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ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 109 (2017) 211 – 218

International Conference on Recent Advancement in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, RAAR

2016, 10-12 November 2016, Bhubaneswar, India

Energy and Exergy Analyses for Optimization of the Operating

Temperatures in Double Effect Absorption Cycle
Md Azhara* and M Altamush Siddiquia
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Abstract

Energy and exergy analyses of double effect lithium bromide-water vapour absorption cycle has been carried out to
optimize the operating temperatures in the main generator and the secondary condenser/ generator for maximum
coefficient of performance (COP) and exergetic efficiency. There exists maximum COP and also maximum exergetic
efficiency as the temperature in the secondary generator and the main generator are varied, thus leading to the optimum
temperatures. Because of two generators in the double effect cycle, the optimization has been done in two steps. Since
the secondary generator operates by using the heat of condensation release in the secondary condenser, the temperature
in the secondary condenser will be nearly same as in the secondary generator. The analysis has been done for fixed
temperatures in the evaporator, main condenser and the absorber. Results show that the COP increases while the
exergetic efficiency decreases with increases in the evaporator temperature. The optimum parameters such as
temperatures in the main generator, secondary generator and condenser, including the LiBr-Salt concentrations in the
two generators, are presented for different values of the evaporator, main condenser and the absorber temperatures. A
computer program has been developed for simulating the cycle.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-reviewunder
Peer-review under responsibility
responsibility of organizing
of the the organizing committee
committee of RAAR
of RAAR 2016. 2016.

Keywords: LiBr-water; Double effect; Coefficient of performance; Optimum temperature; Exergetic efficiency

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-7895698621; fax: +91-571-2701454.

E-mail address: md_azhar@zhcet.ac.in

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of RAAR 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.043
212 Md Azhar and M. Altamush Siddiqui / Energy Procedia 109 (2017) 211 – 218

1. Introduction

Recently the absorption cooling technology has become very popular. The attractive feature of this technology is, it
uses low grade energy to drive the system. The huge amount of heat that go wasted from the industries, can thus be
utilized by this system. Moreover, this system is environmentally safe due to the use of natural working fluid, such as
NH3-H2O and LiBr-H2O etc. The single-effect absorption system has relatively low COP due to which it is not
competing economically with the conventional vapour compression system, except in case of waste heat applications
where the input energy is virtually free of cost. To reduce size of the equipment and operating cost of the absorption
cycle, it is desirable to increase the COP. Therefore, multi-effect absorption systems with high temperature heat
sources have now been developed [1]. The double effect system was first patented by Loweth [2] and commercialized
by TRANE in 1970 which was later modified and improved by Saito and Inoue [3] and by Alefed [4].
Siddiqui [5], Saghiruddin and Siddiqui [6,7], Malik and Siddiqui [8] have carried thermodynamic and economic
analysis of single effect cycle with LiBr-H2O, NH3-H2O, NH3-LiNO3 and NH3-NaSCN combinations using different
sources of energy like, Biogas, LPG and Solar Collectors. Arora and Kaushik [9] and Marcos et al. [10] performed
energy and exergy analysis of single effect and double effect absorption LiBr-H2O system. Lee and Sherif [11] and
Sencan et al. [12] carried thermodynamic analysis of single effect absorption system for cooling and heating
applications using pressurised hot water as the source of energy. Samanta and Basu [13] have performed the first and
second law optimization of single effect absorption system.
So far the studies carried on the double effect cycle, discuss optimization of the main generator temperature to some
extent without any focus on the secondary condenser / generator temperature. The present analysis is therefore carried
to optimize the secondary condenser / generator temperatures along with the main generator temperature for maximum
COP and exergetic efficiency.

Nomenclature

A Absorber Subscripts
C Main condenser at Pressure P2 a Absorber
Cs Secondary condenser at pressure P3 c Main condenser
COP Coefficient of performance [-] cs Secondary condenser
E Evaporator e Evaporator
G Main generator at Pressure P1 g Main generator
Gs Secondary generator at pressure P2 gs Secondary generator
h Specific enthalpy [kJ kg-1] i Inlet
LiBr Lithium bromide salt o Outlet
m Mass flow rate [kg s-1]
P Pressure [kPa]
PH1, PH2 Preheaters Greek Symbols
Q Rate of heat transfer [kJ s-1] ɛ Effectiveness of heat exchanger
T Temperature [oC or K] η Exergetic Efficiency
TV Throttle valve
Wp Work of pump [kW]
X, Xc Mass concentration and Crystallization value of lithium bromide salt [%]

