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No. 10.2
Main changes
A complete restructuring of the document has been made with the intent to clarify the content.
— The structure has been improved by letting the main document include general technical and document requirements, while
each appendix specifies requirements for the separate components/survey arrangement schemes.
— The document has been aligned with the current DNV Rules for Classification of Ships (Pt.7 Ch.1 Sec.8 C300) and practice
in that survey scheme and class requirements have been clearly specified. Further, that a clear division between a “company”
approval and a “vessel” approval has been made.
If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person
for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-
sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.
In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det
Norske Veritas.
Classification Notes - No. 10.2, October 2008
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1. General ficial, and how long it has been the preferred maintenance
strategy within the company).
1.1 Introduction 2) Description of the desired condition monitoring goals.
This Classification Note is a supplement to DNV Rules for
Classification of Ships Pt.7 Ch.1 Sec.8 C300 Machinery CM 3) Documentation describing qualification of the crew and
(Condition Monitoring). The information in this Classification shore based personnel involved with CM in the daily op-
Note is to be considered mandatory unless otherwise stated eration of the ship with regards to condition monitoring
when preparing and maintaining the Machinery CM survey ar- equipment, measurements and analyses. If analysis and/or
rangement. measurement taking is outsourced to a qualified 3rd party,
the contract between the manager and the 3rd party to be
Guidelines for replacement of separate surveys by condition submitted for review and acceptance.
monitoring for rotating machinery, propulsion- and position
thrusters (including podded propulsions), turbines and water- 4) Responsibility chart for the organisation showing dedicat-
jets, are found in Appendix A-D. ed personnel for condition monitoring, including 3rd party
if applicable.
It is emphasised that operating on Machinery CM described in
the following paragraphs, does not replace either the normal 5) Workflow diagram/description of condition monitoring
daily surveillance or the chief engineer’s responsibility for tak- activities, including analysis and follow up of alarms.
ing decisions in accordance with his judgement.
2.2.2 Training programme and plan
1.2 Approval process machinery CM programme It should be ensured that the vessel at all times is manned with
personnel adequately trained in CM techniques. Plans, records
1) It is required that the ship/manager (hereinafter Manager) and training for the responsible persons are to be established.
is operating according to a condition monitoring strategy
before applying for Machinery CM. The following shall be submitted for approval:
2) The Manager submits documentation to DNV (Machinery 1) A plan for qualification and training of future crewmem-
Ships in Operation), as described in part 2 below. The doc- bers.
uments will be compiled to a CM-manual. All outsourcing
contracts/agreements, i.e. vibration measurement taking 2) A short description of the elements in the training pro-
and/or analysis, oil analysis etc, shall be included in the gramme.
documents sent for review. 3) A plan describing the crew rotation with regard to main-
3) The documentation is reviewed, and if found satisfactory, taining qualified personnel on board at all times.
a CM company approval is granted. The CM company ap-
proval enables the manager to apply for vessel specific ap- 2.3 Vessel specific approval
proval for vessels under their management. The The approved documentation from the Manager’s company
documentation for the vessel specific approval must be approval should be included and part of the vessel specific ap-
prepared and submitted for review, prior to the initial sur- proval for CM. In addition, the below items shall be submitted.
vey on board.
4) When the vessel specific documentation has been re- 2.3.1 Monitoring methods for components including base-
viewed and found satisfactory, an initial survey can be re- line data
quested at any time by contacting DNV Høvik. For each component included in Machinery CM, the following
5) Once the initial survey has been carried out with satisfac- information shall be submitted for approval:
tory result, the vessel specific documentation will be ap- 1) Detailed description of condition monitoring technique
proved and Machinery CM will be granted. A CM vessel used.
certificate will be issued for the vessel accordingly and a
CM-manual with the company and vessel approval docu- 2) Component information that will contribute to forcing fre-
ments will be compiled. The CM-manual is the approved quencies (excitation frequencies) for items where FFT
CM programme. analysis are required according to DNV Rules for Classi-
fication of Ships Pt.7 Ch.1 Sec.8 C303. (Such as r.p.m.,
bearing specification, couplings, number of fan or propel-
ler blades, motor bars, gear teeth, aerodynamic or hydro-
2. Documentation to be Submitted for dynamic frequencies, etc.).
Approval 3) Schematic sketch of each component with clearly marked
2.1 General measuring point(s).
Documentation for a CM programme shall be submitted to 4) Measured frequency range(s)
DNV for approval. The submitted CM programme shall con- 5) Baseline data.
tain information as described in this chapter (ref. DNV Rules
for Classification of Ships Pt.7 Ch.1 Sec.8 C300). Upon com- 6) Predefined alarm limits in cooperation with maker/ vibra-
pletion of the company approval, a vessel specific approval in- tion specialist.
cluding the documentation from the company approval must 7) Measurement interval.
be submitted and approved prior to initial surveys.
