';d
v'kh toGtoG loZ çdkjph 'kD; rh mRiknus dk<koh ykxrkr-
lqnSokus Hkkjrkrhy gokeku] dkgh FkksMs çns'k oxGrk] cgqrsd
fBdk.kh o"kZHkj 'ksrh dj.;kyk iwjd vls vkgs- dksd.k foHkkxkrhy
Hkkr 'ksrh gk ,dp vkf.k toGtoG ,dsjh ihd in~?krhlkj[kk vkgs-
vesfjdslkj[;k ns'kkr tehu/kkj.ksps ifjek.k [kwi eksBs vlwu
fo'ks"khdj.kgh mPp ntkZps vlrs- rsFks xgw] dik'kh] edk] xor
bR;knhaph ,dsjh ihd in~?kr :< vkgs- vFkkZr rsFkhy gokeku
ckjkgh efgus 'ksrhyk iwjd ukgh gsgh y{kkr ?;k;yk ikfgts- tsFks
'ksrhps ygkuygku rqdMs ,d= d:u lkeqnkf;d 'ksrh vfLrRokr vkgs
fdaok egkjk"Vª jkT; —f"k egkeaMGkçek.ks jkT; ljdkjP;k
O;oLFks[kkyh 'ksrh dsyh tkrs] v'kk fBdk.kh ,dsjh ihd in~?krh
voyafcyh tkrs-
cgqfo/k fidkaph 'ksrh vusd –"Vhauh Qk;ns'khj vlrs- frP;ke/;s
miyC/k lk/kulkexhpk vf/kd dk;Z{kersus vkf.k dkVdljhus mi;ksx
gksÅ 'kdrks- tfeuhph mRiknu{kerk fVdfo.;kP;k fdaok ok<fo.;kP;k
ckcrhrgh frph enr gksrs- cgqfo/k fidkaP;k 'ksrhr dkgh fidkar
vkysys uqdlku nqlj~;k fidkar Hk:u fu?kr vlY;kus dkgh çek.kkar
uqdlkuHkjikbZ gksrs- ek= ,dsjh fidkaP;k 'ksrhr fo'ks"khdj.kkpk
tks Qk;nk feGrks rks cgqfo/k fidkaP;k 'ksrhr feGr ukgh-
nqtZy 'ksrh[laiknu]
okf"kZd ‡å lsaeh- fdaok R;kis{kk deh v'kk fuf'pr itZU;ekukP;k
çns'kkr nqtZy 'ksrh djrkr- vksy fVdfo.ks vkf.k Hkwlaj{k.k v'kk
çdkjP;k 'ksrhrhy egÙokP;k leL;k gksr- dkgh FkksMîk ikolkGh
efgU;kar o R;kaP;k FkksMîk ekxhy&iq<hy dkGkr gks.kkjh gh
gaxkeh 'ksrh vlrs- fidkaph fuoM e;kZfnr vlrs- Hkwlaj{k.k dj.;klkBh
vkf.k vksykok fVdfo.;klkBh 'ksrhP;k e'kkxrhP;k dkgh [kkl f'kQkjl
dsysY;k in~?krh oki:u gh fids dk<yh tkrkr- mnk-] leikrGhr cka/k
?kkywu R;kauk lekarj fidkaph isj.kh dj.ks] deh ch isj.ks] jksikaph
la[;k e;kZfnr dj.ks] iêkisj in~?krhus ihd isj.ks] vkPNknukpk okij
dj.ks] [krkapk ekQd okij dj.ks bR;knh-
ftjkbrh 'ksrh
;k 'ksrh çdkjkr ‡å rs ƒåå lsaeh-P;k vklikl vl.kkj~;k] o vf/kd fuf'pr
vlysY;k itZU;ekukoj fids dk<yh tkrkr- Hkkjrkrhy dkgh Hkkxkar
[kjhi vkf.k jCch v'kk nksu gaxkekar fids dk<.ks 'kD; vlrs- ;k
çdkjP;k 'ksrhr [krkpk eqcyd okij djrk ;srks- vkPNknukpk okij d:u
ftjkbrh 'ksrh tkLr Qk;ns'khj djrk ;srs- Hkkjrkr vusd jkT;kar v'kk
çdkjph 'ksrh djrkr-
ckxk;rh 'ksrh
okLrfod gk 'ksrhpk çdkj ulwu rh fids dk<.;kph ,d in~?kr vkgs- ;k
'ksrhrhy fids ikolkoj voyacwu ulrkr vkf.k Eg.kwup ;k fidkaps
mRiknu ftjkbZr fidkais{kk vf/kd fLFkj vlrs- ik.khiqjoBîkeqGs lca/k
o"kZHkj fids ?ksryh tkrkr- lk/kulkexhpk okijlqn~?kk eqcydi.ks
vkf.k fdQk;r'khji.ks dsyk tkrks- ;k 'ksrhP;k leL;k ftjkbZr 'ksrhP;k
leL;kais{kk osxG~;k vkgsr- mnk-] ckxk;rh 'ksrhiq<hy lokaZr
egÙokP;k leL;kaiSdh ,d Eg.kts tyksRlkj.kkus dkGthiwoZd jhR;k
vfrfjä e`nk&ty dk<wu Vkdwu tfeuhph mRiknu{kerk fVdfo.ks-
;kmyV nqtZy 'ksrhr ik.;kpk Fksac u~ Fksac okpowu R;kpk
mRiknuok<hlkBh mi;ksx dj.ks gh leL;k vlrs-
gaxkeh ckxk;rh 'ksrh
ik.khiqjoBk gk ckxk;rh 'ksrhpk ik;k vlY;kus R;kpk lzksrp tj
gaxkeh vlsy rj gaxkeh ckxk;rh 'ksrh in~?krhpk voyac djkok
ykxrks- ;kr lkekU;r% [kjhi vkf.k jCch ;k gaxkekar lajf{kr ik.;kP;k
ikG~;k nsÅu fids ?ksryh tkrkr- [kjhi gaxkekrhy fids cgqrka'kh
ikolkP;k ik.;koj ;srkr vkf.k jCch gaxkekP;k mÙkjk/kkZr miyC/k
ik.;kpk lajf{kr Eg.kwu okij d:u ihd ?ksrys tkrs-