2. Description of The Double Effect Absorption Cycle

The schematic diagram of a double effect vapour absorption cycle is shown in Fig. 1; the absorption process of which
is shown on P-T-X diagram in Fig. 2. It consists of two generators: a main generator (G) and a secondary generator
(Gs), and two condensers: a secondary condenser (Cs) and a main condenser (C). The heat is to be rejected to the
surrounding from the main condenser C. The main generator (G) and the secondary condenser (Cs) operate at high
pressure (P3 = Pg= Pcs) while the secondary generator (Gs) and the main condenser (C) operate at medium pressure (P 2
 Md Azhar and M. Altamush Siddiqui / Energy Procedia 109 (2017) 211 – 218 213

= Pc=Pgs). The evaporator and the absorber work at low pressure (P 1 = Pe = Pa). In this system, the weak solution at
state 1 is pumped from the absorber to the main generator (G) through two heat exchangers (i.e. PH1 and PH2). The
LiBr-water solution in the main generator is heated at high temperature to boil out the refrigerant vapour from the
solution. Thus, the primary vapour, from G goes to the secondary condenser (Cs). The heat of condensation from this
Cs is utilized by the secondary generator (Gs). The strong solution which is released by G at state 8 flows to Gs through
PH2 where the solution is cooled to some extent by exchanging heat with the weak solution. At the outlet of the Gs
secondary vapour is produced, which together with the condensed water vapour from the secondary condenser flows
into the main condenser. Thus, the total amount of liquid refrigerant leaving the main condenser is the sum of
refrigerant coming from the generators G and Gs. The refrigerant liquid from this condenser flows to the evaporator
through a throttle valve. After extracting heat from the medium to be cooled, the refrigerant evaporates and then
passes to the absorber where it gets absorbed by the strong solution coming from the secondary generator (G s) through
a preheater PH1. The resulting weak solution in the absorber is then pumped to the main generator and the cycle
completes.

Pressure
Refrigeration Side
Solution Side

Qg
Qg
CS G 8
4
4a P3=Pg=Pcs
SECONDARY 4 MAIN X=0
CONDENSER GENERATOR
CS G 4a 3 Xg
TV1

4b QGS 8 3 PH2
MAIN SECONDARY
CONDENSER GENERATOR 4b 8a
C 4c GS Qgs
TV3 8a
Qc GS 9
9 PH2
Qc C 4c
P2=Pgs=Pc 10
5 2a
2a
5 Xa

10 PH1 PH1
TV2
11
2
TV4 Xgs
6 PH=Preheater 2 6
TV=Throttle Valve Qe
12 Pump
Q=Heat Transfer Rate
1
WP =Pump Work E
7
EVAPORATOR ABSORBER P1=Pe=Pa
1 Wp X=0 12 11
7 A
Qa
Qe Qa Te Tc Tgs Tg Temperature

Fig 1. Schematic Diagram of double effect absorption cycle Fig 2. P-T-X diagram of double effect absorption cycle

3. Mathematical Modelling

The thermodynamic analysis of the system involves the first and second laws. The first law analysis consist of mass,
concentration and energy balance at each component of the system, whereas the second law analysis deals with
exergy destruction of the system components and Exergetic efficiency of the whole system.

Mass conservation ¦m = ¦m i o
(1)

Concentration conservation ¦ (mX) = ¦ (mX) i o

(2)

Energy conservation ¦ (mh)  ¦ (mh)  ª¬¦Q ¦Q º¼  W

i o i o 0 (3)
ª § T · § T · º
Exergy Destruction EDi ¦ (me)  ¦ (me) i o
 « ¦ Q ¨1  o ¸ ¦ Q ¨1  o ¸ » r ¦ W
© T ¹i © T ¹o ¼
0 (4)
¬
The mathematical equations obtained by assuming each component in the Fig.1 as control volume are as follows:
Absorber: m1 = m12 + m7 (5)
m1X1 = m12 X12 + m7 X7 (6)
Qa m7 h 7  m12 h12  m1h1 (7)
EDa m7 (h 7  To s7 )  m12 (h12  To s12 )  m1 (h1  To s1 )  Qa (1 To / Ta ) (8)
214 Md Azhar and M. Altamush Siddiqui / Energy Procedia 109 (2017) 211 – 218

