Benefits of New Establishment of Beach Sheoak (Casuarina Equisetifolia) in The Southern Coast of Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Beneﬁts of New Establishment of Beach Sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia) In

the Southern Coast of Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Conference Paper · October 2017
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PROCEEDING
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON BIOECONOMICS OF
NATURAL RESOURCES UTILIZATION
Bogor, 12-14 OCTOBER 2017
Speakers:
Dr. Wahyu Purbowasito (National Standardization Agency of Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Ir. Suharsono, DEA (Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University)
Dr. Sheh-Shih Chiang (National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan)
Dr. Michael Bell (Herriot Watt University, UK)
Ms. Barokah Sri Utami, M.M (CEO PT Phapros)
Dr. Yi-Yuan Su (National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan)
Dr. Tepy Usia (National Agency of Food and Drug Control)
Prof. dr. Sofia Mubarika, Mmed.Sc. Ph.D. (Faculty of Medicine, UGM-Indonesia)
Mr. Mukhlis Bahrainy (Director PT Pachira Distrinusa)
Prof. Dr. Shu-Yii Wu (CEO of ACABT, Feng Chia University)
Prof. Chiu-Yue Lin (Director Green Energy Development Center, Feng Chia University)
Dr. Chen-Yeon Chu (Green Energy Development Center, Feng Chia University)
Dr. Sandy Kerr (Herriot Watt University, UK)
Dr. Budi Prawara (Director RC for Electric Power and Mecatronics, LIPI)
Ms. Librian Anggraeni (Sinar Mas Group)
Mr. Nazir Foead (Head of Peatland Restoration Agency, Indonesia)
Dr. Didik Widyatmoko (Director Bogor Botanic Garden-LIPI)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Keng Tung Wu (APEC EGNRET, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan)
Ms. Ersa Herwinda, S.Hut., M.Sc. (BAPPENAS)
Dr. Ir. Akhmad Fauzi Syam, M.Sc. (Bogor Agricultural University)
CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION BOTANIC GARDENS

INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES
©2018 Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Center for Plant Conservation – Botanic Gardens
Proceeding of the International Symposium on Bioeconomics of Natural Resources

Utilization/ Firda Aulya Syamani, Siti Roosita Ariati, Dewi Wulansari, Peni Lestari, Dwi
Susilaningsih, Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas (Eds.) – Bogor, 2018
xxxi + 609 ; 21 x 29.7 cm
ISBN 978-979-8539-77-0
1. Food 2. Health 3. Energy 4. Environment
Steering Committee : Prof. Iskandar Zulkarnain

Prof. Dr. Enny Sudarmonowati
Dr. Didik Widyatmoko
Dr. Bambang Sunarko
Dr. Witjaksono
Prof. Dr. Sulaeman Yusuf
Organizing Committee
Chairman of the Committee : Dr. Dwi Susilaningsih, M.Pharm.
Deputy Chairman of the Committee : Dr. Siti Roosita Ariati
Members : See page vii-x. Decree of Deputy for Life Sciences
– LIPI No. 1346/A/DH/2017
Editors : Dr. Firda Aulya Syamani
Dr. Siti Roosita Ariati
Dewi Wulansari, M.Sc.
Peni Lestari, M.Si.
Dr. Dwi Susilaningsih
Ir. Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas, M.Sc
Scientific Reviewers : Dewi Wulansari, M.Sc.
Dr. Didit Okta Pribadi
Dr. Dwi Susilaningsih
Dr. Eng. Desriani, M.Si.
Dr. Euis Hermiati
Dr. Joeni Setijo Rahajoe
Dr. Joko Ridho Witono
Dr. Wahyuni
Ir. Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas, M.Sc.
Peni Lestari, M.Si.
Cover & Sections designer : Trisno Utomo
Layout : Siti Roosita Ariati
Published By:
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marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law
International Symposium on Bioeconomics of Natural Resources Utilization (ISBINARU) 2017
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Table of Content
Preface v
Acknowledgements vi
Symposium Committee vii
Table of Content xi
Plenary Session xvi
List of Speakers xix
List of Participants xx
Symposium Programme xxviii
FOOD:
1. Mocaf Based Cookies: Product Atributes and Market Analysis 1
Abel Gandhy, Felicia Devina,Warsono El Kiyat, Angga Widhi Atmoko, Audrey Monica,
& Baiq Mirna Fitriani
2. Potential of Edamame as Fermented Beverage with Lactic Acid Bacteria as 8

Probiotics Agent
Adolf J. N. Parhusip, Harliana Halin, & Nancy Chandyra Putri
3. Types of Plants in Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) Intercropping Systems and 23