ckjekgh ckxk;rh 'ksrh

;k çdkjkr ik.khiqjoBîkpk lzksr dk;e fVd.kkjk vlY;kus [kjhi vkf.k
jCch gaxkekacjkscj mUgkGh gaxkekrgh fids ?ksryh tkrkr- cj~;kp
fBdk.kh Ål fdaok dsGh ;klkj[ks ckjekgh ckxk;r ihd ?ks.ks 'ksrdjh
ilar djrkr-ckxk;rh 'ksrhlkBh ik.khiqjoBk dj.kkjk lzksr fopkjkr ?ksÅu
foghj ckxk;r] /kj.kk[kkyhy ckxk;r fdaok milk flapu ckxk;r vlsgh
çdkj djrkr- fidkyk ik.kh ns.;kP;k in~?krho:u ckxk;r 'ksrhps
ikVik.kh ckxk;r] fBcd flapu] Qokjk flapu] rq"kkj flapu] eVdk flapu
vlsgh çdkj djrkr-
QGckx 'ksrh
;k çdkjP;k 'ksrhr fofo/k çdkjph QGs gh çeq[k mRiknukph ckc
vlrs- dksd.kkrhy gokeku vkf.k itZU;eku vkack] ukjG] dktw] lqikjh
b- QG fidkauk iks"kd vlrs; rj egkjk"VªkP;k iBkjh Hkkxkr fyacw]
la=h] ekslach ;kalkj[kh QG fids ?ksryh tkrkr- dksjMîk gokekukr
ik.;kph miyC/krk vlsy rj æk{kklkj[ks ihd [kwip Qk;ns'khj Bjrs- tehu
pkaxyh lqihd vlsy vkf.k flapu lqfo/kk miyC/k vlsy rj dsGhps ihd
mÙke çdkjs?ksrk ;srs- QGckx 'ksrhe/;s >kMkaP;k lq#okrhP;k
dkGkr ik.kh O;oLFkkiu gk egÙokpk Hkkx vkgs- cgqo"kkZ;w
QG>kMs eksBh >kY;kuarj R;kauk ik.;kph Qkj'kh xjt Hkklr ukgh-
mnk-] vkack] fpdw] ukjG] lqikjh bR;knh- ijarq la=k] ekslach]
fyacw] æk{ks ;kauk QGs /kj.;kP;k gaxkekr ik.;kph xjt vlrs-
QG>kMkaP;k ik.;kP;k xjtsuqlkj QGckxkaps nksu çeq[k çdkj
iMrkr-
dksjMokgw QGckx 'ksrh
T;k çns'kkr ikolkps çek.k deh vkgs fdaok miyC/k flapu lqfo/kk
vR;Yi vkf.k gaxkeh Lo:ikph vkgs] v'kk fBdk.kh cksj] MkfGac]
vkoGk] lhrkQG b- QG>kMkaph ykxoM d:u dksjMokgw QGckx
'ksrh dsyh tkrs- ik.;kph vR;Yi miyC/krk vlwugh dksjMokgw
QGckxk pkaxys mRiUu feGowu nsrkr-gh ijonus vkisf{kr vkgs
ckxk;r QGckx 'ksrh
flapuklkBh ik.;kph miyC/krk Hkjiwj vlsy] rj dsGh] iibZ] fpdw]
æk{ks] la=h] ekslach ;kalkj[;k QG>kMkaph ykxoM Qk;ns'khj
Bjrs- ;k QGckxkalkBh o"kZHkj ik.;kps ;ksX; çdkjs fu;kstu dsY;kl
eksBîk çek.kkr mRiUu fu?krs -R;kpk 'ksrd;kaZuk Qk;nk gksrks -
HkkthikY;kph 'ksrh
HkkthikY;kph 'ksrh gh iw.kZi.ks ckxk;rh Lo:ikph 'ksrh vkgs- fuf'pr
itZU;eku] flapu lqfo/ksph miyC/krk vkf.k pkaxY;k cktkjisBsph
vuqdwyrk vlyh Eg.kts ;k çdkjkr tfeuhpk vkf.k brj lk/kulkexhpk
iqjsiwj mi;ksx d:u ?ksrk ;srks- v'kk çdkjP;k 'ksrhrwu mRikfnr
gks.kkjk Hkkthikyk gk uk'koar Lo:ikpk vlY;kus R;kph fodh
O;oLFkk toGikl vl.ks vko';d vkgs- tyn ekyokgrqdhph pkaxyh lks;
vlY;kl cktkjisB FkksMh nwj vlyh rjh pkyw 'kdrs- etqjkaph
miyC/krk vl.ks gs egÙokps vkgs-
Qqy'ksrh
Qqy'ksrh gklqn~?kk ckxk;rh 'ksrhpk ,d çdkj vkgs- iwohZiklwu
Qqykapk eksBîk çek.kkoj okij gks.kk;kZ dsaækaP;k vklikl dsoG
ygku çek.kkoj Qqy'ksrh dsyh tkr vls; ijarq vkrk O;kikjh rÙokoj
dkgh'kk eksBîk çek.kkr Qqy'ksrhpk voyac >kysyk vkgs-
Qqykaps mRiknu gs vYidkG fVd.kkjs vlY;kus tyn okgrqdhph lks;
vlY;kf'kok; R;krwu Hkjiwj Qk;nk feGr ukgh- rFkkfi vkrk QqykaP;k
ykac varjkojhy okgrqdhlkBh okrkuqdwfyr okgus eksBîk çek.kkr
miyC/k >kysyh vkgsr- R;keqGs Hkkjrkr pkaxY;k Qqyckxkaph
la[;kgh eksBîk çek.kkr ok<yh vkgs- vyhdMP;k dkGkr gfjrx`gkpk
¼i‚yh gkÅl½ okij eq[;Ros Qqy'ksrhlkBh dsysyk fnlwu ;srks- ;krgh
dkusZ'ku] tjcsjk] Vîqfyi b- Qqys gfjrx`gke/;s ?ksryh tkrkr; rj
xqykc] fuf'kxa/k] XyWfMvksyl ;kalkj[;k Qqykaps mRiknu 'ksrkr
ikjaifjd in~?krhus ?ksrys tkrs-
i'kq/ku vkf.k nqX/kO;olk; ç/kku 'ksrh
;kiwohZ mYys[k dsysY;k fidkaiSdh dks.kR;kgh fidklkBh vuqdwy
ifjfLFkrh ulysY;k çns'kkar fdaok ifjfLFkrh vuqdwy vlwugh tj
i'kqlao/kZu vkf.k nqX/kO;olk; ;kaP;k ckcrhr rks çns'k fidkaP;k
'ksrhis{kk tkLr fdrh Qk;ns'khj gks.;klkj[kk vlsy] rj rsFks i'kq/ku
ç/kku 'ksrhçdkj lq: dsysyk vk<Grks- ;k O;olk;klkBh tukojkauk
pj.;klkBh pjkÅ jkus o tukojkauk oSj.k] pkjk] /kkU;knh [kk|
fdQk;r'khji.ks mRiknu djrk ;s.;klkj[;k flapu lqfo/kk miyC/k vlysY;k
tfeuhph vko';drk vlrs- f'kok; i'kq/kukP;k lao/kZukrhy vkf.k
nqX/kO;olk;krhy mRiknus lqyHkrsus o fdQk;r'khji.ks fodh dj.;kph
lks; R;k Hkkxkr vl.ks xjtsps vkgs- v'kh ifjfLFkrh ;k 'ksrhçdkjkyk
iks"kd vlrs- lkekU;r% v'kkp çns'kkr gk 'ksrhçdkj vk<Grks- eksBîk
'kgjkaps lkfUu/; vkf.k okgrqdhph pkaxyh lks; vR;ar vko';d vkgs-
tsFks vR;ar fo'ks"kh—r i'kq/ku ç/kku v'kh 'ksrh dsyh tkrs] rsFks
nk.kkoSj.k] vk| i'kq/ku b- xks"Vh fodr ?ksrY;k tkrkr vkf.k laof/kZr
i'kq/ku vkf.k nqX/kksRiknu gs fodys tkrs- T;k 'ksrh çdkjke/;s
tukojkalkBh [kk| Eg.kwu ouLirhps mRiknu R;k 'ksrhojp dj.;kr ;srs
vlk nk.kkoSj.k o i'kq/ku ç/kku 'ksrhçdkj cj~;kp fBdk.kh vk<Gwu
;srks- gs 'ksrhçdkj v‚LVªsfy;kr vkf.k ikf'pekR; ns'kkar loZ fBdk.kh
vk<Grkr- i'kq/ku ç/kku 'ksrhP;k çdkjkr vkrk dqDdqVikyukpkgh
eksBîk çek.kkoj çlkj >kyk vkgs-
feJ'ksrh
fids vkf.k i'kq/kuklg 'ksrh vlsgh ;k çdkjkyk lacks/k.;kr ;srs- jks[k
foØh d:u æO;ktZu dj.;klkBh fids ?ksryh tkrkr vkf.k i'kq/ku
lao/kZugh djrkr- i'kq/ku lao/kZu 'ksrhiklwu i'kq/kukph R;kpçek.ks
i'kq/kukiklwu feG.kkj~;k nqX/kknh mRiknukph foØh djrk ;srs-
R;keqGs 'ksreky vkf.k i'kq/ku gh nksUgh mRiknus egÙokph
vkf.k ,desdkauk iwjd vlrkr-;k çdkjP;k 'ksrh e/;s ykoysY;k fidkapk
'ksrhojhy tukojkauk nk.kk oSj.k Eg.kwu mi;ksx gksrks-fidkauk
tukojkaP;k eyew=kiklwu mi;qä [kr feGwu mRiUu pkaxys ;srs-
'ksrdj~;kyk vkiY;ktoGP;k lk/kulkexhpk iw.kZi.ks mi;ksx dj.;kph
la/kh feGrs- ;k 'ksrhP;k mRiknukr cjhp 'kk'orh vlrs vkf.k tks[khe
deh vlrs- dkgh feJ'ksrhar fidkaP;k 'ksrhyk çk/kkU; vlrs- dkghar
fids o i'kq/ku ;kae/;s HkkaMoy lkj[;k çek.kkr xqarfoysys vlrs] rj
dkghae/;s i'kq/kukyk fidkais{kk tkLr çk/kkU; fnysys vlrs- gk
'ksrhçdkj txkrhy vusd ns'kkar vkf.k fo'ks"kr% Hkkjrkr :< vkgs- ;k
'ksrhçdkjkps ;kaf=dhdj.kgh çpkjkr ;sÅ ykxys vkgs-
eRL; 'ksrh
gk 'ksrhçdkj vyhdMP;k dkGkr pkaxykp :< gksÅ ykxyk vkgs-
eRL; 'ksrh dj.;klkBh 'ksrkrhy ekrh [kksnwu] eksBîk vkdkjkph rGh
r;kj d:u R;kar ik.kh lksMrkr- ;k rG~;kr eRL;cht vk.kwu lksMrkr-
R;klkBh xksMîk ik.;kr ok<.kkj~;k ek'kkaP;k tkrhaph f'kQkjl dj.;kr
vkysyh vkgs- ek'kkaP;k mÙke ok<hlkBh 'kkL=h; in~?krhus
R;kaps laxksiu dsys tkrs- ckxk;rh {ks=kr ik.;kP;k vrh okijkeqGs
ik.kFkG vkf.k {kkjiM >kysY;k tfeuhr brj fids ?ks.ks Qk;ns'khj gksr
ukgh] v'kk osGh eRL; 'ksrh Qk;|kph Bjrs- ek'kkaP;k çek.ksp
xksMîk ik.;kP;k rG~;kr dksGachps mRiknu lqn~?kk dkgh
fBdk.kh ?ksrys tkrs-
lsafæ; 'ksrh
fidkaph vUuæO;kaph xjt tfeuhrwu Hkkxfoyh tkrs- okijY;k
xsysY;k vUuæO;kaps ekrhr iquHkZj.k dj.ks R;keqGs xjtsps
vkgs- mRiknu ok<hps mfí"V lk/; djrkuk vUuæO;kapk okijgh
eksBîk çek.kkr gksrks- ikykikpksGk tfeuhr dqtowu rkx fdaok
/kSapk ;kalkj[kh fgjoGhph fids tfeuhr xkMwu] 'ks.k[kr vkf.k
daiksLV [krkapk okij d:u] rlsp brj loZ çdkjps ouLifrtU; lsafæ;
inkFkZ tfeuhr felGwu vkf.k dqtowu okijysY;k vUuæO;kaps
iquHkZj.k djrkr- v'kk çdkjs vUuæO;kauh le`n~?k dsysY;k tfeuhr
tsOgk fids ?ksryh tkrkr R;kyk lsafæ; 'ksrh in~?krh vls lacks/k.;kr
;srs- lsafæ; 'ksrhrwu mRikfnr gks.kkj~;k;k /kkU;kph çr
mPpntkZph vlrs- loZ çdkjP;k jklk;fud [krkapk vkf.k dhVduk'kds o
jksxuk'kdkapk okij lsafæ; 'ksrhr dVk{kkus VkG.ks gh eq[; xjt
vkgs- jksx o dhM fu;a=.kklkBh ouLifrtU; jksxuk'kds o
dhVduk'kds oki:ugh xjt Hkkxfork ;srs-
jklk;fud 'ksrh[laiknu