Main Generator: m 3 = m8 + m 4 (9)

m3 X3 = m8 X8 + m4 X4 (10)
Qg m 4 h 4  m8 h 8  m 3 h 3 (11)
EDg m 4 (h 4  To s 4 )  m8 (h 8  To s8 )  m3 (h 3  To s3 )  Q g (1  To / Tg ) (12)
Main Condenser: m5 = m 4b + m 4c (13)
Qc m4c h 4c  m4b h 4b  m5 h 5 (14)
EDc m4b (h 4b  To s4b )  m4c (h 4c  To s4c )  m5 (h 5  To s5 )  Qc (1  To / Tc ) (15)
Evaporator: Qe m7 h 7  m6 h 6 (16)
EDe m7 (h 7  To s7 )  m6 (h 6  Tos6 ) + Qe (1  To / Te ) (17)
Secondary Condenser: Qcs m4 h 4  m4a h 4a (18)
Secondary Generator: Qgs m 4c h 4c  m10 h10  m 9 h 9 (19)
Solution pump: Wp m 2 h 2  m1h1 (20)
Qe
Coefficient of performance: COP (21)
Q g  Wp

Qe §¨1  o ·¸
T
Exergetic Efficiency: η = Exergy of product 1  Total Exergy Destruction © Te ¹ (22)
§ T ·
ex
Exergy Supplied Exergy Supplied
Qg ¨1  o ¸  Wp
© Tg ¹
The crystallization values of LiBr salt in the system are obtained using the following equation [14]:
Xc=9.8459E-02(T-273.15) + 59.7995; in the range: 320 ≤ T ≤ 375 K (23)

4. Calculation Procedure

For simulation following assumptions are made:

x The process in the cycle is under steady condition.
x Temperature of absorber and condenser is consider as same (T a=Tc).
x Expansion in throttling valve is isenthalpic.
x Refrigerant at the outlet of the condenser is saturated liquid & outlet of evaporator is saturated vapour.
The thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant (water) and LiBr-H2O mixture, such as specific enthalpy, specific
heat, density, concentration, saturation pressure and temperature are calculated for each state point in the cycle using
the available correlations [14, 15] as subroutines in the main computer program. The present results were at first
validated with the simulation data of Arora and Kaushik [9] for the double effect cycle at same operating conditions
in Table 1. This is in close agreement with the present data analysis.

Table 1. Comparison of the present results with Arora and Kaushik [2009]
Double Effect
Heat Transfer Rate [in kW]
and Operating condition: Tg=140.6oC, Te=7.2oC, ɛ=0.7
Tc=Ta=37.8 oC, mass flow rate of refrigerant = 1 kg s-1
COP
Ref [9] Present work
Absorber 2942.175 2942.319
Generator 1868.711 1869.100
Condenser 1282.052 1283.171
Evaporator 2355.450 2355.995
Pump work 0.3598 0.3960
COP 1.26 1.260
Some fixed data used for simulation of the double effect vapour absorption cycle is given in the Table 2. In order to
 Md Azhar and M. Altamush Siddiqui / Energy Procedia 109 (2017) 211 – 218 215

compute the analysis, a computer programme in FORTRAN language has been made. Fig. 3 shows flow chart of the
programme. In the present study, analysis is done for fixed pressure in the generator while the concentration and
temperature of the LiBr-H2O solution in it are varied. Since the condenser and the generator are at same pressure, the
saturation temperature of the refrigerant in them, get fixed. The variation of the concentration and temperature in each
generator in this analysis proceeds systematically which simplifies the calculation.
Table 2. Fixed data used in the simulation double effect absorption system
Evaporator cooling capacity 300 kW
Evaporator temperature, Te 4oC, 6oC, 8oC, 10oC
Absorber temperature, Ta 33oC, 36oC, 39oC
Main Condenser (C) temperature, Tc 33oC, 36oC, 39oC
Secondary Condenser (CS) temperature, Tcs 50oC to 110oC in steps of 5oC
Heat exchanger efficiency 70%
Pump efficiency 85%

Calculate Tg=f(Tc3,Xg) and Tg2=f(Tc , Xg2) using concentration START

equation
and then calculate Sp. Enthalpy, Density, specific heat of weak
and strong solutions
Initialize Te=275 K, Tc=303 K, Tc3=323 K, Ta=Tc
Qe=300 kW
Check
Energy balance
Qc3 – Qg2 ≤ 0.001 k W
No
Is
No
Te ≤ 283 K
STOP
Yes Tc ≤ 313 K
Tc3 ≤ 393 K
Check
Tg2<Tc3 No Yes
STOP
&
Xg2 < Xc

Calculate Xa=f(Te,Ta) using concentration equation

Calculate Sat. Pressure, density, Specific Enthalpy of refrigerant
by using subroutines
Calculate heat load at different components, COP and Exergetic
efficiency

Te increases by 2 K Assume X a=Xg , and increases Xg by 10%

Tc increases by 3 K Similarly assume Xg2=Xg, and increase Xg2
Tc3 increases by 5 K

Fig. 3 Flow chart of the computed programme for the double effect absorption cycle

