Nema SM 24 1991 R2002 PDF

NEMA Standards Publication No.
SM 24-1991 (R1997, R2002)
Land-Based Steam Turbine Generator Sets 0-33,000 kW
Published by:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association

1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847
Rosslyn, VA 22209
O Copyright 2002 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including
translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan
American Copyright Conventions.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Provided by IHS under license with NEMA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of
persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was
developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement
among every person participating in the development of this document.
The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards and guideline

publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together

volunteers andlor seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered
by this publication. While NEMA administers the process and establishes rules to promote
fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not
independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or
the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications.
NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature
whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly
resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA
disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or
completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty
that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs.
NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or
seller’s products or services by virtue of this standard or guide.
In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render
professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA
undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone
using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate,
seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care
in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by this
publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for
additional views or information not covered by this publication.
NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the
contents of this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or
installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of
compliance with any health or safety-related information in this document shall not be
attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the
statement.

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 199L b470247 0527195 7 3 2 m
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACT

NEMA Standards Publication No. SM 24-1991 (R1997)
Land Based Steam Turbine Generator Sets O - 33,000 kW
Published by:

1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Rosslyn, VA 22209
O Copyright 1997 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including
translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan
American Copyright Conventions.

S T D m N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 b470247 0 5 2 1 3 9 7 505
TABLE OF CONTENTS
pyc
POREWORD ......................................... i
SCOPE ............................................. U
Wion1 REFERENCEDSTANDARDS & DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
keferenced standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Defitions ........................................... 2
Wlon2 CONSTRUCïiON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
General ............................................. 7
introduction ......................................... 7
Types of Steam Turbines .................................... 7
Classified by Exhaust conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Classified by Number of Stages and Conml Valves .................... 7
ClassXedbyProcessNeeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Steam Turbine Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Minecasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Steam Chest (Governor Valve Body) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
SteamRing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Stationary Reversing Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Stationary Reversing Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Stage. Twihe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
shaftseals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
BearingHousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RotorAssembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
wheels pisCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Blades (Buckets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
............................................
Shroud 9
Hand Valve(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Protective Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Controlling Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Extemal Conml Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
WarningDeVice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Sentinel Warning Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Soleplate(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Baseplate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
FeaturesandAccessOnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Basic Features and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Optional Features and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Controlled Exuaction and Controlled Induction Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Noncontrolled Extraction Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Nonconuolled induction Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Turbine Generator Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
FrequencyandSpxd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SteamConditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Units of Measurement for Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure ............ 15
ThermodynamicTerms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

pqr
Section 2
SteamandHeat Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
TurbineConnections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Output shaft Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SteamConnections ..................................... 18
Auxiliary Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
NonpressureTypeLubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
. Pressure-?Lpe Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Combination of Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Provisions for the Envhnment ................................ 19
Enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exposure to Natural Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exposure to Abnormal Atmospheric Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
General MechanicalRequkments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pressure and Tempemme Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
criticalspeeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u)
NameplateData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Shortcircuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
GearConstniction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ServiceFactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Typesof Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Classified by Rotor Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Classified By Exciration Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Classified by Enclosure and Cooling Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Generator Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
insulation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
PowerTerminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
General Electrical Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Motor Starting Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Maximum Momentary Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Telephone influence Factor ............................. 28
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Generator Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Phasesequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Section 3 CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Governing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
SpeedGovemor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
MultivariableGovernor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Conml Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Governor Controlled Vaive(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Servomotor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
External Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Speed Changer Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Valve Actuating Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Speed Changer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
31
Speed Governing System Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
SpeedRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
MaximumSpeedRise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Speedvariation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Section 3
Speed Regdation. Steady State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
SteamPmsureControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Pressure Regulating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
PressureRegulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ControlMechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Pressure controlled valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Pressurechanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Steady-StaiePressure Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Pressure Control hrformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Compensated Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Electronic Governing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
BasicFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Automatic Start Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Turbine Generator Controis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
SynchronousGenerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Frequency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
LoadControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
induction Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Generation System Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Generator Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
BasicFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Generator Conml Panel and Switchgear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Low Voltage Switchgear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
High Voltage Switchgear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Generator and Switchgear Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Section 4 PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
BasicFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ManuaiTnp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Overspeed Trip System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Overspeed Sensing Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Tripspeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Tripvalve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Combined Trip and Throule Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Overspeed Trip System Seüing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Overcurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Section 5 FACTORY TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
HydroTest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
No Load Running Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Gener;itor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Combined Test (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL L991 b1)30247 0527200 ï 2 T m
piec
Section 6 SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
General ............................................. 51
SoundPressureLevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Sound PressureLevei Measurement Rocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Correction for Background Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
SoundResolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Sound Attentuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Section 7 PREPARATIONFOR SHIPMENT AND STORAGE .................... 55