Effect on The Quality: Case In Subang District, West-Java, Indonesia
Agus Triyono, Dessy Argayulia, Rohyani, & Savitri Dyah W.I.K.R
4. Growth and Yield Characteristics of National Superior Maize Variety and Local 35
Variety in Penjarakan Village, Bali
Albert Husein Wawo, Sally Silverstone, & Peni Lestari
5. Morphological Character Diversity on Some Local Upland Rice Cultivars in West 44
Java
Ambar Yuswi Perdani, Yashanti Berlinda Paradisa, Eko Binnaryo Mei Adi, Sri
Indrayani, & Enung Sri Mulyaningsih
6. Agroindustry Development Based on Local Chicken as Local Resource in 54
Dawuan- District of Subang: Implementation of Hatching Technology and Local
Chicken Farming
Cahya Edi Wahyu Anggara, Fithria Novianti, Sukirno, & Ismu Tribowo
7. Construction of Complete Pork Detection System on Processed Food with PCR 64
and Realtime PCR Specific Species Approach
Desriani & Henni Widyowati
8. Food Diversification Based on Banana and Citrus Gerga at Rejang Lebong 70
Prefecture with Appropriate Technology Utilization
Diki Nanang Surahman, Eki Karsani Apriliyadi, Hendarwin M. Astro, & Taufik Rahman
Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens-LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia, 12-14 October 2017 xi
____________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Fatty Acid profile, Sugar and Starch Content from Flowers and Flower Sheath 82
of Terubuk (Saccharum edule Hassk.)
Emma Sri Kuncari
10. Enhancement of Glucomannan Content through Ethanol Leaching on Fresh 90
Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) Chips
Gunawan Pasaribu, Ade Heri Mulyati, & Maylan Hajrona Cova
11. Quality Improvement of High-Betacarotene Mocaf Through Enzymatic, 100
Chemical and Physical Modification
Hartati & N. Sri Hartati
12. Nano Xanthan Gum Production Technology 113
Heny Herawati, Elmi Kamsiati, Sunarmani, & S. Joni Munarso
13. Bamboo Potential for Foodstuff in Karimun Island and Karimun Anak Island, 120
Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia
I Putu Gede P. Damayanto
14. The Utilization of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) in Making Sorbet and 129
Potential Market Analysis of The Sorbet Products
Melanie Cornelia, Moses Hutabarat, & Cynthia T. Makmud
15. In Vitro Shoot Multiplication of Cassava Genotype “Roti” on Medium Containing 149
BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) Evokes Morphological Variations
N. Sri Hartati, Supatmi, Hani Fitriani, Dody Priadi, & Enny Sudarmonowati
16. Mutation Analysis of A Partial Sequence of pksCT gene of Monascus purpureus 157
Isolates Originated from Monascus Fermented Rice
Nandang Suharna, Titin Yulinery, Evy Triana, & Novik Nurhidayat
17. Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv], The Healthy Cereal : Evaluation 170
on Nutrients, Growth and Response to Fertilizer of Irradiation Induced Mutants
Nuril Hidayati & Fauzia Syarif
18. Developing Traditional Culinary Ecotourism Based on Utilization of Local Plant 181
Resources in Kuningan, West Java
Rahmi Swara Putri, Ricky Avenzora, & Tutut Sunarminto
19. Bacterial Degrading Propoxur-Carbamate Pesticide from Great Giant Pineapple 190
Plantation of Bandarjaya, Central Lampung
Sarjiya Antonius, Tirta Kumala Dewi, Azni Ananda, Supriyono Loekito, & Wibowo
Mangunwardoyo
20. The Drying of Ambon banana (Musa acuminata), Cassava (Manihot utilissima) 198
and Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) using Rack-type Dryer
Seri Intan Kuala & Ari Rahayuningtyas
21. Extending Cassava Shelf Life Through Induced Mutation Using Gamma X Ray 209
Irradiation
Supatmi, N Sri Hartati, & Enny Sudarmonowati
22. The Potency Of Citrus Lemon [Citrus Limon (L.) Osbeck] Enggano Accession: 221
Plant Morphology Characterization and Cultivation
Titi Juhaeti & Peni Lestari
xii Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens-LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia, 12-14 October 2017
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Plenary Session
FOOD
1. Roles and Expectation of SNI: Guide for Research, Natural Resources and Open the
Market Access
Dr. Wahyu Purbowarsito
Center of Standard Implementation System, National Standardization Agency of Indonesia
2. From the Lab to the Table: Development of Potatoes

Prof. Dr. Ir. Suharsono, DEA
Coordinator Master Study Program of Biotechnology. Graduate School of Bogor
Agricultural University, Indonesia
3. Safety Assessment of Adulterants in Milk and Edible Oils