Qä lsafæ; inkFkkaZpk okij d:u eksBîk çek.kkr mRiknu ok<hyk
e;kZnk ;srkr- dkj.k ekrhrhy vUuæO;kaph miyC/krk gkp çeq[k
vMlj vkgs- ;koj ekr dj.;klkBh jklk;fud [krkapk okij d:u vUuæO;s
lgti.ks miyC/k d:u fnyh tkrkr vkf.k mRiknu ok<foys tkrs- ;kpcjkscj
jksx vkf.k fdMhaP;k fu;a=.kklkBh jklk;fud dhVduk'kds vkf.k
jksxuk'kds okijyh tkrkr- v'kk çdkjP;k jklk;fud 'ksrh in~?krhr dkgh
dkG mRiknu ok<ysys fnlrs; ijarq mRikfnr /kkU;kph xq.koÙkk
deh >kysyh fnlwu ;srs- ;kf'kok; /kkU;ke/kwu ekuokP;k 'kjhjkr
tk.kkjh jklk;fud æO;s 'kjhjkoj ?kkrd ifj.kke djrkr-
gfjrx`gkrhy 'ksrh[laiknu
deh {ks=krwu tkLrhr tkLr mRiknu dk<.ks vkf.k tehu] gokeku]
m".krk] vknZzrk] vksykok bR;knhalkj[;k uSlfxZd ?kVdkaoj iw.kZ
fu;a=.k Bsowu tkLr vkfFkZd Qk;nk feGowu ns.kkj~;k uxnh
fidkaps mRiknu ?ks.;klkBh gfjrx`gkapk okij dsyk tkrks-
gfjrx`gkarhy 'ksrh gk vxnh vyhdMP;k dkGkrhy vfr'k; fo'ks"kh—r
'ksrhçdkj vkgs- gfjrx`g mHkkj.khlkBh yks[kaMh ikbipk lkaxkMk
vkf.k IyWfLVdP;k dkxnkpk okij dsyk tkrks- gfjrx`gkps vfu;af=r]
va'kr: fu;af=r vkf.k iw.kZ fu;af=r vls rhu çdkj vkgsr- tkLr vkfFkZd
Qk;nk ns.kkj~;kQqy'ksrhlkBh gfjrx`gkapk okij eksBîk çek.kkr
gksrks-
jksiokfVdk 'ksrh[laiknu
jksiokfVdk gh QGckx 'ksrh] Qqy'ksrh] Hkkthikyk 'ksrh ;k
çdkjP;k 'ksrhlkBh iwoZr;kjh Eg.kwu xjtsph vkgs- gh xjty{kkr
?ksÅu dkgh çxfr'khy 'ksrdjh Qä jksiokfVdsphp 'ksrh djrkr-
tfeuhph mÙke e'kkxr vkf.k Hkjiwj [krkapk okij d:u r;kj dsysY;k
'ksrkrfo'ks"k dkGth ?ksÅu osxosxG~;k QG>kMkaph o
Qqy>kMkaph dyes vkf.k jksis rlsp dkgh çdkjP;k HkkthikY;kaph
jksis jksiokfVdsr r;kj dsyh tkrkr- R;kaph foØh xjtw 'ksrdj~;kauk
d:u pkaxyk vkfFkZd Qk;nk gksr vlY;kus jksiokfVdkapk çlkj
>ikVîkus >kysyk vkgs-
fQjrh 'ksrh[laiknu
;k in~?krhuqlkj taxykpk dkgh Hkkx >kMs rksMwu otkGwu lkQ
djrkr- ;k tfeuhoj feJ fid in~?krhus fdaok Lora=i.ks osxosxGh fids
?ks.;kr ;srkr- nksu fdaok rhu o"ksZ 'ksrh dsY;koj tfeuhpk dldeh
>kY;keqGs mRiknu ?kVrs] Eg.kwu rh tkxk lksMwu nqlj~;k;k tkxh
'ksrh dj.;kr ;srs- m".k dfVca/kkrhy tkLr ikolkP;k çns'kkar v'kk
çdkjph 'ksrh :< vkgs- ;k 'ksrhyk ns'kijRos fujfujkGh ukos vkgsr-
Hkkjrkr 'ksrhph gh in~?kr fo'ks"ks d:u bZ'kkU; Hkkxkrhy vklke]
ef.kiwj] es?kky;] ukxky¡M] f=iqjk] v#.kkpy çns'k vkf.k fe>ksjke
rlsp vksfjlk o vka/k çns'k bR;knhae/;s foLr`r çek.kkoj vk<Gwu
;srs- Hkkjrkrgh v'kk çdkjP;k 'ksrhyk fujfujkGh ukos vkgsr-
ou'ksrh[laiknu
MksaxjkG çns'kkar tfeuh mFkG vkf.k gyD;k vlrkr- brj fidkaph
'ksrh v'kk tfeuhr fdQk;r'khj gksr ukgh- ikolkph vfuf'prrk vlsy rj
ou'ksrhyk i;kZ; jgkr ukgh- ygkuygku [kìs fdaok pj dk<wu R;kr
osxosxG~;k çdkjP;k >kMkaph jksis fdaok fc;k ykowu ou'ksrh
dsyh tkrs-Mksaxj mrkjkoj ou 'ksrhph ykxoM ljdkjh ;a=.ksekQZr
eksBîk çek.kkr dj.;kr ;srs- >kMs eksBh >kY;kuarj R;kapk okij
bekjrh ykdwMfdaok tGkÅ ykdwM Eg.kwu gksrks- i;kZoj.k
larqyukar ou'ksrh egÙokph vkgs-
'ksrh O;olk; m|ksx Eg.kwu djrkuk 'ksrhP;k ojhy fofo/k in~?krhapk
okij dsyk tkrks- Nan Eg.kwu 'ksrh dj.kkj~;kph la[;k y{kkr ?ksrk
R;kaph uksan ?ks.kslqn~?kk vko';d vkgs- 'ksrhpk Nan
tksikl.kkjs yksd ijlckxsr fdaok ?kjkP;k xPphoj 'ksrh djrkr-
ijlckxsrhy fdaok xPphojhy 'ksrhr lkekU;r% Hkkthikyk vkf.k Qqys
;kaps ?kjxqrh çek.kkoj fdaok ygku çek.kkoj mRiknu ?ksrk ;srs-
xPphojhy 'ksrh djrkuk rj vyhdMs ekrhfouk 'ksrh gh
in~?krlqn~?kk fodflr >kysyh vkgs- ;kr ekrh,soth otukus gyds
vlysys ijarq ouLirhauk ok<hlkBh iks"kd okrkoj.k ns.kkjs ^ j‚d oqy
* oki:u R;kr Hkkthikyk] Qqy>kMs] 'kksHksph >kMs b- ykoyh
tkrkr- Nan tksikl.;kcjkscjp ?kjxqrh xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh gh in~?kr
vfr'k; mi;qä vkgs-
'ksrhP;k in~?krh : vkrki;aZr fids vkf.k i'kq/ku ;k ?kVdkauh fu;af=r
vlysys 'ksrhps çdkj pfpZ.;kr vkys- tfeuhph ekydh o la?kVuk vkf.k
dk;Zokghph in~?krh ;kauqlkjgh 'ksrhps oxhZdj.k dj.;kr ;srs-
^'ksrhP;k in~?krh * Eg.kwu vksG[kys tk.kkjs çdkj vls : ¼ƒ½
fdlkuç/kku 'ksrh : ;kr oS;fädi.ks 'ksrdjh Lor%P;k in~?krhus 'ksrh
djrkr vkf.k vkiY;k 'ksrh O;olk;kps rsp O;oLFkkid vkf.k la?kVd
vlrkr-
¼„½ lgdkjh 'ksrh : ;k in~?krhr 'ksrhph loZP;k loZ fdaok dkgh
dkes gh vusd 'ksrdjh ,d= ;sÅu LosPNsus lgdkjh in~?krhus djrkr-
çR;sd 'ksrdj~;kpk vkiY;k 'ksrhojpk gDd dk;e vlrks- i.k ykxoMhP;k
dkeklkBh ,dp ifjek.k Eg.kwu vusd 'ksrdj~;kph tehu ,d= tksMyh
tkrs- lgdkjh 'ksrhps vf/kd pkaxys vls la;qä 'ksrh] lkewfgd 'ksrh b-
çdkj vkgsr- eksBîk çek.kkoj ykxoM dj.;kps fdR;sd Qk;ns ;k
lgdkjh 'ksrh in~?krhr vkgsr; ijarq oS;fäd mÙkstukpk vHkko
;klkj[ks dkgh rksVsgh ;k in~?krhr vkgsr-
¼…½ lkeqnkf;d 'ksrh : ;k in~?krhr ^ lewg lnL; * vkiyh Lor%ph
cgqrsd tehu vkf.k brj lk/kulkexh lkslk;VhP;k Lok/khu djrkr- gs
lnL; ,dk ^ loZlk/kkj.k O;oLFkkid eaMGk *P;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh
,df=ri.ks dke djrkr- dkekpk fnol gs ifjek.k /k:u lnL;kauk ekscnyk
fnyk tkrks- lnL;kaP;k eq[; mRiUukph ckc Eg.kts lewgkyk
feG.kkjk gaxke vkf.k lnL;kaP;k oS;fäd ekyeÙksrwu feG.kkjk
nq¸;e Lo:ikP;k mRiUukpk ygkulk Hkkx gh gks;- ;k çdkjph 'ksrh
in~?krh jf'k;kr vkf.k phue/;s FkksMîkQkj Qjdkus :< vkgs-
¼†½ HkkaMoyç/kku 'ksrh : HkkaMoykph vkf.k brj lk/kulkexhph
vok<O; çek.kkoj xqaro.kwd dj.;kP;k HkkaMoyh in~?krhoj gh
'ksrh vk/kkjysyh vlrs- [kktxh ekydhps vkf.k [kktxh jhrhus
pkyfoysys lk[kj dkj[kkU;kaps Ål eGs gs ;kps mnkgj.k gks;-
tehuekyd 'ksdMks ixkjh uksdj dkekyk ykorks vkf.k loZ uQk Lor%
Bsorks] vFkkZr R;krhy dkgh Hkkx rks dkexkjkauk mÙkstu
feGkos Eg.kwu [kpZgh djrks-
¼‡½ ljdkjh 'ksrh : ;kr ljdkj 'ksrhph O;oLFkk gh vkiyk Lor%pk
uksdj oxZ usewu fdaok vf/k—r eaMGkçek.ks ,[kkns O;oLFkkid
eaMG usewu ikgrs- ljdkjh ekydhps vkf.k ljdkjus pkyfoysY;k
vf/k—r eaMGkps vxnh vyhdMhy mnkgj.k Eg.kts egkjk"Vª
jkT;krhy ⇨ egkjk"Vª jkT; —f"k egkeaMG gh laLFkk gks;- Hkkjr
ljdkjus pkyfoysyh jktLFkkukrhy lqjrx< vkf.k tsVlj ;sFkhy
;kaf=dh—r 'ksrh gh ;k in~?krhP;k 'ksrhph mnkgj.ks gksr- ;kaf=d
'ksrh çdkjke/;s 'ksrhph cgqrsd loZ dkes ;a=kaP;k lkgk¸;kus
djowu ?ksryh tkrkr- Hkkjrkr ;k çdkjkyk oko rlk dehp vlyk rjh
çk;ksfxd rÙokoj jktLFkkue/;s ojhy nksu fBdk.kh ;k 'ksrh
in~?krhph lq#okr dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs
 4-3'ksrhyk ik.kh ns.;kP;k i)rh
ikjaifjd i)rh
jgkVxkMxs & jgkV vkf.k xkMxh feGwu gh ;a=.kk curs Eg.kwu
fryk jgkVxkMxs Eg.krkr- jsMk fdaok cSy ykowu jgkVxkMxs
fQjoys tkrs- fofgjhP;k rksaMkoj ,d vkMok oklk Bsoysyk vlrks-
R;k ok'kkP;k vk/kkjkus ,d eksBs ykdMh pØ cloysys vlrs- rs
mHks fQ: 'kdsy v'kh O;oLFkk vlrs- R;k pØkyk jgkV Eg.krkr- ;k
jgkVkP;k enrhus xkMX;kaph ,d ekG xksyxksy fQjsy v'kh cloysyh
vlrs- fQjrkuk gh xkMxh ik.;kr cqMrkr o oj ;srkuk ik.;kus Hkjrkr-
jgkVko:u [kkyh tkrkuk gh xkMxh myVh gksÅu R;kr Hk:u vkysys
ik.kh ,dk iUgkGhr ikMys tkrs o ;k iUgkGhus 'ksrhyk ik.kh fnys
tkrs-
eksV & eksV Eg.kts pkeMîkph ,d eksBh fi'koh- iwohZ fofgjhps
ik.kh milwu 'ksrhyk ns.;klkBh eksV okijyh tk;ph- nksj[kaMkyk
cka/kwu eksV fofgjhr lksMrkr o ik.;kus HkjY;koj cSykP;k lgk¸;kus
fryk oj vks<wu R;krys ik.kh iUgkGhr Vkdwu R;k}kjs 'ksrhyk fnys
tkrs