5. Result and Discussion

5.1 Optimization of secondary condenser temperature and main generator temperature:

Generator is the most important component in the absorption system, where refrigerant generates in the form of vapour
when heated by burning gases. It is found that on increasing the main generator temperature, to which heat is supplied,
the COP of the double effect cycle increases and becomes constant or terminates at last due to crystallization of LiBr
salt, as shown in Fig. 4 for different temperatures in the secondary condenser at fixed temperatures in the evaporator
and the main condenser. Thus, the maximum COP and the corresponding values of the generator temperature T g are
identified for each value of the temperature Tcs for the given values of Te and Tc. The maximum values of COP, so
identified from the Fig. 4, are plotted against the secondary condenser temperature (T cs) in Fig. 5 for different
temperatures in the evaporator and at T c=35oC. The maximum COP of the cycle increases with increase in the
secondary condenser temperature, reaches to maximum value and then decreases. Thus, the temperatures in the
secondary condenser get optimized corresponding to maximum of the maximum COP. Since the secondary condenser
and the main generator operate at the same pressure P3, temperature Tg is the superheated temperature of the refrigerant
leaving the main generator G and T cs is the saturation temperature of this refrigerant condensing in the secondary
condenser. Also, Tg is temperature of the LiBr-water solution leaving the main generator. Therefore, change in the
216 Md Azhar and M. Altamush Siddiqui / Energy Procedia 109 (2017) 211 – 218

value of Tcs results in subsequent change in the value of T g as well. Similar plots of maximum COP with Tg are also
shown in Fig. 6 resulting in the same values of the maximum COP as shown in the Fig. 5 against T cs. Thus the
secondary condenser temperature T cs and main generator temperature Tg (both at pressure P3) obtained corresponding
to maximum of the maximum COP (in the Figs. 5 and 6) are termed as the optimum temperatures that are listed in
Table 3 for different values of T e and Tc. It is seen that on increasing the main condenser temperature, the optimum
temperatures of the secondary condenser and main generator also increase. The corresponding values of Tgs at pressure
P2 and concentration at both generators are also given in the Table 3.

1.5 Tcs=75 Tcs=80 1.5

Te=5oC Tcs=85 Tcs=90
Tcs=85 Tcs=90
Te=5oC Tcs=95 Tcs=100
Tc=35oC Tcs=95 Tcs=100
1.3 Tcs=105 Tcs=110 Tc=40oC Tcs=105 Tcs=110
1.3

1.1 1.1

COP
COP

0.9 0.9

0.7 0.7

0.5 0.5
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 130 140 150 160 170 180
Main Generator Temperature, Tg in oC Main Generator Temperature, Tg in oC
Fig. 4. Variation in COP of double effect cycle with main generator temperature at different temperatures in the secondary condenser

1.7 1.7

1.5 1.5
Maximum COP
Maximum COP

1.3 1.3

1.1 1.1
Te=5
0.9 0.9 Te=5
Te=10
Te=10
0.7 Te=15 0.7 Te=15
Tc=35 oC Te=20 Tc=35oC Te=20
0.5 0.5
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Secondary Condenser Temperature, Tcs in oC Main Generator Temperature, Tg in oC
Figure 5. Variation in COP of double effect cycle with Secondary Figure 6. Variation in COP of double effect cycle with main
Condenser temperature at different temperature in the evaporator generator temperature at different temperature in the evaporator

Table 3. Optimum operating conditions for maximum COP at different values of evaporator and condenser temperatures
Corresponding Values Optimum Values
Tc at P2 Te at P1
At P2 At P3 Maximum COP
(oC) (oC)
Xcs (%) Tgs (oC) Tcs (oC) Tg (oC) Xg (%)
5 56.41 74.47 75 117.48 60.46 1.377
10 53.36 69.20 70 105.26 58.01 1.488
30
15 48.84 59.33 60 85.44 53.02 1.614
20 45.90 59.52 60 80.38 52.41 1.715
5 59.81 89.41 90 143.03 64.34 1.283
10 56.04 79.52 80 122.37 60.09 1.379
35
15 51.99 69.91 70 102.53 55.56 1.491
20 48.51 64.37 65 90.39 52.69 1.615
5 61.44 96.96 100 159.18 64.94 1.182
10 59.43 94.54 95 147.87 63.97 1.286
40
15 55.67 84.55 85 127.26 59.74 1.382
20 51.63 74.92 75 107.45 55.21 1.494
 Md Azhar and M. Altamush Siddiqui / Energy Procedia 109 (2017) 211 – 218 217