Dr. Sheh-Shih Chiang
Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology National Chung Hsing
University, Taiwan
4. Sustainable Orkney: Fisheries and Food

Dr. Michael Bell
Herriot Watt University, Scotland, United Kingdom
HEALTH
5. The Availability of Local Resources to Support Government Health Program Medical

Devices, Pharmaceuticals, Medicines), and the Resulting Economic Impacts’
Ms. Barokah Sri Utami, M.M.
CEO PT Phapros, Indonesia
6. The Structure of Taiwan National Health Insurance System

Dr. Yi-Yuan Su
Assistant Professor, Department of Law National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
7. Food Safety and Food Security in Bioeconomics perspective

Dr. Tepy Usia
Director of Drug and Food Research Center, The National Agency of Food and Drug Control,
Indonesia
8. Breast Cancer – Individualized Medicine: Where are You?

Prof. dr. Sofia Mubarika, Mmed. Sc. Ph.D.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
xvi Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens-LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia, 12-14 October 2017
____________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Strategy Scaling Up from Laboratory to Industry

Mr. Mukhlis Bahrainy
Director PT Pachira Distrinusa, Indonesia
ENERGY
10. Sustainable Energy in a Symbolic Ecosystem

Prof. Dr. Shu-Yii Wu
CEO of ACABT, Feng Chia University, Taiwan
11. Innovative Biohydrogen Production Technology: HyMeTek Development in Taiwan

Prof. Chiu-Yue Lin
Director Green Energy Development Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan
12. The Trend for Biohythane Energy Development: Utilization of Biohythane Power-
Generation in Piggery Field
Dr. Chen-Yeon Chu
Green Energy Development Center Feng Chia University, Taiwan
13. Sustainable Orkney: Energy in an Island Setting

Dr. Sandy Kerr/Dr. Michael Bell
Herriot Watt University, Scotland, United Kingdom
14. Current Status of Research on New and Renewable Energy in LIPI Indonesia
Dr. Budi Prawara
Director Research Center for Electric Power and Mecatronics, Deputyship of Engineering
Sciences- LIPI, Indonesia
15. Biomass Utilisation in Pulp and Paper Industry

Ms. Librian Anggraeni
Environmental and Social Footprint Manager, Asia Pulp & Paper, Sinar Mas Group,
Indonesia
ENVIRONMENT
16. Peatland Restoration: A Rational Way for Realizing Sustainable Peatland Resources
Management
Mr. Nazir Foead
Head of Peatland Restoration Agency, Indonesia
17. Environmental Services and Economic Value of Botanic Gardens

Dr. Didik Widyatmoko
Director Bogor Botanic Garden-LIPI, Indonesia
Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens-LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia, 12-14 October 2017 xvii
____________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Towards a Circular Economy in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Taiwan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Keng Tung Wu
APEC EGNRET Secretariat. Departement of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University,
Taiwan
19. Environmental and Natural resources Policy in National Development Planning

Ms. Ersa Herwinda, S.Hut., MSc
Head of Sub Directorate Natural Resources Conservation and Biodiversity, Directorate for
Environmental Affairs, National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), Indonesia
20. The Role of Natural Capital in Economic Development: Indonesian Perspectives,

Challenges and Opportunities’
Dr. Ir. Akhmad Fauzi Syam, M.Sc.
Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
xviii Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens-LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia, 12-14 October 2017
ENVIRONMENT
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Benefits of New Establishment of Beach Sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia)