Shipping Reparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Shipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Receipt and Storage of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Section 8 INSTALLATiON ....................................... 57

introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Supervisionof Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Steam Inlet and Exhaust Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Cleaning of Turbine Steam Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Steam Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
The Piping Problem as Applied to Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Farces Due to Steam Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Forces Due to Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Forces Due to Dead Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Allowable Forces and Moments on Steam Tuhines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
DrainPiping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Leak-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Full-Flow Relief Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Coupling Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Grouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Hushing Oil System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Generatorieads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Sample Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Section 9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Noncondensing Turbine Operation of a Multistage CondensingTurbine . . . . . . . . . . 79
Typical Starting Sequence for a Steam Turbine Generator Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
IntemaiWaterWashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Steamhuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Section 10 INQUIRY GUIDE ....................................... 83
Appendix ................................................. 86
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL L993 M 6470247 0527203 Bbb
Foreword
This standard has been developed by the Steam Turbine Section of NEMA. in its preparation
and revision, consideration has been given to the work of other organizations,such as the American
Naionai StandardsInstitute, the American Society of Mechanicai Engineers,and the American Gear
Manufacturers Association, striving toward the development of standards, and credit is hereby given
to a l i whose standards may have been helpful in the preparation of this publication.
The purpose of this standard is to facilitate the application of these turbine generator sets by
engineers, users, and contractors, to promote economies of steam power generation equipment, and
to assist in the pm+r selection and application of the differing designs of steam turbine generator
sets.
NEMA Standards Publication SM 24-1991 revises and supersedes the NEMA Standards Publi-
cation Land Based Steam Turbine Generator Sets O to 33,000 kw, SM 24-1985.
User needs have been considered throughout the development of this standard, Proposed or
recommended revisions should be submitted to:
Vice President, Engineering Department
2101 L Street N.W., Suite 300
Washington,D.C. 20037
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~ ' scope
nieSe smndards covet singie stage and muitistage steam Mbines, redPCtion gears, air cooled
elemic generators, switchgear and auxiihy systems. niis staadard is also appîkable to turbines
expanding various gases or wrnpreseú air.
In addition,this standard applies to auxiliary equipment 8ssociBtcd with the turbine gememor
such as govmors, basephtes, excitation controls, steam piping. and 50 fath. Iht standard dots not
apply to other equipment in the steam cycle or electricaí distribution systems.
ii
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SM 24-1991
Page 1
Section 1
REFERENCED STANDARDS AND DEFINITIONS
1.1 REFERENCED STANDARDS

In this publication, reference is made to the standards listed belw . Copies are available from the indicated sources
American Boiler ManufacturersAssociation

1500 W&on Boulevard
Arlington, VA 22209
Boiler Water Quality and Steam Pwity Ratesfor Water Tube Boilers
(1982)
Amencan Gear Manufacturers Association

1901 North Fort Myer Drive
Arlington, VA 22209
421 .O6 Practices for High-speed Helical and Herringbone Generator Units
American National Standards Institute

1430 Broadway
New York, NY 10018
C37.W1989 Standard for High Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical

Current Basis-Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities
ANS- 100-1988 Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Term
S 1.4-1983 Specificationfor Sound Level Meters
S1.11- 1986 Specifications for Octave-Band, Fractional Octave-Band Analog and
Digital Filters
ANSVASME
B 1.20.1-1983 General Purpose Pipe Threads (inch)
B 16.1-1989 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class25,125,250 and800
B16.5-1988 Pipe Flange and Flanged Fittings
B3 1.1-1989 Power Piping
Expansion Joint ManufacturersAssociation