8) Relevant pre-defined actions based on condition monitor-
If online system (continuous measurement) and outsourcing of ing results.
measurement and/or analysis is chosen, some documentation
requirements will be not applicable. 2.3.2 Condition monitoring equipment
2.2 Company approval The following shall be submitted for approval related to the
equipment used onboard:
2.2.1 The maintenance strategy
1) Equipment data sheets for condition monitoring equip-
1) Description of the condition monitoring objective in the ment (sensors, vibration meters, collectors and analysing
company (Why condition monitoring is considered bene- systems).
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2.3.3 Implementation of condition monitoring in the tual component itself. External vibration is defined as the vibration
planned maintenance system excited by other equipment). This type of instrument is therefore not
suitable for detecting and identifying specific problems in rotating
All components in the DNV Machinery List shall be addressed machinery, except the general condition of roller and ball bearings
in the vessels Planned Maintenance system, and the components (when shock pulse measurements or equivalent is utilised).
credited based on Machinery CM shall be specially identified.
---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---
The following shall be submitted for approval:
1) Examples describing condition monitoring jobs in the 3.3 Data collector, (Frequency spectrum analyser)
planned maintenance system. For turbines, gears, piston pumps, piston compressors, water
2) Procedures describing how the condition monitoring re- jets and thrusters, a spectrum analyser (Fast Fourier Trans-
sults are handled. form, FFT analyser), is required. The measured results may be
presented as either PEAK or r.m.s. (Root Mean Square) levels
3) Procedures for handling of results close to or above pre- in respectively acceleration [g] or velocity [mm/s].
defined alarm limits.
4) The PMS shall be able to handle flexible maintenance in- Note:
tervals for CM based jobs. Frequency spectrum analyser
This kind of equipment is an analysis tool for extracting informa-
2.3.4 Programme for lubricating and hydraulic oils analy- tion to determine the origin of a problem as well as its severity.
sis A spectrum analyser with a compatible computerised analysis
The following shall be submitted for approval: program is a tool for both condition monitoring and troubleshoot-
ing on rotating machinery. However, it is important that perform-
1) Description of programme for lubricating and hydraulic ing analysis should only be carried out by specially qualified
oils analyses. personnel/ vibration experts.
2) Details on equipment and kit used for onboard water con- ---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---
tent testing.
Note:
For requirements see Section 7. Overall measurements vs. spectrum analysis
The major benefit of selecting certain individual frequencies for
each measuring point is that this will provide information, which
3. Technical Requirements for Condition helps identifying the type of fault causing a vibration problem.
In order to illustrate the difference in the two measuring methods,
Monitoring overall r.m.s. (vibration meter) and spectrum-based (FFT analys-
er) is measured. The same measurement, in the range 10 - 1 000
3.1 Basic requirements for condition monitoring Hz is carried out in one position and one direction. The compar-
equipment ison of the two methods clearly shows that only measuring the
The requirements to the condition monitoring equipment are as overall level is more inaccurate than the spectrum method.
follows:
Example 1: Overall r.m.s. (vibration meter) velocity level:
1) Recordings, measurements and trends shall be presented The results are given as a numerical value on a display.
in a simple and easily readable manner. Baseline measurement: Overall r.m.s.-level = 5.1 mm/s.
2) Historical data storage and trend presentation facilities Current measurement: Overall r.m.s.-level = 5.8 mm/s.
shall be available so as to allow the surveyor access to all
measurements since last survey. Example 2: Spectrum analyser velocity level:
3) The equipment and hardware shall be fit for operation in a Vibration measurement producing for instance a frequency spec-
marine environment and the intended use (Ref. DNV trum with only two significant peaks V1 and V2, at the frequen-
cies f1 and f2 respectively.
Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.4 Ch.9 Sec.5).
Baseline measurement:
3.2 Vibration meter (overall measurements) V1 = 5 mm/s (1st order of turbine rotor)
The minimum instrumentation requirements for vibration V2 = 1 mm/s (2nd order of turbine rotor)
measurements (suitable for e.g. centrifugal and screw pumps Calculation of overall r.m.s.-level = √(52 + 12) = 5.1 mm⁄ s
and ventilation equipment) is a vibration meter that complies
with (ISO 10816) and the following requirements: Current measurements:
V1 = 5 mm/s, V2 = 3 mm/s
1) A vibration meter with an accelerometer with provisions Calculation of overall r.m.s.-level = √(52 + 32) = 5.8 mm⁄ s
for measuring the vibration level as velocity and prefera-
bly also acceleration or shock pulse. The example illustrates the fact that although the increase of V2
in example 2 (from 1 to 3 mm/s) is quite significant, the increase
2) Minimum measuring requirement shall be overall r.m.s. in overall r.m.s. is quite small and no suspicion would be aroused
(Root Mean Square) values in two frequency ranges 10 - of a possible development of a fault condition if only overall
1 000 [Hz] and 10 - 10 000 [Hz] and [mm/s]. Alternatively r.m.s.- values were read.
to 10 - 10 000 [Hz] velocity levels, the high frequency range ---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---
as acceleration [g] or shock pulse readings is acceptable.