In the Southern Coast of Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Atus Syahbudin*1, Katsuya Osozawa2, Fahma Arlia Jati1, Dwi Tyaningsih Adriyanti1 & Ikuo
Ninomiya2
1
Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta 55281
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8566
*Email: syahbudin_atus@gadjahmada.edu.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a past and present environmental condition in the southern coast of Kulon
Progo Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, based on the perception of coastal inhabitants and
field observation. The past conditions then changed after the establishment of introduced tree
species, beach sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia), during the last 20 years. Recently beach sheoak
serving as a windbreak, supporting beautiful and green landscape on the coast, saving on dry
coconut leaves, and other services. Coastal inhabitants have now also been practicing air layering
to reproduce the seedlings of beach sheoak. Although this introduced species has some benefits,
more attentions should be given to ecosystem changes due to its spread. We suggest local
government of Kulon Progo and stakeholders also increase public knowledge and public
awareness about changing of coastal ecosystem, sand dune systems, indigenous coastal vegetation,
and invasive alien species.
Keywords: Casuarina equisetifolia, introduced tree species, coastal vegetation, benefit, Kulon
Progo
Introduction
Coastal zone is one of the major ecosystems in Indonesia which provide an excellent
coastal resource, community, and culture (Dahuri 1996; Sukardjo 2002). It has a unique character
because the land and atmosphere interact with the fresh water, the sea, the lithosphere, and the
hydrosphere (Kay & Alder 1999; Schwartz 2005). In the southern parts of Java Island, one of five
major islands in Indonesia, the coasts border onto the Indian Ocean with very narrow coastal plains
(Guelorget et al. 1996). These southern coastal plains become very important parts because the
existing of sand dune ecosystem (Karnawati et al. 2009), mangrove vegetation (Whitten et al.
1996; Setyawan et al. 2005; Yuwono et al. 2006; Hinrichs et al. 2009), nature reserves and
national parks (Ommel 1990; Hakim et al. 2005), sandy agricultural land (Sutikno et al. 1998;
Suhardi et al. 2002; Hartono et al. 2004; Widodo 2008; Harjadi & Octavia 2008), and its
contribution to regency and province’s income from cultural beach, tourism, fish landing ports, and
mining (Anonim 2004, 2011). Furthermore, low-income families are also residing and exploiting
these parts considering agriculture for livelihood of the growing community (Hartono et al. 2004;
Widodo 2008; Karnawati et al. 2009). In order to emphasize upon agricultural development for
income and food security, we need an appropriate approach in managing Indonesian coastal zone
(Sukardjo 2002; Siry 2006, 2011) e.g. a more participatory approach and decentralization (Siry
Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens-LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia, 12-14 October 2017 331
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2009). Rehabilitation, integrated conservation, and community-based management of natural

