Civil Engineering

Department

Structural Analysis-
spring 2013
(single degree of freedom – impulse Loading)

Fawad Muzaffar
M.Sc. Structures (Stanford University)
Ph.D. Structures (Stanford University)

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 Impulse Loading – Sine Wave Impulse
• Impulse Load: A very large force that acts for a very short
time but with a time integral that is finite is called impulse
load.
– Note: Damping does not effect maximum displacement
due to impulsive loads because damping forces are
unable to absorb much energy in the short period of
time.
• Sine-Wave Impulse:
– Total response can be divided into 2 phases.
• Phase I – Forced Vibration Response
• Phase II – Free Vibration Response
– Phase I – Forced Vibration Response:
2𝜋
𝜔𝛼𝑇 𝜔𝛼
𝜔
𝛼 ≡ 𝑡 𝑡1 ⇒ 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜔𝛼𝑡1 = = = 𝛼𝜋
2 2

𝛽 = 𝜔 𝜔 = (2𝜋/𝑇) (2𝜋/𝑇) = 𝑇 𝑇 = 𝑇/2𝑡1

Fawad Muzaffar 2
 Impulse Loading – Sine Wave Impulse
Response of a Dampless System Subjected to Harmonic Loading (From Previous
Derivations)
𝑝0 1
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑘 1 − 𝛽2
Plugging in the value of 𝜔𝑡, the resulting displacement response is given by
𝑝0 1
𝑣 𝛼 = sin(𝛼𝜋) − 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 0≤𝛼≤1
𝑘 1 − 𝛽2
For 𝛽 = 1, the above equation is indeterminate. The following equation can be obtained
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𝑣 𝛼 = sin(𝛼𝜋) − 𝜋𝛼𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝛼 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1; 𝛽 = 1
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Phase II – Free Vibration Response:
From previous derivation, the expression for freely vibrating dampless system i.e.
𝑣 0
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝜔
Plugging the velocity and displacement of the system at the end of phase 1 into the above
equation
𝑃0 𝛽 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑣 𝛼 = − 1 + cos sin 𝛼−1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos 𝛼−1 𝛼≥1
𝑘 1−𝛽2 𝛽 𝛽 𝛽 𝛽

Note: 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝑡1 = 𝜔𝑡1 𝑡 𝑡1 − 1 = 𝜔 × 2𝜋 𝜔 2 𝛼 − 1 = 𝜋 𝛽(𝛼 − 1)

𝜔𝑡1 = 2𝜋 𝑇 × 𝑇 2 = 𝜋/𝛽
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 Impulse Loading – Sine Wave Impulse
For 𝛽 = 1, the response equation becomes indeterminate. Using L’ Hospital’s rule
𝑣 𝛼 = 𝑝0 2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝛼 − 𝜋𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝛼 𝛽=1 𝛼≥1
Time of Maximum Response:
The response of structure due to sine wave
impulse loading for different value of 𝑡1 /𝑇
is plotted in adjacent figure.
Note: 𝑡1 𝑇 = 𝑇 2𝑇 = 𝜔 2𝜔 = 1/(2𝛽)
Conclusions:
i. For 𝛽 = 1 (𝑡1 𝑇 = 1 2), the maximum
response occurs at end of phase 1.
ii. For 𝛽 < 1 (𝑡1 𝑇 > 1 2), the maximum
response occurs in phase 1.
iii. For 𝛽 > 1 (𝑡1 𝑇 < 1 2), the maximum
response occurs in phase 2.
iv. The maximum response depends on 𝛽 or 𝑡1 𝑇 ratio.

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 Impulse Loading – Sine Wave Impulse
Magnitude of Maximum Response in Phase 1:
The magnitude of maximum response in phase 1 (i.e. if 𝛽 < 1) can be
obtained by

Note that the above equation is valid in phase 1 i.e. 𝛼 ≤ 1 e.g.

