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he quest for low standby power is One possible solution uses a hysteretic er operation, the voltage on Pin 1 is high-
R1 R2
Figure 2
100 1k
D3 D1
D4 D2
1k
LINE
SENSE 50k
1M 1M
D5
Q1 10k 1M 1 mF
1k
VCC
LM7805
24 TO 12V VIN VOUT
OUT
DC/DC CONVERTER +
GND
100 mF
UPS
+
START/STOP 100 mF
24V INVERTER
BATTERY
2 1 +
RELAY
2N2222
1k
DIGITAL
CONTROL
IN
OUT
1k
This galvanically isolated generator-control circuit turns on the emergency generator only when the load demands it.
R1
3.3k
R2
2.2k
R3
2.2k
R6
3.3k
R4
3.3k
5V
Figure 2
SLAVE ADDRESS BYTE COMMAND BYTE OUTPUT BYTE
SDA
STOP CONDITION
START CONDITION
This diagram shows the I2C timing protocol for the MAX517 D/A converter.
F
15V 1 6
system, you usually deter- 0.14 mF 10 mF
Figure 1 2
DCP011515DP
mine the ac-line fuse rating 7 115 (I)
5
based on the steady-state current. How- AGND 10 mF
ever, the power-on current surge is an GI
important parameter in determining the 115 (I) 15 (I)
fuse’s I2t rating. The I2t rating is a meas- 4.7
0.1 mF
4.7
ure of the energy required to blow a fuse 2.2k
TO
in pulsed conditions. Also, in many cas- DSO
es, you may find it of value to know the 2.2 nF
7 2 1
shape of the current surge and its har-
4.7
monic content. The circuit in Figure 1 15V 9 16 32
0.1 mF
can help you capture the power-on cur- ISO122P
rent transients in a system. The circuit 0.1 mF 31
15
costs less than $25 to build. You need a 115V 10
8
DSO to capture the waveforms. In Fig- 4.7
Figure 2
(a) (b)
A highly capacitive power supply causes a 4A current surge (a) in the power line; an incandescent bulb produces a 1.5A spike (b).
put of the dc/dc converter and the out- ● An incandescent lamp (Figure 2b). core-saturation effects. Figure 2b
put side of the ISO122P. The filtered out- From the waveforms, you can de- shows a turn-on surge of approxi-
put of the ISO122P provides the input to termine the surge’s shape, width, mately 1.5A for the 60W, 220V in-
a DSO. You use transient-capture mode and peak value. You can then use candescent bulb. Warning: Haz-
in the DSO to capture the power-on cur- this information to determine the ardous voltages are present in the
rent surge. Figure 2 shows the waveforms proper I2t rating for the system fuse. mains-side circuitry. (DI #2428).
for: Figure 2a shows a current surge of
● A system with a 10,000-mF trans- 4A peak, although the steady-state
former/bridge-capacitor filter (Fig- current is only 0.13A. The heavy To Vote For This Design,
ure 2a). Steady-state rms current is surge arises because of the large- Circle No. 497
approximately 0.13A at 220V rms. value capacitor filter and also from
R
NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
+
VOUT
tors. A first-order, RC lowpass filter es- C 1
tablishes the cutoff frequency, and a tra-
ditional noninverting op-amp circuit
determines the gain. You can add vari- fC=
1
2pRC R2
ability and programmability if you use R1
digitally controlled potentiometers to
implement the variable resistors. The cir-
cuit in Figure 2 shows the implementa- G0 =1+R2/R1.
tion of the frequency and gain controls.
The potentiometer, R, forms a pseudo-tee You can use potentiometers to program an amplifier’s gain and cutoff frequency.
network; along with capacitor C, the po-
tentiometer establishes the upper cutoff
frequency fC. Potentiometer R2 is
Figure 2 kR (11k)R
5V
a three-terminal device that es-
tablishes the voltage gain, G0. The voltage VS +
VOUT
gain for the circuit is: 1
5V
Gω
C
V0 15V
= 0 C .
VS jω + ω C
SCL R1 k2R2 (11k2R2)
CONTROL
G0 is the programmable closed-loop SDA AND
passband gain: MEMORY
ADDR
R1 + R 2 X9418W
G0 = , and 0 ≤ k 2 ≤ 1,
R1 + k 2 R 2
15V
where k2 reflects the proportionate posi-
tion of the wiper from one end of the po- Replacing Figure 1’s potentiometer with digitally programmable potentiometers allows you digital-
tentiometer (0) to the other end (1). The ly to control gain and cutoff frequency.
gain is programmable from 1 to
(R11R2)/R1. The fixed resistor, R1, 10k
5V
LT1220
limits the circuit’s maximum volt- Figure 3 RLOW RHIGH
3 +
5V 7
age gain, a limitation usually necessary 6
VOUT
W 2 1 4
for accuracy and bandwidth purposes.
The upper cutoff frequency fC is a func- R4
R5
15V
5k, 1% R2 W 10k
tion of the input RC network: 5V 5k, 1%
300 pF HIGH LOW
ω 1
fC = C = , and 0 ≤ k1 ≤ 1. R3
2 π 2 π(k1R)C SCL
CONTROL R1
1k, 1%
SDA AND 910, 1%
where k1, like k2, reflects the proportion- MEMORY
ADDR R1
ate position of the wiper from one end
X9418W
of the potentiometer (0) to the other end
(1). The dual versions of the XDCP dig- 15V
ital potentiometers use the same serial
bus with different addresses for the indi- You can use the same serial bus to control both the gain and the cutoff-frequency potentiometers
vidual potentiometers. in an amplifier circuit.
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