resources are also vital importance (Reubens et al. 2011; Poedjirahajoe 2015).
One example of coastal rehabilitation in the southern coast of Java Island was performed
by Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). Beach sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia) (Fig. 1) was
introduced into Samas Beach, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province in October 1996 (Sutikno et
al. 1998). During the last decade, this species has later widely spread from Bantul Regency into
eight beaches in the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency (Table 1). There was three plantation
patterns applied i.e. rows formation, rectangles, and in individuals (Syahbudin et al. 2013b).
Nowadays beach sheoak has been successfully providing benefits mainly to coastal inhabitants
((Sutikno et al. 1998; Hartono et al. 2004; Widodo 2008; Harjadi & Octavia 2008; Syahbudin et al.
2009, 2013a; 2013b).
Figure 1. Morphology of beach sheoak (C. equisetifolia): crown (left), stem and branch (middle),
bark (right). Its taxonomy follows references (Dommergues 1990; Doran & Turnbull
1997; Suhardi 1998; Joker 2000; Hanelt 2001).
Table 1. Coastal villages, beaches, and rainfall along the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency,
Special Region of Yogyakarta
No Name of sub- district Name of coastal village Name of beach Rainfall in 2010 (mm)
1 Temon Jangkaran Congot
Glagah Glagah 198
2 Wates Karangwuni Karangwuni 171
3 Panjatan Garongan Garongan
Pleret Pleret
Bugel Bugel 124
4 Galur Karangsewu Karangsewu
Banaran Trisik 189
Source: Anonim (2011). Table modified after Syahbudin et al. (2013b)
On the other hand more attention should be given to ecosystem changing due to the
spreading of beach sheoak (Rodgers III 2005). The complex mosaic of coastal zones have to be
considered by conservation and management because off different respond (Castillo & Moreno-
Casasola 1996; Nunn 2000). Weber & Li (2008) have been reported beach sheoak as serious
invader such as 1) lead the other exotic species occupy below the canopy of beach sheoak (Austin
1978), 2) inhibit the growth of native plants (Austin 1978; Steven et al. 1983), 3) open beaches and
332 Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens-LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia, 12-14 October 2017
____________________________________________________________________________________________
dunes (Gates 1916; Austin 1978), 4) erosion (Steven et al. 1983), and 5) allelopathic effect (Steven
et al. 1983).
In this study, we limited to collect currently benefits of new establishment of beach sheoak
in the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency. More specifically, our objectives were: 1) to find
out previous environmental condition of the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency before the
establishment of beach sheoak; 2) to identify benefits of new establishment of beach sheoak in the
southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency. These findings will be considered in order to develop
strategies and practices of coastal rehabilitation for integrated coastal management.
Material and Methods
The study area
Kulon Progo Regency in the westernmost region of Yogyakarta Province occupies an area
586.3 km2 and situates 11001’37”-110016’26” E and 7038’42”-7059’3” S. In term of regional
division, Kulon Progo Regency consist of 12 sub-districts (kecamatan), 87 villages (desa) and 1
urban village (kelurahan), as well as 917 hamlets (pedukuhan), 4,825 RWs (Rukun Warga), and
4,469 RTs (Rukun Tetangga). Four of 12 sub-districts have coastline as long as 24.9 km throughout
eight coastal villages with rainfall between 124 mm and 198 mm (Anonim 2011) (Table 1). The
sandy beach and dune deposit in the coast and come from river borne and marine sediment (Steenis
1965; Khakhim et al. 2008) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. (a) Map of Indonesia: study sites indicated by white circle (source: Google Earth, 2013),
(b) Coastal typology of Kulon Progo Regency with river borne sediment and marine
sediment (source: map modified after Khakhim et al. 2008), (c) Map of Special Region
of Yogyakarta and southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency (Source: Google Earth,
2013)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Time and sampling techniques
A survey on environmental condition and C. equisetifolia usage was conducted along eight
coastal villages of Kulon Progo Regency in February-March 2012 (Rugayah et al. 2004). We had
been later choosing a coastal hamlet and an RW within the previously chosen hamlet. The criteria
of selection of hamlets and RWs are nearby coastline, presence of C. equisetifolia and its usage.
We had been using a selected RW as a representation unit of a beach for purpose of the interview.
In the selected RW we had been randomly interviewing 13% of RW population (13-20
respondents) between March and May 2012. Respondents were limited to coastal farmer,
fisherman, merchant, labour, and entrepreneur who residing more than 10 years in the coastal
villages. Two interviewers had been asking respondents with a questionnaire sheet, which prepared
to guide the interview. The head of villages were interviewed firstly in order to get permission and
more local data (Abbas et al. 1995). The data related to questionnaires were then transfer to excel
sheet and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Simple summaries can be created by descriptive
statistics i.e. quantitative data of respondents that depicted in tabular or graphical format, including
histogram (Trochim 2005; Dytham 2011).
In order to identify C. equisetifolia usage, we followed 11 criteria of environmental
services that explained by Reubens et al. (2011). Those criteria are direct or potential benefit for
peoples from the plants its self, i.e. (1) land reclamation, (2) invasiveness, (3) pests-diseases, (4)
live fence, (5) intercropping, (6) shade, (7) wind shelter, (8) nurse plants effects, (9) effect on soil
humidity, (10) improved nutrient status, and (11) protection against erosion (Reubens et al. 2011).
Results and Discussion
Profile of respondents
We had been collecting data of 132 respondents along eight coastal villages of Kulon
Progo Regency i.e. Jangkaran, Glagah, Karangwuni, Garongan, Pleret, Bugel, Karangsewu, and
Banaran. The occupation of respondents was divided into five types i.e. farmer, fisherman,
merchant, labour, and entrepreneur. Some respondents had two occupational types among them.
One occupation was full time and another one as part time. Fig. 3 shows that respondent of farmers
dominated in all beaches (77 respondents, 58.3%). In some beaches, other respondent of farmers
also worked as fishermen (36 respondents, 27.3%) or merchants (5 respondents, 3.8%) or
entrepreneur (1 respondent, 0.8%). It can be said that in this study we interviewed 119 respondents
(90.2%) who had an occupation as a farmer, either full time farmer or part time farmer.
Furthermore, we also interviewed 42 respondents (31.8%) as fishermen, either 6 respondents of
full time fishermen (4.5%) or 36 respondents of part time fishermen (27.3%). The rest of
respondents were merchants (5 respondents, 3.8%) and labours (2 respondents, 1.5%).
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3. Occupational profile of 132 respondents in the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency,
Special Region of Yogyakarta
The youngest interviewed respondent was 24 years old (1 respondent, 0.8%) in