 𝛽 = 1 ⇒ Only possible solution ⇒ 𝛼 = 1 for 𝑛 = 1
 𝛽 = 1/3 ⇒ possible solutions ⇒ 𝛼 =1/2 and 1 for n=1 and 𝑛 =2,-1
 𝛽 = 1/4 ⇒ Two 𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑥 are possible i.e. 2/5, 4/5 & 2/3 for n=1, 2 & -1
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 Impulse Loading – Sine Wave Impulse
Note: for 𝛽=1/4: +ve n result in max values (a & h), & -ve n results in min
value (point g)
Magnitude of Maximum Response in Phase 2:
For values of 𝛽 > 1, maximum response occurs in phase 2. For this case the
maximum response is obtained from taking the vector sum of orthogonal
components.

Rectangular Impulse:
• Phase 1 – Forced Vibration Response
Total response is sum of complementary and
particular solution.
Particular Solution:

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 Impulse Loading – Rectangular Impulse
• Complementary Solution (Derived Earlier for Freely Vibrating Dampless System)
𝒗𝒄 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 + 𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
• Adding Complementary and Particular Solutions, and using at rest initial condition
to evaluate values of A and B, the displacement response is given by
𝒕𝟏
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒑𝟎 𝒌 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 = 𝒑𝟎 𝒌 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅 𝜶 𝟎≤ 𝜶≤𝟏
𝑻
Note: 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑇 × 𝑡 × 𝑡1 𝑡1 = 2𝜋 𝑡1 𝑇 𝛼
• Maximum Phase-1 Displacement Response:
 If maximum response occurs just at the end of phase 1 i.e. at 𝛼 = 1,
then 2𝜋 𝑡1 𝑇 = 𝜋 or 𝑡1 𝑇 = 1 2
 For additional maximums to occur at 𝛼 ≤ 1 ⇒ 𝑡1 𝑇 ≥ 1 2
 If 𝑡1 𝑇 ≤ 1 2, no maximum occurs in phase 1 i.e. 𝛼 ≤ 1.
The maximum value of all responses in Phase 1 will be 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 × 𝑝0 𝑘
• Phase 2 – Free Vibration Response:
Displacement response of a freely vibrating dampless system was derived
as
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 Impulse Loading – Rectangular Impulse
𝒗𝒄 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 + 𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
The values of constants A and B can be evaluated from initial values of 𝑣(𝑡)
and 𝑣 (𝑡)
𝑝0 𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑡1
𝑣 𝛼 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 cos 2𝜋 𝛼−1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 sin 2𝜋 𝛼−1 𝛼≥1
𝑘 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
where

Taking the vector sum of orthogonal components, the maximum response in

phase 2 comes out to be
1/2
𝑝0 𝑡1 2 𝑡1 2 𝑡1 1/2
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 = 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋
𝑘 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
= 2 sin 𝜋 𝑡1 𝑇
• Shock or Response Spectra
From previous derivations, the maximum response of the structure only
depends on duration of loading to natural time period of the structure 𝑡1 𝑇.

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 Impulse Loading – Shock Spectra
Plots of 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 vs. 𝑡1 𝑇 for different types of loading can be plotted to obtain
displacement shock spectra or shock spectra.

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Shock Spectra – Calculation of Max. Acceleration
• Calculation of Max. Acceleration from Shock Spectra:
If 𝑣𝑔 is applied to the base of the structure, the effective impulsive loading
is , resulting in a maximum value
Now

From equilibrium, in an undamped system 𝑘𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣, hence

𝑘𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
This results in

Hence the displacement response spectra can be used to predict

maximum acceleration of mass 𝑚 due to an impulsive acceleration.

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 Shock Spectra– Conclusions
• Two general conclusions may be drawn
i. For long-duration loading i.e. 𝑡1 𝑇 > 1,
maximum response occurs in phase 1
and principally depends on rate of
increase of load to max. value.
e.g.
Rectangular Loading ⇒ 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 max =2

Gradual Loading ⇒ 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 max =1

ii. For short duration loading i.e. 𝑡1 𝑇 < 1/4

the maximum displacement amplitude 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
occurs in phase 2 and depends principally on the magnitude of the applied
pulse .

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Example Problem-Rectangular Impulse

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Example Problem-Rectangular Impulse

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Example Problem-Response Spectrum

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