25 North Broadway
Tarrytown, NY 10591
The Standard of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (1980)

(1985 Addendum)
institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers

345 East 47 street
New York, NY 10017
IEEEStandard 1-1986 General Principles for Temperature Limits in the Rating of Electrical
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Equipment
IEEEStandard 112-1984 Test Proceduresfor Polyphase induction Motors ana' Generators
IEEE Standard 115-1983 Test Proceduresfor Synchronous Machines
IEEE Standard 200-1975 Design Electrical & Elecwonic Parts & Equipment (DeviceNumbers Md
Functions)

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 6470247 0527204 575 II
. ., ..... -
... ..
SM 24-1991
Page 2
National Eiectricai ManufacturersAssociation

2101 L Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 2û337
MG1-1987 Motors and Generators

S M 23-1985 Steam Turbinesfor Mechanical Drive Service
AB 1-1986 Molded Case CircuirBreakers
250-1985 EnclosUrasfor Electrical Equipment (loo0 VoltsMaximum)
1.2 DEFINITIONS exceeding its specifíed maximum tempeaature rise limits

The terms in Section 1.2are defmedasthey apply to land for continuous operation.
based steam turbine generator sets covered in this stan- Cooling Steam-A minimum steam flow which must
dards publication. be passed through a turbine stage to absorb the frictionai
AC Power-Power usedin an altemating curtent elec- heat input resuiting when the airbine rotor is rotated by
tricai circuit. (See Appendix.) means other than the n o d expansion of steam through
Alternating Current (ac)-Cunrent which varies from that stage.
zebotoapositivemaximumtozerotoanegativemaximum Core -An element made of magnetic material, serving
to zero, a number of times per second, the number being as a part of a path for magnetic flux.
expressed in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz). Criticai Speed-A speed at which the amplitude of the
Aïtemator-A generator which produces alternating vibration of a rotor due to shafi transverse vibration
CUrrenL reaches a maximum value.
Ambient Temperature-The temperatwe of the sur- Crass-current Compensation-ûne of two systems
rounding ah in which the generating system operates. which permits generatorsin parallel, to share the reactive
Ammeter-An instrument formeasming the magnitude component of the power in proportion to their rating while
of an electric currenL maintainingconstantoutput voltage. See Droop Cornpen-
Amortisseur-A short-circuited winding consisting of sation.
conductors embedded in the pole faces of the rotor of a Cross-current Compensation Transformer
synchronousgenerator. (CCCT)- A current transformer which conmls the divi-
Ampere-The unit of electric current flow. One ampere sion of reactive KVA in Proportion to the rating of gener-
will flow when one volt is applied across a resistance of ators operating in paraiiel.
one ohm. Current "kansformer ( C T t A n i n s r n e n t trans-
Apparent Power-The vectoriai sum of real power and former used in conjunction with ammeters and control
reactive power. (SeeAppendix.) circuits that produces an output proportianal to primary
Automatic "kansfer Switch-An automatic device for current.
txansfemng an electrical load from one power source to Cycle-One complete reversal of an alternatingc m n t
another. or voltage, from zero to a positive maximum to zero to a
Brushless Exciter-An ac (rotating armatwe type) ex- negativemaximum back to zero. The number of cyclespet
citer whose output is rectified by a semiconductor device second is the frequency,expressed in Hz.
to provide excitation to an electric machine. The semicon- DC Field-The field poles and their winding which,
ductor device would be mounted on and rotate with the ac when energized,produce the magnetic flux in a generator.
exciter mature. Delta Connection-A threephase connectionm which
Capacitance-The property of a system of conductors the staR of each phase is connected to the end of the next
and dielectrics that permits the storage of electrically phase, forming the Greek letter Delta (A).
separated charges when potentiai differences exist be- Deviation Factor-The deviation h t u r of a voltage
tween the conductors. wave is the ratio of the maximum diffmce between
Capacitor-A device, the primary purpose of which is corresponding orduiates of the wave and of a sine waveof
to introduce capacitance into an electric circuit. the sameroot-mean-squarevalueandtimebasetothepeaL
Circuit Breaker-A mechanical switching device ca- value of this sine wave when this sine wave is superim-
pable of making, carrying, and breaking circuit conditions posed in such a way as to make this dif€emceas smaiias
and also, making, carrying for a specified time, and break- possible.
ing cunents under specified abnormal circuit conditions, Diode-Solid state semiconductorwhich allows c m a t
such as short circuit to pass in one direction only.
Continuous Rating-The load rating of an electrical
generatingsystem which it is capableof supplyingwithout
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