Karangsewu beach and the oldest one were 65 years old in Trisik beach and Karangsewu beach (2
respondents, 1.5%). The average age of respondent was 39.5 years old whereas its detail by beach
and distribution of age presented by Fig. 4 and Table 2 respectively. Thus, all respondents were
eligible to be interviewed because their ages over the first establishment period of beach sheoak.
During the 2012 study, first plantation of beach sheoak that established in Samas beach, Bantul
Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta in October 1996 (Sutikno et al. 1998) was a 16-year-old
plantation.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 4. Average age of respondent by beach along the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency,
Special Region of Yogyakarta (in years)
Table 2. Age of Respondents along the Southern Coast of Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region
of Yogyakarta
Distribution of respondents
Age (years) Notes
Frequency %
Under 22 0 0.0
22-27 5 3.8
Mean : 39.5
28-33 28 21.2
Median : 39.0
34-39 37 28.0
Mode : 35.0
40-45 37 28.0 Range : 41.0
46-51 12 9.1 Standard deviation: 8.6
51 up 13 9.8
Total 132 100.0
Previous Environmental Condition
Environmental condition of the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency before the
establishment of beach sheoak (C. equisetifolia) is presented in Fig. 5. Respondents admitted that
they faced problems in: (1) the beaches (4 types), (2) agricultural lands (5 types), (3) roads near
coasts (4 types), and (4) coastal villages (3 types).
We noted that serious problems in the beaches were strong wind (85.6%), hot weather
without shade tree (74.7%), limited coastal attraction (5.6%), and no green landscape (4%) (see
Fig. 5). Then, according also to Fig. 5 most of respondents (92.4%) recognized that strong wind in
the agricultural lands constitutes the previous biggest agricultural problem. Then followed by crops
dead because salt water (14.3%), uncultivated land nearby coasts (12.4%), sandy agricultural lands
(10.8%), and it was difficult to cultivate because of very hot (1.3%). Whereas problems in the
roads near coasts, as Fig. 5 shows, were strong wind (84.8%), no shade tree (67.2%), barren and
hot weather (3.1%), and few shade trees (0.6%). Respondents also confirmed that hot weather
(81.5%), strong wind (63.4%), and few shade trees (18.9%) were the past problems in villages near
coasts (Fig. 5). Based on these interview results, we can conclude that previous main problems in
the beaches, agricultural lands, roads, and villages nearby coast are strong wind, hot weather and
limited or without shade tree or green coastal landscape.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 5. The previous problems before establishment of beach sheoak (C. equisetifolia) in
beaches, coastal agricultural lands, roads and coastal villages, the southern coast of
Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Pujotomo (2009) supports our finding based on data of mean wind direction observed in
Cilacap station about 100 km west of Yogyakarta. Wind in the south coast during April-November
is dominated by constant and strong southeast wind (dry monsoon wind). Southeast wind causes
waves from the southeast and south direction that generates longshore current. On the opposite,
during rainy season, wind blows slower from west and northwest direction (Pujotomo 2009).
Continuous wind and sea current, vegetation, and other factors control the sand dune type
(Karnawati et al. 2009). In the stressful physical condition e.g. sand movement, sea-water
inundation, and airborne salinity, coastal species are the most abundant (Castillo & Moreno-
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Casasola 1996). They tolerate prevailing windy conditions, high sand temperatures, and salt spray
(Steven et al. 1983). Some of them are goat's foot convolvulus (Ipomoea pes-caprae) (Pignatti
1996; Hesp 2002; Syahbudin et al. 2009), I. stolonifera (Rodgers III 2005), I. indica (Steven et al.
1983), rolling grass (Spinifex littoreus) (Pignatti 1996; Syahbudin et al. 2009), S. sericeus (Hesp
2002), gulf croton (Croton punctatus) (Castillo & Moreno-Casasola 1996; Hesp 2002), beach
naupaka (Scaevola taccada) (Steven et al. 1983; Pignatti 1996), S. plumierii (Castillo & Moreno-
Casasola 1996), screw pine (Pandanus tectorius) (Castillo & Moreno-Casasola 1996), and P.
odoratissimus (Pignatti 1996). Coastal species especially near shoreline is prostrate herb (Steven et
al. 1983), succulent creeping plants with herbaceous habit (Pignatti 1996) or rhizomatous plants
(Hesp 2002). They colonize the base of the dune side slope, grow up the slope, and partially
stabilize the dune ridge margin and crest (Hesp 2004). The height of those species, which are
growing near shoreline, is not higher than 0.5-1 meter (Pignatti 1996), so they cannot provide good
shade for people or make greening the landscape well. A coastal shrub community and tree such as
S. taccada (Steven et al. 1983; Pignatti 1996), S. plumierii (Castillo & Moreno-Casasola 1996), P.
tectorius (Syahbudin et al. 2009), P. odoratissimus, Asian palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer)
(Pignatti 1996) may help those purposes. In the past time, coastal inhabitant in Bantul Regency,
Yogyakarta had been using I. pes-caprae, S. littoreus, P. tectorius, and crown flower (Calotropis
gigantea) during preparing sandy agricultural land (Suhardi et al. 2002). Then they have been also
planting other introduced tree species e.g. gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and acacia (Acacia
mangium, A. auriculiformis) as a land border, shade tree, hedgerows, fodder, etc.
Benefits of Beach Sheoak
The southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency has been changing since establishment of
some introduced tree species, especially beach sheoak (C. equisetifolia). These species have been
affecting on the beaches, agricultural lands, roads near coasts, and coastal villages. In case of beach
sheoak, present benefits come from its tree form, seedling, foliage, and stem/branches/twigs (Fig.
6).
Based on Figure 6(a), Bugel beach has the highest benefits of beach sheoaks along the
southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency. People in Bugel beach produces more seedlings, gets the
highest benefits of beach sheoaks from trees form, then uses dried branches or twigs as fuelwood,
as well as dried foliages for mixing fertilizer and mulch. The next highest benefits of beach
sheoaks were in Trisik beach, then followed by Karangsewu beach, Congot beach, Pleret beach,
Glagah beach, and Garongan beach.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 6. Beach sheoak (C. equisetifolia) usages (%) in each beach along the southern coast of
Kulon Progo Regency (b) Part of beach sheoak that taken advantages by respondents.
Tree Form
Respondents in six beaches (37.2%) have been taking advantages of beach sheoak as a tree
(Fig. 6). In this form, beach sheoak have been (1) functioning as a windbreak to prevent
agricultural lands and coastal villages, shade trees, and fences as well as (Fig. 7) (2) greening and
beautifying coastal landscapes (Fig. 8). These results in line with previous studies that coastal
inhabitants in the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency replicate three plantation patterns of
beach sheoak i.e. (1) rows formation, (2) rectangles, and (3) in individuals (Syahbudin et al.
2013b).
Figure 7. The establishment of beach sheoak (C. equisetifolia) in rows formation in the southern
coast of Kulonprogo to prevent the agricultural lands and coastal villages from coastal
wind (as a windbreak)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 8. Beauty coastal landscapes in the southern coast of Kulonprogo because of beach sheoak
(C. equisetifolia).
The first plantation pattern, which is typically established in foredune to landward,