3) Sufficient memory to store at least one complete route/ 3.4 Calibration procedure
round. In use, the overall level to be read on the instrument For all equipment used for condition monitoring measure-
and then compared against the severity criteria, for an as- ments, the calibration intervals shall be according to makers’
sessment of mechanical condition. specifications or recognised standards. If no such intervals are
Note: specified, the equipment should be calibrated at least every
Vibration meter second year. A job shall be created in the Planned Maintenance
System for calibration of the measuring equipment.
It is of importance to realise that a vibration meter only displays the
overall vibration level, including both internal and external vibra- Test equipment shall be furnished by a suitable indicator (for
tion (Internal vibration is defined as the vibration excited by the ac- example a tag or a label) to show calibration status.
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ferent sources of vibration (mostly fault condition) and the cor- r.p.m., i.e. the unit used for frequency is r.p.m. rather than Hz
responding frequencies at which significant vibration velocity (Hertz). Please be informed that Table 6-1 is for information
peaks are likely to show up. The frequencies are specified in only.
terms of the fundamental frequency referred to in the table as
Table 6-1 Relationship between sources of vibration and common corresponding peak frequencies
Vibration cause Frequency Remarks
Unbalance 1 × r.p.m Vibration proportional to rotor unbalance. Position and size of balanc-
ing holes or weights may be determined by vibration measurement
Misalignment of cou- 1 × r.p.m. usually 2 or 3 × r.p.m. some times Usually severe axial vibration
plings or bearings and Realign until minimum vibration
bent shaft
Mechanical looseness 2 × r.p.m. Usually accompanied by unbalance or misalignment.
Higher harmonics peaks can be expected.
Defective ball or roller Erratic, many times r.p.m., Shocks and tran- Vibration signature is significantly different from similar bearing Pos-
bearings sients itive detection by SPM shock pulse meter
Defective plain bear- Erratic, Shocks and transients Vibration signature is significantly different from similar bearings
ings
Oil whirl. oil whip 0.5 × r.p.m. critical r.p.m. of rotor Resonance of oil film in journal bearings
Defective or damaged Number of gear teeth × r.p.m. = gear mesh Constant gear “whine” may be ignored Change of pitch or erratic sig-
gears frequency and harmonics (2, 3, etc. times) nal indicates defects. These signals may occur at gear mesh frequency
and in any frequency from r.p.m. to mesh fre- (all teeth damaged) or by 1…Z × r.p.m. (Z is number of teeth)
quency. E.g. single tooth damage = 1 × r.p.m.
Drive belt problems 1, 2 and higher × r.p.m. Easily confused with unbalance. Belt resonance with no relationship
to rotational r.p.m. Can increase bearing wear
Electric Motor prob- 2 × slip × No. of Poles Sometimes causes 2 × slip sidebands around 120 Hz
lems
Reciprocating forces 1, 2 and higher × r.p.m. Inherent in reciprocating machinery
Combustion forces 0.5 × N × r.p.m. 4 cycle Also higher orders
1 × N × r.p.m. 2 cycle Load dependent
N = number of cylinder units
Aerodynamic or hy- Number of blades × r.p.m. and higher orders. Variable, depends on throttle position, suction, pressure, etc
drodynamic forces
(cavitations)
Forced vibration Depends on vibration source Vibrations caused by other (machinery, propeller, hull) vibration
source may be identified by narrow band spectrum analysis. Critical
in cases of resonance. May also cause damage to machinery out of use
especially roller bearings.
6.3.1 Reduction gears cies for most common bearings are as follows:
Gears typically generate a dominant vibration peak at the gear
mesh frequency (gear rotating speed × number of teeth) and its Outer race fault = No. of rollers × r.p.m. × 0.4
harmonics (harmonics series are peaks of a spectrum which are Inner race fault = No. of rollers × r.p.m. × 0.6
integral multiples of the fundamental frequency). The mesh Fundamental Train
frequency may be a single vibration peak, or it may be sur- Frequency (FTF) = 0.4 × r.p.m.
rounded by sidebands spaced on either side of the mesh fre-
quency at intervals of the shaft running frequencies. Sidebands
may indicate a gear defect. If sidebands occur around a tooth 7. Requirements for Oil Analysis
mesh, it may be determined which gear is defective by the side-
band spacing. 7.1 Lubricating and hydraulic oil analysis
Typical values of the amplitude at mesh frequency will gener- The basic requirements to the lubricating/hydraulic oil samples
ally be within the range from 0.5 - 6.0 [g] acceleration. How- are as follows:
ever, it is not uncommon and may not be abnormal to observe
— A complete round of oil samples shall at a minimum be
gears with amplitude at mesh frequency well above this value. submitted for analysis twice a year.