STDONEMA SM 24-ENGL 1941 b470247 0527205 401
SM 24-1991
Page 3
Direct Current (dc)-Aunidirectionalcurrent in which Generator-A machine that converts mechanical

the changes in value are either zero or so small thai they powe? into electric power.
may be neglected. Ground-A conducting connection, whether inten-
Droop-"he change in speed when the power output is tionai or accidentai, by which an electric circuit or equip
graduailychanged from zero power to rated power output ment is connectedto the earth, or to m e conductingbody
and the turbine generator is not paralleled with othe? of relative huge extent that serves in place of the earth.
generating units. Cmunded Neuîral-A point of an electrical system
Droop CompensatiowA system which pennits gen- which is i n t e n t i d y connecteù to ground.
e r a m in parailel to share the reactive component of the Hertz (Hz)-'Ihe Unit of frequency. one cycle per sec-
power in proportion to their rating..See also Cross Current ond.
Compensation. Hunting-"he oscillation of voltage, frequency, or
EXkkncy-The efficiency of a turbine is the ratio other cmmiied parameter above and below the mean
(expressed as a percentage) of its useful power output to value. An unstable condition.
its net available energy input Hydro Test-A test for leaks and integrity of the pres-
Electricai Runout-An apparent deviation in shaft sure containingcomponentsof the turbine by pressurizing
concentricity indicated by the outputof a proximity p b e with water.
which is due to variations in the electrical conductivity or ïmpedanc+The total opposition offered by a circuit
magnetic properties of the observed shaft surface. to the flow of alternating current It is composed of resis-
Entrapped Energy-The energy which remains in the tance and reactance (inductive or capacitive,or both), and
volume of steam trapped between the turbine and a trip its symbol'2' is expressed in ohms.
valve or nonretum valve. inductance-The property of an electric circuit by
Excitation-The input of dc power into the roiating which a varying current induces an electromotiveforce in
field coils of a synchronous generator or the input of ac that circuit or in a neighboring circuit.
power into the stator coils of an induction generator. induction Generator-An induction machine driven
Exciter-" rotating or static device for supplyingexci- above synchronous speed by an e x t e d source of me-
tation to the field of a synchronousgenerator. chanical power for use as a generator.
Field-A region of space under magnetic influence re- in-phase-A condition in which the ac voltage waves
sulting in a distribution of magnetic lines of flux in that of two gemrating systemscoincide.
space. Inrusb Current-île inrush current of a machine or
Field Coii-A suitably insulatedwinding to be mounted a m t u s is the maximum value of rms or dc amperes
on a field pole to magnetize i t which it Cames after being suddenly and f d y energized
Field Pole-A structure of magnetic material on which and prior to reaching a stable Operating condition.
a field coil may be mounted. Insuiation-Material or a combinationof suitable non-
Flexible Shaft-A shaft which is intended for operation conducting materials that provide electric isolationof two
at speeds greater than the first lateral critical speed. parts at Werent voltages.
Frequency-The number of complete cycles of an al- Internal Water Washing-Aproceùure in which steam
ternating voltage or current per unit of time, usually per having a high percentage of moisture is injected into the
second, expressed in Hz. turbine for the p u p s e of removing water solubledeposits
Frequency Droop-The change in frequency expressed from the turbine blades and nozzles.
in Hz between steady state no load and steady state full Kilovolt Ampere-Qnethousand volt amperes (appar-
load. ent power), equal to kilowatt divided by the power factor,
Frequency Reguiation-The percentagechange in fre also equal to (root mean square) current times (root mean
quency from steady state fuil load to steady state no load. square) volts in kilovolts. (See Appendix.)
Frequency Recovery Time-The interval of time re- Kilovolt Ampere Reactive-ûne thousand volt am-
qwred for the frequency to return to and remain within a peres reactive-xeactancepower. (SeeAppendix.)
prescribed frequency band following an instantaneous Küowatt-ûne thousand watts (reai power). Equal to
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
load change. kilovolt amperes times power factor. (SeeAppendix.)