5.2 Second law optimization:

Exergy is the best way to optimize the system. It is the combination of first and second laws. It gives the maximum
useful work that can be obtained from the system when brought to the dead state. Second law performance can be
measured in terms of exergetic efficiency. It is the ratio of exergy of the product to exergy supplied. The double effect
system is therefore also analyzed for the optimum temperatures under second law.
Figure 7 shows the variation of exergetic efficiency with main generator temperature at different values of the
secondary condenser temperature for fixed values of Te and Tc. It is seen that exergetic efficiency of the double effect
cycle follows the same trend as the first law COP.
36 28 Tcs=85 Tcs=90
Tcs=75 Tcs=80
Te=5oC Tcs=85 Tcs=90 Te=5oC Tcs=95 Tcs=100
Tc=35o Tcs=95 Tcs=100 Tc=40o Tcs=105 Tcs=110

Exergetic efficiency (%)

Exergetic efficiency (%)

32 Tcs=105 Tcs=110
24
28

24 20

20
16
16

12 12
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 130 140 150 160 170
Main Generator Temperature, Tg in oC Main Generator Temperature, Tg in oC
Figure 7. Variation in exergetic efficiency of double effect cycle with main generator temperature at different temperatures in secondary condenser

The maximum values of the exergetic efficiency taken from Fig. 7 are plotted against the secondary condenser
temperature in Figs. 8 and 9. Similar procedure is used to optimize the secondary condenser / generator and main
generator temperatures as done for the COP. Table 4 shows the optimum temperatures corresponding to the maximum
exergetic efficiency. From Table 4, it is seen that optimum temperatures in the secondary condenser and main
generator, corresponding to maximum exergetic efficiency are relatively lower than those obtained corresponding to
the maximum COP, as is evident from the Table 3.
Interestingly one can also see some peculiar result during the second law analysis. That is, the exergetic efficiency
decreases with increase in the evaporator and main condenser temperatures.

35.5 35.5
Tc=35oC Tc=35oC
Maximum Exergetic Efficiency (%)
Maximum Exergetic Efficiency (%)

30.5 30.5

25.5 25.5

20.5 20.5

15.5 15.5

10.5 10.5

5.5 5.5
Te=5 Te=10 Te=5 Te=10
Te=15 Te=20 Te=15 Te=20
0.5 0.5
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Secondary Condenser Temperature, Tcs in oC Main Generator Temperature, Tg in oC
Fig 8. Variation in maximum exergetic efficiency with secondary Fig 9. Variation in maximum exergetic efficiency with main
condenser temperature at different values of Te. generator temperature at different values of Te
218 Md Azhar and M. Altamush Siddiqui / Energy Procedia 109 (2017) 211 – 218

Table 4. Optimum operating conditions for maximum exergetic efficiency at fixed values of evaporator and condenser temperatures
Corresponding Values Optimum Values
Tc at P2 Te at P1 Maximum Exergetic
o o At P2 At P3
( C) ( C) Efficiency (%)
o o o
Xcs (%) Tgs ( C) Tcs ( C) Tg ( C) Xg (%)
5 54.01 64.42 65 100.92 55.68 40.3
10 50.96 59.40 60 89.29 53.06 35.6
30
15 47.64 54.73 55 77.8 50.44 29.4
20 44.90 54.06 55 73.30 50.05 12.6
5 57.61 79.31 80 125.98 60.01 31.3
10 54.84 74.28 75 114.03 57.69 26.9
35
15 50.59 64.38 65 94.22 52.70 21.2
20 45.71 54.36 55 74.59 46.79 10.3
5 60.84 94.0 95 151.62 63.76 25.2
10 58.43 89.72 90 139.52 61.99 20.8
40
15 53.27 74.38 75 110.74 54.95 15.8
20 50.23 69.36 70 99.14 52.35 7.4

6. CONCLUSIONS

x With fixed temperatures in the secondary condenser / generator, both the COP and the exergetic efficiency
increase almost in a similar manner with rise in the main generator temperature (Tg) and show maxima at a
certain value of Tg.
x With fixed temperatures in the evaporator, the COP and the exergetic efficiency increase with rise in the
secondary condenser / generator temperature, reach to some maximum value and then decrease, again
showing maxima at certain values of Tg in each case.
x With increase in temperature ‘Te’, COP of the cycle increases while the exergetic efficiency decreases.
x The maximum COP obtained come out to be 1.715 at Tcs= 60oC, Tgs=59.52oC, Tg=80.38oC, Te=20oC and
Tc=30oC, while the maximum exergetic efficiency will be 40.3% at Tcs=65oC, Tgs=64.42oC, Tg=100.92oC
Te=5oC and Tc=30oC.

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