— Last laboratory analysis report and documentation of fol-
6.3.2 Ball and Roller bearings low- up of recommended actions shall be made available
The first stages of ball or roller bearing defects will produce to the attending surveyor.
non-synchronous vibration frequencies called bearing tones — The oil sampling point should be clearly identified and po-
and their harmonics (non-synchronous vibration peaks are not sitioned to ensure that the sample is taken at the same po-
exact multiples of 1 × the fundamental frequency). Depending sition each time.
on the instrumentation, the first indication will most likely be
high frequency bearing tones with 1st order sidebands. The ex- If possible samples should be acquired from the return flow,
usually this will mean immediately downstream from the com-
istence of non-synchronous vibration peaks in a spectrum is a ponent in question.
red flag to the analyst that bearing problems may exist.
Bearing tones at 0.15 mm/s r.m.s. (0.0025 g r.m.s.) or higher — Oil samples are always to be acquired while the equipment
are considered significant. is operating and the oil is circulating.
— Before sampling, a sufficient draining is required to ensure
An example of simple calculations of the bearing tone frequen- representative oil samples.
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— Wherever samples intended for particle counting are ac- — water content
quired, special ultra-clean particle free equipment and bot- — sodium content (salt)
tles are to be used. Both the sampling point and the — flash point
procedure are to be designed so as to minimise the risk of — wear particles
contamination.
— viscosity
Lubricating and hydraulic oil samples shall be submitted to the — base number
delivering oil company or an independent oil analysis labora- — insoluble material.
tory.
When submitted to an independent laboratory, one should en- For hydraulic oils the scope of work should, as a minimum, be:
sure that the analyses of lubricating oil for combustion engines — water content
are performed in accordance with guidelines put down by
CIMAC (the International Council on Combustion engines). — viscosity
— wear particles
For other samples, recommended values from the manufactur- — acid number.
er of the system or the oil supplier should be followed.
For lubricating oils the scope of work should, as a minimum, For hydraulic systems with high cleanliness demands specified
be: by manufacturer, particle counting should be performed.
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Appendix B The DNV surveyor will carry out or monitor vibration meas-
urements and oil analysis similar to those carried out when the
Thruster CM baseline measurement data were established. This is to confirm
(Propulsion and Position Thrusters) that the baseline data and the equipment are operated as intend-
ed and in accordance with the CM programme.
B.1 General The following will generally be reviewed and may also be test-
As stated in the Class Rules, this condition monitoring pro- ed if found necessary:
gram is intended to replace visual internal inspection of the
thrusters and is thus intended to monitor condition of the me- — The functionality of instrumentation and analysis program
for condition monitoring.
chanical power transmission train (i.e. bearings and gears).
This program may also be implemented for podded type thrust- — Equipment/Procedures for oil sampling and handling.
ers, i.e. thrusters equipped with integrated electric drive motor, — The installation of vibration measurement equipment.
instead of gear transmission, to monitor shaft bearings and — Verify the crew's ability to operate the condition monitor-
sealing condition. ing arrangement.
— Verify planned maintenance system and/or documentation
B.2 Special Conditions for maintenance in accordance with maker's instructions.
For propulsion thrusters, oil analyses are to be carried out at
least once a month. B.4 Annual Survey
For position thrusters, oil analyses are to be carried out mini- Main objective of survey:
mum quarterly. — Review of planned maintenance system and maintenance
B.3 Initial Survey documentation
— Review historic and trend analysis of the vibration meas-
Initial survey shall be carried out by a DNV surveyor, ref Sec- urement data and lube oil analysis, recorded since the last
tion 1.2 4). Baseline measurements for thrusters are advised to annual survey
be taken at 50 - 75% power (at higher output unwanted noise — Verify the crew's ability to operate the condition monitor-
and vibration may mask the interesting parts of the spectra due ing arrangement
to possible propeller cavitations), and shall contain the follow-
ing parameters: — Verify equipment calibration status
— Other special tests may be required if deemed necessary
— Vibration measurements (spectrum) from all relevant by the attending DNV surveyor.
bearings.
— Vibration measurements (spectrum) from shafting, gear B.5 Overhaul survey/Crediting of thrusters
and propeller. Crediting of thrusters shall be done when overhauled. Over-
— Corresponding load for the prime mover and speed haul to be witnessed by DNV surveyor. See DNV Rules for
(r.p.m.). Classification of Ships Pt.7 Ch.1 Sec.5 D/E.
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