4-4 gokeku vankt ihd O;oLFkkiu

gokeku vanktkuqlkj ihd O;oLFkkiu
gokeku vanktkP;k ek/;ekrwu 'ksrdj~;kauk ihd O;oLFkkiu i)rhpk
voyac djrk ;kok ;kdfjrk M‚- iatkcjko ns'keq[k —"kh fo|kihBkr
,dkfRed —"kh gokeku lYyk lsok dsaæ gk çdYi vkgs-
R;kek/;ekrwu 'ksrdj~;kauk ;sR;k vkBoMîkrhy gokekukpk vankt
vkf.k R;k ifjfLFkrhuqlkj mik; ;kstukaph ekfgrh fnyh tkrs- R;kdfjrk
"वxzks वMOgk;>jh cqysfVu' —"kh fo|k foHkkxkekQZr çlkfjr
dsys tkrs- 'ksrdj~;kauk R;kvk/kkjs ifjfLFkrhuq:i fidkps O;oLFkkiu
dj.ks 'kD; gksrs- isj.kh] [kr O;oLFkkiu] ihd laj{k.k] flapu vknh
ckchalkBh gk lYyk 'ksrdj~;kauk Qk;ns'khj Bjrks-
R;kpk ykHk vH;kld] —"kh fo"k;kps fo|kFkhZ] la'kks/kd ?ksÅ
'kdrkr- vyhdMP;k dkGkr vioknkRed fLFkrhr [kjhi gaxkekr
fidklkBh iqjslk vksykok miyC/k vlysys fnol deh gksÅ ykxys
vkgsr] R;keqGs fidk}kjs uSlfxZd ?kVdkapk okij deh gksÅu
fidkpk dkyko/kh o mRiknu deh gksr vlY;kps fun'kZukl vkys vkgs-
jCch gaxkekr mf'kjk isj.khr ihd nk.ks Hkj.;kP;k dkyko/khr vf/kd
rkiekukyk cGh iMrs] R;kpkgh ifj.kke mRikndrsoj gksrks- Hkfo";kr
gokekukrhy cnykapk vH;kl d:u 'ksrdj~;kauk 'ksrh djkoh ykxsy-
R;k ik'kZ~oHkwehoj ;ksX; ok.kkaph fuoM] ihd isj.khrhy osGsr
cny] ihd O;oLFkkiu] ihd i)rh] tfeuhrhy lsafæ; ?kVdkaps çek.k
ok<fo.ks] ty o e`n la/kkj.kkP;k fofo/k mipkjkarwu tfeuhrhy
vksykok fVdowu Bso.ks ;klkj[ks mik; Qk;ns'khj Bjrkr-
 'ksrh {ks=klkBh egÙokpk gokeku vkf.k fidkpk foek