function as a wind barrier to prevent agricultural land and coastal villages from wind erosion and
salt spray (Sutikno et al. 1998; Hartono et al. 2004; Syahbudin et al. 2009; Syahbudin et al.
2013a). On the similar case of windy north east side of Oahu, Hawaii, beach sheoak was often used
as a windbreak species (Pignatti 1996). Windbreak of beach sheoak’s stand is also able to increase
agricultural production because to create suitable micro climate. Finally food crops can grow in
better condition and more productive (Hartono et al. 2004; Widodo 2008).
Rectangular was the second plantation pattern, which is a pattern that beach sheoak, either
homogeneity or together with other species form hedgerows (Syahbudin et al. 2013b), were
recorded in agricultural land boundaries. Hedgerows are limits, boundaries, and borders (Baudry et
al. 2000) that originated and coexist with agriculture (Forman & Baudry 1984). In Europe,
hedgerows were traditionally an important source of wood as well as other products (Hesp 2002).
Dense and high tree layer of hedgerows provide a semi-permeable barrier to winds (Forman &
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Baudry 1984; Baudry et al. 2000). Its shade also modifies the environment in a narrow band next
to hedgerows (Forman & Baudry 1984). In case of beach sheoak as an evergreen tree, this species
in a hedgerow still has green barrier to wind during dry season when strong southeast wind come
and in the same time gliricidia (G. sepium) and acacia (A. mangium) shed their leaves. Another
hedgerows species like screw pine (P. tectorius) is not high and dense enough to reduce wind
speed and salt spray. Finally, the existence of hedgerows and rows formation of beach sheoak
creates microclimate that suitable for agricultural land nearby coast.
The third plantation pattern that is beach sheoak in individuals associated with the need of
shade, ornamental purposes (Austin 1978), space, green landscape and protection (Syahbudin et al.
2013b). We found individually beach sheoak on one side of road only nearby villages and planted
away from agricultural land. Beach sheoak in individual also scattered in yard of some coastal
villages (Fig. 9). Nowadays the roads in the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency, mainly
around tourism beach and coastal villages have more shade trees and greening landscapes.
Therefore, wind speed and temperature also decrease.
Figure 9. Beach sheoak were individually planted away from agricultural land and scattered in
yard of some coastal villages.
Foliage
Each part of beach sheoak has been also providing environmental services by the time this
species service as a tree form. In six beaches, foliages usage constitutes the big three of total used
part of beach sheoak (24.9%, see Fig. 6). Respondents in Congot beach, Trisik beach, and Bugel
beach expressed that windbreak of beach sheoak enabled to reduce usage of dried coconut leaf,
which often used in agricultural lands (Fig. 10), and to shade some agricultural nurseries.
Moreover its dried foliages were used for mixing fertilizer and mulch in Trisik beach, Karangsewu
beach, and Bugel beach.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 10. Previously condition in the southern coast of Kulonprogo with dry coconut leaf: to
prevent the agricultural lands from coastal wind (left) and to shade some agricultural
nurseries (right)
Reduction in the use of dried coconut leaf, purchased fertilizer and mulch during food
crops plantation will increase farmer’s income because farmer can reduce costs of labour and
budget for buying mulch and chemical fertilizer. Setyawan et al. (2004) emphasizes that coastal
agriculture, which cultivated in barren condition, needs intensive maintenances, high inputs, and
more supervision compare than field agriculture (Suhardi et al. 2002). Thus, reduction of
agricultural resources requirement will be significant in reducing the cost.
Foliages of beach sheoak in Trisik beach have been also used for mixing traditional
medicine, fodder, and swiftlet nest material. On the opposite, respondents in Bugel beach
prohibited to feed with foliage of beach sheoak.
Stem/Branches/Twigs
There were 12.3% respondents in five beaches used dried branches or twigs of beach
sheoak as fuelwood (Fig. 6). Those beaches were Congot, Glagah, Bugel, Karangsewu and Trisik
where their plantation period of beach sheoak more than 10 years. It seems that the use of
fuelwood closed relation with the age of beach sheoak plantation. Older beach sheoak probably