ns'kkP;k ,dw.k vkfFkZd mRiUukr 'ksrh {ks=kpk okVk Ġ VDds

vkgs vkf.k ikÅl deh >kY;kl 'ksrh mRiUukoj o i;kZ;kus ,danj
vFkZO;oLFksoj y{k.kh; ifj.kke gksrks-
ns'kkP;k ,dw.k vkfFkZd mRiUukr 'ksrh {ks=kpk okVk Ġ VDds
vkgs vkf.k ikÅl deh >kY;kl 'ksrh mRiUukoj o i;kZ;kus ,danj
vFkZO;oLFksoj y{k.kh; ifj.kke gksrks- HkkjrkP;k ,dw.k
yksdla[;siSdh ,dw.k rhu iapeka'k xzkeh.k yksdkauk ;k {ks=k}kjs
mnjfuokZg iqjoyk tkrks-
HkkSxksfyd–"V;k Hkkjrkrhy lokZr foLr`r {ks= Eg.ktsp 'ksrh gh
gokeku fLFkrhoj çkeq[;kus voyacwu vlrs- ykxoMh[kkyhy
cgqrka'k Hkkx ikolkoj voyacwu vlY;keqGs 'ksrh mRiUukyk lrr
/kksdk vlrks vkf.k 'ksrhoj >kysyk dks.krkgh ifj.kke FksV ns'kkP;k
vFkZO;oLFksoj gksrks-
'ksrh mRiUukP;k oSfo/;koj dhM iM.ks] ikÅl] rkieku] vkæZrk
;kalkj[;k gokekukP;k ?kVdkarhy cnykapk vuisf{kr ifj.kke gksr
vlrks- ikolkph derjrk fdaok vfro`"VheqGs 'ksrh {ks=kyk nq"dkG
fdaok iqjklkj[ks /kksdsgh laHkorkr- v'kk çdkjP;k rhoz ifjfLFkrhrp
uOgs rj nSuafnu okrkoj.kkrgh 'ksrhyk cjsp /kksds vlrkr-
gokekukrhy cnykapk lxG~;kp 'ksrh lektkyk rksVk lgu djkok
ykxrks- tyflapukP;k lks;hapk vHkko] vk/kqfud 'ksrh ra=s miyC/k
ul.ks ;keqGs gh leL;k vk.k[kh rhoz gksrs- ;keqGs 'ksrh lektkP;k
xzkeh.k dtkZojgh ifj.kke gksrks- nq"dkGh o"kkZr fidkaP;k
dtkZojhy O;kt QsM.;kl 'ksrdjh vleFkZ&dkgh çek.kkr fu#Rlkgh
vlrkr vkf.k iSls Hkj.;kpk dkyko/kh cnywu ?ksrkr-
gokekukeqGs O;olk;krhy vkdMsokjhoj ifj.kke gksrks vkf.k
'ksoVh O;olk;krhy u¶;kps xf.kr dksyeMrs- v'kk ifjfLFkrhiklwu
'ksrh lektkps j{k.k dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- 'ksrh {ks=k'kh lacaf/kr
/kksD;kaiklwu 'ksrh lektkps j{k.k dj.;klkBh tujy foek daiU;kadMs
fofo/k mRiknus vlrkr- xzkeh.k Hkkjr ,danj vFkZO;oLFkspk çeq[k
?kVd vlY;keqGs xzkeh.k foek HkkjrkP;k thousrj foek
daiU;kalkBh egÙokpk O;olk; vkgs-
yksdla[;spk eksBk Hkkx ns'kkarxZr 'ksrh mRiknukoj voyacwu
vlY;keqGs 'ksrh mRikndkauk R;kaP;k O;olk;krhy /kksD;kaiklwu
okpo.ks xjtsps vkgs- xzkeh.k yksdla[;slkBh fofo/k foek mRiknus
miyC/k vlwu 'ksrh foek 'ksrh lektkyk xjtsps vlysys lqj{kk dop
iqjors- 'ksrh mRikndkauqlkj xzkeh.k foE;kps nksu foHkkaxkr
oxhZdj.k dsys tkrs& gokeku foek vkf.k fidkpk foek-

gokeku foek& gokeku foek ;kstuk gokekukrhy cnykafojks/kkr

lqj{kk dop nsrks- rkieku] ok&;kpk osx] ikÅl] vkæZrk v'kk
gokekukarhy ?kVdkae/;s gks.kk&;k cnykaeqGs gks.kkjk rksVk
;k foE;karxZr dOgj gksrks-

gokeku foE;ke/;s 'ksrhe/kys fofo/k ?kVd dOgj gksrkr- mnk-

'ksrdjh] c¡d vkf.k foÙkh; laLFkk/ 'ksrhlkBh dtZiqjoBk dj.kk&;k
daiU;k/ fcxj 'ksrh gaxkeh dkedkt& T;kaps iSls gokekukrhy
fLFkrheqGs ns.ks 'kD; gksr ukgh- ;k ;kstuse/;s dOgj gks.kk&;k
xks"Vh-

okij.;kr vkysY;k lkfgR;kph fdaer& ;ke/;s fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd

çns'kkr fof'k"V dkyko/khnjE;ku vko';d gokekukr >kysY;k
cnykaeqGs deh >kysys 'ksrh mRiknu dOgj gksrs-

LVªkbd baMsDle/kwu fujhf{kr gokeku baMsDluqlkj gokekukr

>kysY;k cnykaeqGs 'ksrh fdaok fcxj vkfFkZd miØekaph
ok<.kkjh fdaer jCch fids ¼fgokG~;kr ykxoM dsyh tk.kkjh o olar
_rwr dk<yh tk.kkjh fids½ dk<.khP;k ekxkZoj vlwu 'ksrd&;kauk
FkaMh] okjs] vfro`"Vh ;kaiklwu fidkaps laj{k.k d:u iq<hy rksVk
VkG.ks 'ksrd&;kalkBh xjtsps vkgs-

gokekukoj vk/kkfjr ihd foek ;kstusrQsZ ¼MCY;wchlhvk;,l½

fidkaP;k pØknjE;ku gokekukrhy cnykaeqGs 'ksrd&;kaps >kysys
uqdlku Hk:u fnys tkrs- rksVk >kY;kl ;kstusr mYys[k dsysyh
gokekukph fLFkrh] tek dsysyh ekfgrh ;kuqlkj HkjikbZph jDde
Bjoyh tkrs vkf.k Lora= daiuhrQsZ gkrkGyh tkrs-

ihd foek& 'ksrh mRiknukrhy FkksM;k'kk Qjdkusgh laiw.kZ

vFkZO;oLFksoj ifj.kke gksrks- dhM iM.ks] ikÅl] rkieku] vkæZrk
vls gokekukrhy cny ;kapk 'ksrh mRiknukoj FksV ifj.kke gksrks-
;keqGs 'ksrh mRiknus o R;krwu gksÅ 'kd.kkjk rksVk lqjf{kr dj.ks
xjtsps vkgs-

;k ;kstukae/;s% ulíxd vkx vkf.k oht iM.ks] oknG] xkjihV]

pØhoknG] oknGh mRikr] >a>kokr] iwj] tehu [kp.ks] nq"dkG]
ik.;kps nqfHkZ{k] dhM/vktkj iM.ks- deh ikÅl fdaok rhoz
gokekukeqGs isj.kh ykxoM dj.ks 'kD; u >kY;kl dki.khuarj >kysyk
rksVk-
 Hkkjrkrhy çeq[k —"kh leL;k vkf.k R;kaps laHkkO;
mik;

[kkyhyiSdh dkgh çeq[k leL;k vkf.k R;kaP;k laHkkO;

mik;;kstukaoj ppkZ dsyh xsyh vkgs- Hkkjrh; 'ksrh vusd
leL;kaeqGs =Lr vkgs; R;kiSdh dkgh uSlfxZd vkgsr vkf.k dkgh brj
ekuofufeZr vkgsr-

1- ygku vkf.k rqVysyh tehu & gksfYMaXl%

,dw.k 141-2 n'ky{k gsDVj {ks=krhy fuOoG isj.kh {ks= vkf.k 18 9 -
7 n'ky{k gsDVj ¼1 999&2000½ ,dw.k ykxoMh[kkyhy {ks=QG
egÙoiw.kZ vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs rsOgk rs vkfFkZd–"Vîk vLoPN
ygku vkf.k fo[kqjysys gksfYMaXle/;s foHkkxys tkrs-

lu 1 997 &71 e/;s gksfYMaxps ljkljh vkdkj 2-28 gsDVj gksrs ts 1

980&81 e/;s 1-82 gsDVj vkf.k 1 995&9 6 e/;s 1-50 gsDVj gksrs-
gksfYMaxpk vkdkj tfeuhP;k gksfYMaXlP;k vuar mifoHkkxklg
deh gksbZy-

dsjG] if'pe caxky] fcgkj vkf.k mÙkj çns'kP;k iwosZdMhy

Hkkxklkj[;k ?kursus o eksBîk çek.kkoj ykxoM >kysY;k 'ksrhae/;s
ygku vkf.k fo[kafMr gksfYMaxph leL;k vf/kd xaHkhj vkgs ftFks
tfeuhps ljkljh vkdkj ,d gsDVjis{kk deh vkgs vkf.k dkgh
Hkkxkae/;s rs deh vkgs vxnh 0-5 gsDVj-

jktLFkku fo'kky okGwP;k fduk;kZlg vkf.k ukxky¡MP;k l/;kP;k

^>we^ ¼'ksrhph 'ksrh½ lg vuqØes 4 vkf.k 7-15 gsDVj ,o<h
eksBh vkdkjkph vkgs- iatkc] gfj;k.kk] egkjk"Vª] xqtjkr] dukZVd
vkf.k e/;çns'k ;klkj[;k fuOoG isj.khP;k {ks=kaps çek.k jk"Vªh;
ljkljhis{kk tkLr vkgs-

iq<s 1 99 0&9 1 e/;s 5 9 VDds /kkj.k eksBîk çek.kkoj ¼1

gsDVjis{kk deh½ ,dw.k ,dw.k {ks=kP;k 14-9 VDds brds gksrs-
vk.k[kh 1 9 VDds ygku gksfYMaXt ¼1&2 gsDVj½ ,dw.k v‚ijsV
dsysY;k {ks=kr 17-3 VDds gksrs-
eksBîk gksfYMaXl ¼10 gsDVjis{kk tkLr½ ,dw.k gksfYMaxiSdh
dsoG 1-6 VDds gksrk ijarq v‚ijsV dsysY;k {ks=kps 17-4 VDds
¼Vscy 22-1½ >kdysys gksrs- Eg.kwu] ygku 'ksrdjh] e/;e 'ksrdjh
¼'ksrdjh xV½ vkf.k eksBîk 'ksrdjh ¼tehunkj½ ;kaP;ke/;s eksBk
varj vkgs-

;k nq%[kn ?kVukalkBh eq[; dkj.k Eg.kts vkeps okjlk dk;ns-

ofMykaph tehu R;kaP;k eqykacjkscj frrdhp forfjr dsyh tkrs-
tfeuhps gs forj.k laxzg fdaok ,df=r dsysys ukgh] ijarq R;kps Lo:i
fo[kafMr vkgs-

osxosxG~;k VªWDV~le/;s çtuu{kersps fofo/k Lrj vlrkr vkf.k

R;kuqlkj forfjr dsys tkrkr- tj nksu csVs vlrhy rj nksu csVs forjhr
dsY;k tkrhy rj nksUgh eqykapk çR;sd tfeuhP;k tfeuhrhy ygku
Hkw[kaM feGrhy- v'kk çdkjs çR;sd mÙkh.kZ fi<hlg gksfYMaXl
ygku vkf.k vf/kd [kafMr gksrkr-

gksfYMaXtph lc&fMfOgtu vkf.k ÝWxesaVs'ku vkeP;k 'ksrhP;k

'ksrh mRikndrk vkf.k vkeP;k 'ksrhph ekxkloxhZ; fLFkrh eq[;
dkj.kkaiSdh ,d vkgs- fc;k.ks] [kr] midj.ks vkf.k tukojkauk ,d
rqdMîkrwu nqlj~;k fBdk.kh gyfo.;kr iq"dG osG o Je O;FkZ vkgs-

v'kk ygku vkf.k [kafMr 'ksrkaoj flapu dBh.k gksrs- f'kok;] lhek
iqjfo.;ke/;s Hkjiwj mitkÅ 'ksrh tehu O;FkZ >kyh vkgs- v'kk
ifjfLFkrhr 'ksrdjh lq/kkj.kk dj.;koj y{k dsafær d: 'kdr ukgh-

;k fVfDy'k leL;spk ,deso mÙkj gk gksfYMaxpk ,d=hdj.k vkgs

T;kpk vFkZ ÝWxesaV dsysY;k gksfYMaXlph iqufoZrj.k Eg.kts
çR;sd 'ksrd&;kP;k rkC;kr vlysY;k iWpP;k tkxh dsoG ,d fdaok
dkgh iklZy-

i.k nqnSZokus] ;k ;kstusr Qkjlk ;'k vkys ukgh- gksfYMaXlps

,d=hdj.kklkBh dk;ns toGikl loZ jkT;ka}kjs dsys xsys vlys rjh rs
Qä iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkf.k mÙkj çns'kP;k dkgh Hkkxkr ykxw dsys
xsys vkgs-

1 99 0&9 1 i;aZr iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkf.k if'pe mÙkj çns'ke/;s lqekjs

45 n'ky{k gksfYMaXl ,df=r dsys xsys vkgsr- ;k leL;spk nqljk mik;
lgdkjh 'ksrh vkgs T;ke/;s 'ksrdjh R;kaps L=ksr iwy djrkr vkf.k
uQk 'ksvj djrkr-

2- fc;k.ks
mPp ihd mRiknu feGfo.;klkBh vkf.k 'ksrh mRiknukr lrr ok<
gks.;klkBh fc;k.ks ,d egÙokps vkf.k ewyHkwr buiqV vkgs-
fc;k.ks r;kj dsY;kus fuf'pr xq.koÙkk fc;k.ks forj.kkl egÙoiw.kZ
vkgs- nqnSZokus] pkaxY;k çrhps fc;k.ks cgqrsd 'ksrd;kaZe/khy]
[kkld#u ygku vkf.k fdjdksG 'ksrd&;kaP;k ikspkais{kk pkaxys
vkgsr dkj.k pkaxY;k fc;k.;kaP;k fdaerh tkLr vkgsr-

;k leL;sps fujkdj.k dj.;klkBh] Hkkjr ljdkj 1 9 63 e/;s jk"Vªh; fc;k.ks

egkeaMG ¼,u,llh½ vkf.k 1 9 6 9 e/;s LVsV QkeZlZ d‚iksZjs'ku
v‚Q bafM;k ¼,l,Qlhvk;½ LFkkiu dsyh- lq/kkfjr iqjoBk ok<o.;klkBh
rsjk jkT; fc;k.ks egkeaMG ¼,l,llh½ ns[khy LFkkiu dj.;kr vkys-
'ksrd;kaZuk fc;k.ks
ns'kkrhy vUu/kkU; mRiknu ok<fo.;klkBh çeq[k tksjnkj ;kstuk
Eg.kwu 1 966&67 e/;s gk; ;hfYMax fofo/krk dk;ZØe
¼,pok;Oghih½ lq: dj.;kr vkyk-