produce more dried branches or twigs. Although these activities were allowed as far as a dried part,
coastal inhabitants potentially use life part of this species to meet daily needs, include as fuelwood.
Lesson learned from Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta that information concerning on prohibition were
evidently accepted bias by coastal inhabitants (Syahbudin et al. 2013a), can be used as a reference
(Fig. 11).
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 11. Perception difference between respondents along the southern coast of Bantul Regency,
Yogyakarta in understanding the restrictions on the utilization of beach sheoak (C.
equisetifolia). Source: modified after Syahbudin et al. (2013a).
Seedling
The use of seedlings of beach sheoak was recorded in seven beaches (25.6%, see Fig. 6).
In the first establishment of beach sheoak in the southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency, local
government supported coastal inhabitants by producing and distributing free seedlings. Recently
some respondents have been independently reproducing their own seedling through air layering
and planting them in places where they need e.g. in their own agricultural lands or yard as a
hedgerow or a fence. Fence functions as a boundary (Baudry et al. 2000; Syahbudin et al. 2013b)
and shade tree in agricultural land and village. In Glagah beach, respondents have been making
bonsai of beach sheoak for their own home decoration.
What additional research can be done with this spreading of beach sheoak and its benefits?
In some areas, beach sheoak were reported as serious invader species. In Yogyakarta case, both
Bantul regency and Kulon Progo regency, this species is still controlled by local people due to its
benefits. So, it is not going to be an invasive alien species. In other hand, another research of the
correlation between beach sheoak and the ecology of Pandanaceae as a native species in the
southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency has not done yet.
In addition, we suggest local government and other stakeholders also develop the
promotion and counseling to increase public knowledge and public awareness about beach sheoak:
silviculture and other concerns such as changing of coastal ecosystem, native species and invasive
alien species. Local government must to find a native species in order to rehabilitate coastal area.
Conclusion
Beach sheoak (C. equisetifolia) is now a well-known species in eight beaches along the
southern coast of Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta. This species that was introduced during last
____________________________________________________________________________________________
decade widely spreads because desirable mainly related to agriculture and coastal environment
reason, not an accident. There is an enhancement on the use of beach sheoak by the time. Recently
beach sheoak either as a tree, seedling, foliage, or stem/branches/twigs provides benefits, which
change the previous environmental condition, on beaches, agricultural lands, roads, and villages
nearby coasts. What additional research can be done with this spreading of beach sheoak and its
benefits? The first suggestion relates to existence of beach sheoak culture. This new culture is
predicted to support the fast distribution of beach sheoak. Are there also cultures of Gliricidia or
Acacia? Other research relates the ecology of Pandanaceae as a native species in the southern coast
of Kulon Progo Regency. How is the correlation between beach sheoak and Pandanaceae? In
addition, we suggest local government and other stakeholders also develop the promotion and
counseling to increase public knowledge and public awareness about beach sheoak: silviculture
and other concerns such as changing of coastal ecosystem and native species.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful discussion and additional information on early
versions of this study by members of Silviculture Department, Faculty of Forestry UGM,
Yogyakarta and Forest Resource Biology Department, Ehime University, Ehime. We also thank
Sungkono M.R. (Senkom Mitra Polri, Yogyakarta) for accompanying us in the field. The article
benefitted from detailed comments from three anonymous reviewers.
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Benefits of Beach Sheoak

The first plantation pattern, which is typically established in foredune to landward,

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