Hkkjrh; fc;k.ks m|ksxkus iwohZP;k dkGkr Nku fodkl n'kZfoyk

gksrk vkf.k 'ksrh mRiknukP;k ok<hlkBh iq<hy laHkkO; {kerk
çnku dj.;kph vis{kk vkgs% fc;k.ks m|ksxkph Hkwfedk dsoG
;ksX; çek.kkr fc;k.ks r;kj dj.ksp uOgs rj fofo/k —"kh& ns'kkrhy
gokeku gokeku-

i‚fylh LVsVesaV~l Hkkjrh; 'ksrd&;kauk iqjs'kh miyC/k dj.;klkBh

fn'ksus r;kj dj.;kr vkys vkgsr
3- —"kh foi.ku
xzkeh.k Hkkjrkr vtwugh —"kh foi.ku okbZV fLFkrhr vkgs- /ouh
foi.ku lqfo/kk ulrkuk] 'ksrd&;kauk LFkkfud 'ksrdjh vkf.k
e/;eoxhZ;kadMs R;kaP;k 'ksrh mRiknukaP;k foYgsokV yko.ks
vko';d vkgs ts FkdY;k tk.kk;kZ fdaerhoj fodys tkrs-

c;kZp ckcrhr] ;k 'ksrd&;kauk R;kaP;k mRiknukapk =kl lgu

dj.;klkBh] lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrhr] läh dsyh tkrs- c;kZp ygku
xkokae/;s] 'ksrdjh vkiys mRiknu iS'kkaP;k dtkZdMs fodrkr
T;kaP;kdMwu rs lkekU;r% iSls ?ksrkr-

,dk vanktkuqlkj mÙkj çns'kkrhy 85 VDds xgw vkf.k 75 VDds

rsyfc;k] if'pe caxkye/khy 9 0 VDds twV] 70 VDds rsyfc;k vkf.k
iatkce/;s 35 VDds dkiwl 'ksrdj~;kauh Lor%p xkokr fodys vkgs- -
xjhc 'ksrd;kaZuk R;kaP;k fidkaph ykxoM >kY;kuarj nh?kZ dkG
çrh{kk dj.;kph vleFkZrk vlY;keqGs v'kh ifjfLFkrh mn~Hkoyh-
vkiY;k opuc)rsyk iw.kZ dj.;klkBh vkf.k R;kps dtZ Hkj.;klkBh xjhc
'ksrdj~;kus R;kyk fnysY;k fdaerhoj mRiknu foØh dj.;kl Hkkx
ikMys tkrs- xzkeh.k ir losZ{k.k vgokykus vxnh ;ksX;fjR;k vls
Hkk"; dsys dh mRiknd loZlk/kkj.ki.ks R;kaps mRiknu çfrdwy
fBdk.kh vkf.k çfrdwy osGh fodrkr vkf.k lglk R;kauk çfrdwy vVh
feGrkr-

,d la?kfVr foi.ku lajpuk ulrkuk [kktxh O;kikjh vkf.k e/;eoxhZ; 'ksrh

mRiknukaps foi.ku o O;kikjkoj opZLo xktorkr- e/;LFkka}kjs çnku
dsysY;k lsokaps ikfjJfed xzkgdkaojhy Hkkj ok<ors] rjhgh
fuekZR;kyk leku ykHk feGr ukgh-

c;kZp cktkjisBsrhy losZ{k.kkr vls fnlwu vkys vkgs dh] e/;eoxhZ;

rkanwG fdaerhP;k 48 VDds] HkqbZewP;k fdaerhP;k 52 VDds
vkf.k xzkgdkauh fnysY;k cVkVîkps 60 VDds Hkkx dk<wu
?ksrkr-

'ksrd&;kauk iSls dtZnkj vkf.k e/;eoxhZ; yksdkaP;k iGokVkaiklwu

okpo.;klkBh] fu;eu dsysY;k cktkjisBsr ljdkj vkysyh vkgs- ;k
cktkjisBsr lkekU;r% Li/kkZRed [kjsnhph O;oLFkk] xSjO;ogkj
fuewZyuklkBh enr dj.ks] ekudh—r otu vkf.k mik;kapk okij lqfuf'pr
dj.ks vkf.k fooknkaps fujkdj.k dj.;klkBh mi;qä ;a=.kk fodflr dj.ks
;keqGs mRiknd 'kks"k.kkP;k v/khu ulrkr vkf.k ifj.kkedkjd fdaerh
çkIr djrkr-

4- viqjs LVksjst lqfo/kk%

xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy LVksjst lqfo/kk ,drj iw.kZi.ks vuqifLFkr vkgsr
fdaok ,dw.k vi;kZIr vkgsr- v'kk ifjfLFkrhr 'ksrd;kaZuk l/;kP;k
cktkjisBsrhy fdaerh deh >kY;kuarj dki.khuarj rkcMrksc R;kaps
mRiknu fod.;kl Hkkx ikMys tkrs- v'kk çdkjP;k foØ;eqGs 'ksrdjh
R;kaP;k dk;ns'khj mRiUukiklwu oafpr gksrkr-

iklZ dfeVhus vankt ykoyk dh] dki.khuarjP;k uqdlkukpk nj 9 -3

VDds vkgs] T;kiSdh 6-6 VDds dsoG [kjkc LVksjstP;k
ifjfLFkrheqGs >kys- Eg.kwup uqdlku VkG.;klkBh vkf.k
'ksrd;kaZuk vkf.k xzkgdkauk frrdsp Qk;nk dj.;klkBh oSKkfud
LVksjst vR;ar vko';d vkgs-

l/;k osvjgkÅflax vkf.k LVksjst vWfDVfOgVhte/;s xqarysyh ,tUlh

vkgsr- Hkkjrh; [kk| vUu egkeaMG ¼,Qlhvk;½] lsaVªy
osvjgkÅflax d‚iksZjs'ku ¼lhMCY;wlh½ vkf.k LVsV osvjgkÅflax
d‚iksZjs'ku gs dk;Zjr vlysY;k ,tUlhte/;s lkehy vkgsr- gh ,tUlh cQj
LV‚d r;kj dj.;kr enr djrkr] th vko';drsP;k osGh okijyh tkÅ 'kdrs- 1 9
7 9 &80 iklwu xzkeh.k xksnkekaP;k jk"Vªh; fxzMph LFkkiuk
dj.;klkBh dsaæ ljdkj gh ;kstuk jkcor vkgs-

gh ;kstuk 'ksrd&;kauk R;kaP;k 'ksrkadMs vkf.k [kkld#u ygku

vkf.k fdjdksG 'ksrd&;kaP;kdMs LVksjst lqfo/kk iqjors- xzkeh.k
Hkkxkrhy vfrfjä lkBo.k lqfo/kkaoj dk;Zjr xVkus 'ksrhfo"k;d
lektkP;k vkfFkZd LoHkkoklkBh xzkeh.k LVksjst lsaVlZps
usVodZ LFkkfir dj.;kph ,d ;kstuk f'kQkjl dsyh vkgs-
5- HkkaMoykph derjrk%
—"kh gk ,d egÙokpk m|ksx vkgs vkf.k brj loZ m|ksxkaçek.ks
R;kyk HkkaMoy ns[khy vko';d vkgs- 'ksrh ra=KkukP;k çxrhlg
HkkaMoy buiqVph Hkwfedk vf/kdkf/kd egRokph gksr vkgs-
'ksrd;kaZph jkt/kkuh R;kaP;k tfeuh vkf.k 'ksvlZe/;s y‚d
>kY;kiklwu 'ksrh mRiknukph xfr ok<o.;klkBh iSls m/kkj ns.;kph
R;kauk vkLFkk vkgs-

'ksrd&;kauk iSls iqjo.kkjs eq[; iqjoBknkj Eg.kts iS'kkaps dtZnkj]

O;kikjh vkf.k dfe'ku ,taV vlrkr ts mPp O;kt nj vkdkjrkr vkf.k —"kh
mRiknukaph fdaer deh fdaerhr [kjsnh djrkr- v‚y bafM;k :jy
ØsfMV losZ dfeVhus vls nk[kowu fnys dh 1 9 50&51 e/;s
xzkeh.k dtkZpk okVk 68-6 VDds brdk gksrk vkf.k 1 975 &76 e/;s
R;kaps 'ksvlZ 'ksrdj~;kaP;k xjtk 43 VDD;kao:u deh >kys-

;krwu gs fnlwu ;srs dh iS'kkapk dtkZpk tfeuhr ijkHko gksr vkgs

ijarq v|ki 'ksrh irla[;spk lokZr eksBk okVk vkgs- xzkeh.k dtZ
ifjfLFkrhr y{k.kh; cny >kyk vkgs vkf.k dsaæh; lgdkjh c¡dk] jkT;
lgdkjh c¡dk] def'kZ;y c¡dk] lgdkjh irlaLFkk vkf.k dkgh ljdkjh ,tUlht
laLFkkRed ,tUlhtuk lksI;k vVhaoj dtkZpk foLrkj djhr vkgsr-

c;kZp o"kkaZiklwu 'ksrhlkBh laLFkkRed ir çokgkP;k çokge/;s

fLFkj ok< >kyh vkgs -
4-7 gokeku cnyklkBh 'ksrhfo"k;d miØekaps ;ksxnku

Fk‚uZVu vkf.k fyij ;kaP;kuqlkj 'ksrh 30% ,uFkzksikstsfud

th,pth mRltZukr ;ksxnku nsrs- fodkl'khy ns'kkae/;s rhu&pkSFkk
'ksrh th,pth mRltZu gksrks vkf.k 2050 i;aZr gk fgLlk 80% is{kk
vf/kd ok<w 'kdrks - ,Q,vksP;k vuqlkj ] fodkl'khy ns'kkae/khy
vgoky 2001&2011 ¼14%½ iklwu th,pth mRltZukr y{k.kh; ok<
vkgs] ,dw.k 'ksrh mRiknukaP;k foLrkjkeqGs ok< >kyh vkgs-
bfFk;ksfi;ke/;s fo'ks"kr%] 'ksrhe/kwu th,pth mRltZu lqekjs 80]
gksrs- tkxfrd yksdla[;k vkf.k vUu ekx.kh ok<w ykxY;keqGs] 'ksrh
{ks=krhy ,dw.k th,pth mRltZu dkykarjkus ok<sy-

'ksrh FksV vkf.k vçR;{k mRltZu r;kj djrs- FksV mRlftZr —f=e
ekrh vkf.k i'kq/ku [krkadMwu ;srkr- vçR;{k m"ekad deh
gks.;kiklwu vkf.k [krkapk vH;kl dj.;kiklwu] tfeuhP;k okijkrhy
cnykae/kwu mRltZu] e'khuhdj.k] okgrwd vkf.k —f"k&jklk;fud
vkf.k [krkaP;k mRiknuklkBh thok'e ba/kukapk okij djrkr - lokZr
egÙokps vçR;{k mRltZu uSlfxZd ouLirh vkf.k oU; dVkbZ vkf.k
tfeuhph ?kV ;klg ikjaifjd tehu okijkae/;s cny vkgs- bfcdsy
bfFk;ksfi;krhy oU; okrkoj.kkpk eq[; dkj.k oU; dVkbZ ¼'ksrh foLrkj
vkf.k ba/ku ykdMklkBh½ vk<Grks- xgu ykxoM gh ikjaikfjd tehu
okij i/nrhaiSdh ,d vkgs T;ke/;s tehu lrr O;R;; vk.krs- ,lvks,e vkf.k
e`nk {kj.k P;k fo?kVu ;keqGs lh 2 mRltZu ok<rs-
tkxfrd c¡dsP;k ] uqlkj] —"kh tkxfrd mRltZukiSdh fuEes
;ksxnku nsrs-
  çdj.k- ‡
‡ - ƒ fu"d"kZ
‡- „ mik;;kstuk
‡ - … lkjka'k
‡ - † ç'ukoyh
 5- 1 fu"d"kZ
Hkkjr gk 'ksrhç/kku ns'k vkgs- ns'kkph laiw.kZ le`)h gh 'ksrh'kh
fuxfMr gksrh o vktgh vkgs- ns'kkrhy ˆå is{kk tkLr turk
[ksMksikMh jkgrs- ;k yksdkapk eq[; O;olk; gk 'ksrh fdaok
'ksrh'kh fuxfMr O;olk;ka'kh tksMysyk vkgs- iwohZ ,d Eg.k :<
gksrh] rh v'kh dh] ^^mÙke 'ksrh] e/;e O;kikj vkf.k dfu"B uksdjh-**
vFkkZrp] 'ksrdjh gk lokZr eksB;k ekukpk /kuh gksrk-
vkiyh egkjk"Vªkph 'ksrh eksBeksB;k m|ksx/kan;kauk dPpk eky
iqjfo.;kpk eq[; L=ksr vkgs- dkiM vkf.k T;qV] lk[kj] ouLirh rsy
bR;knh m|ksx vkgsr- ts vçR;{kjhR;k 'ksrhoj voyacwu vkgsr-
vkiY;k ns'kkrhy NksVsNksVs dqVhjm|ksx mnkgj.kkFkZ] gkrekx]
rsyfc;k] Hkkrfxj.;k bR;knh dPP;k ekykdfjrk 'ksrhoj voyacwu vlrkr-
vkiY;k ns'kkP;k yksdthouke/;s 'ksrhyk vuU;lk/kkj.k egÙo
vukf/kdkGkiklwu ns.;kr vkysys vlwu eksgsu&tks&nMks o gMIik
;k fBdk.kh >kysY;k mR[kuukr /kkU;kph dksBkjs lkiMysyh vkgsr-
lqekjs ikp gtkj o"kkZiwohZP;k ;k laL— rhe/;s 'ksrh O;olk;kyk
egÙokps LFkku feGkysys gksrs] gs R;ko:u fl) gksrs- ek.klkP;k
thouekukr T;k lq/kkj.kk ?kMwu vkY;k R;krwup vktpk lekt fuekZ.k
>kysyk vkgs gs ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- lektkP;k tM.k?kM.khe/;s
dkyP;k 'ksrhpk vR;ar egÙokpk okVk vkgs fol:u pky.kkj ukgh-

5-2 mik;;kstuk
taxyka[kkyhy {ks= 33 VDds ok<fo.ks vko';d vkgs-
lksyj ,uthZpk okij ok<o.ks vko';d vkgs- miyC/k lw;Zçdk'kkpk
iqjsiwj okij djko;kl gok-
foaM ,uthZoj ohtfufeZrh dj.;koj Hkj nsÅu l/;kpk ba/kuokij deh
djrk ;sbZy-
IyWfLVdpk okij dehr deh djko;kl gok-
'ksrh {ks=kr uohu tkrhaoj la'kks/ku d:u] ok<R;k rkiekukl cGh u
iM.kkj~;k tkrhaph ykxoM ok<okoh ykxsy
 5- 3 lkjka'k
vkiY;k Hkkjrns'kkyk fulxkZuh veki ojnku fnys vkgs - i.k rjh fg
vkEgkyk R;kph tk.kho ukgh - ns'k Lora= >kyk rsOgk …‡ dksVh
yksdla[;k gksrh vkrk ƒ„ƒ dksVh vkgs xjhc Jhearkrhy njh ok<r
vkgs - 'ksrh vkf.k 'ksrhoj vk/kkjysY;k m|ksxkph fLFkrh okbZV
vkgs- R;koj Bksl mik; ;kstus vkrk xjt cuyh vkgs 'ksrh ulwu
tso.kekxZ vkgs- ga ekuk;yk dks.kh r;kj ukgh - R;keqZGs ƒ‹‹ƒ
uarj vkysyk ykVhr 'ksrh o 'ksrdj;kapk fVdko ykxyk ukgh- ifj.kkeh
lektkpk loZp LFkjkoj 'ksrh 'ksrdj~;kph çfr"Bk deh gksr xsyh

5- 4 ç'ukoyh
1- Hkkjrkrhy çeq[k O;olk; dks.krk \
2- Hkkjrkrhy gokeku dks.krk çdkjps vkgs \
3- Hkkjrkrys _rwps çeq[k çdkj dks.krs \
4- gokeku cnykpk ekuokpk vkjksX;koj ifj.kke gksrks dk \
5- Hkkjrkrhy gfjrØkarheqGs 'ksrhrhy mRiknu ok<ys vkgs dk \
6- gfjrØkarh dks.kR;k jkT;kr >kyh -\
7- Hkkjrkrhy jCch gaxkekrhy ihd dks.krs\
8- Hkkjrkrhy [kjhc gaxkekrhy ihd dks.krs\
9- Hkkr 'ksrh lkBh dks.kR;k çdkjps gokeku pkxys vkgs \
10- tkxfrd rkieku gokeku cnykeqGs ok<r vkgs dk \gks; fdaok
ukgh -
11- gokekukr cny gks.;kps çeq[k dkj.k \
12- Hkkjr txkr /kkU;kph fu;kZr djrks dk \ gks; fdaok ukgh-

lanHkZ
gokeku cnykps ladV o ifj.kke Ú Marathi.destotalk.com
gokekukP;k cnykps okLro Ú Indiawater portal.org
gokeku 'kkL= Ú Mr.Vikaspedia.agriculture climate
egkjk"VªkP;k 'ksrhoj gokeku cnykps ifj.kke Ú www.saamana.com