Frequency Transient-The maximum frequency devi- Kilowatt Hour (KWH)-One thousandwatts timesone
ation as a result of a sudden change in load. hour, unit of electric energy or work.
Fuli Load Current-The fuil load current of a genera- Laterai Critical Speeds-"he speeds at which the am-
tor is the value of current in root mean square (m) or dc plitude of the lateral vibration of a machine rotor due to
amperes which it carries when delivering rated output shaft rotation reach their maximum value.
under rated conditions.

SM 24-1991
Page 4
Line-to-Line Voltage -The voltage existing between Potential 'hamformer (Voltage 'Itansformer)-An
any two conductorsin polyphasecircuitS.Atso,the voltage instrumenttransformerthat is intended to have its primary
between the phase conductom. winding ~ o n n e ~ t eindshunt with a power supply cinuit,
Line-teNeutra1 Voitage-The voltage existing be- the voltage of which is u)be measured or controüeá.
tween any phase conductor and the neutral conductor. Power Factor-The ratio of real power divided by
Manual Transfer Switch-Amanually operateddevice a p n t power. (See Appendix.)
for ûansfemng an electrical load from one power source Proximity Probe-A non-contacting device which
to another. elecmnically measures the position or disphcernait mo-
Maximum Power-Maximum power is the output tion of an observed surface relative to the probe position.
power at the generator terminals in kilowatts when Oper- Purge Air-A method of sealing in which air (or inert
ating with maximum inlet conditions, minimum exhaust gas) is bled into the seal or housing to maintain a slight
conditions, specified power factor, minimum extraction, positive pressure and thus prevent the entrance of contam-
and maximum induction steam flow, when applicable. inants.
NeutrabThe point common to all phases of a poly- Rated Current-The ratedcurrent of a generator is the
phase circuit-it is the point along an insulated winding value of current in rms or dc amperes which is obtainable
where the voltage is the instantaneousaverage of the line from a aubine generator set when it is functioningat rated
tefininal voltage during normal operation. conditions. See Full Load Current.
Non-Salient Pole-A pole structm with its electrical Reactance -?he out-of-phase component of impeü-
coils wedged in axial slots in a cylindricaí body. ance that occurs in circuits containing inductance or ca-
Normal Power-Normal power is the power which the pacitance, or both.
turbine generator set wiil produce when operatingat spec- Reactive KVA (KVAR)-The reactive component of ac
ified normal conditions. power. (See Appendix.)
OHM-Unit of electricalresistance. One volt wiil cause Real Power-?lie real component of ac power. (See
a current of one amp= to flow through a resistance of one Appendix.)
ohm. Reduction Gear-A mechanical device used to reduce
Overload Power4verl?d power is that l?d in ex- the turbine speed to the generator speed.
cess of rated load which the turbine generator unit is Reiay-A device which initiates an output change as a
capable of delivering for a specified period of time. The response to a specified input change.
voltage, fiequency, and operating temperature may differ Resistance Temperature Detector ( R T D b A device
from normal rated values. for measuring temperature in which the elecaical mis-
Out-of-Phase-A condition in which the ac voltage tance of the device changes with temperahire.
waves of two generating systems do not coincide. Response Time-The time required to recover to the
Parallel Operation-Two or more generators of the steady state operating value after a sudden change in load.
same phase, voltage, and frequency characteristicssupply- Root Mean Square (rms)-A measurementof altem-
ing power to the same load. ing current and voltage and representing a proportional
Paralleling-The procedure used to connect two or value of the true sine wave.
more generators to a common load. Salient P d e - A pole structure and its elecaical coils
Permanent Magnet Generator (Pilot Exciter)-A which pmject from a hub or yoke.
generator in which the open-circuit magnetic flux field is Service Factor-The factor by which the maximum
provided by one or more permanent magnets. power capability of a device exceeds its rated power.
Phase-The number of complete voitage or current sine Short Circuit Ratio-The ratio of the field current for
waves, or both, generated per 360 elecmcal degrees. rated open-circuitarmature voltage and rated frequencyto
Phase Angle-The amount by which the zero point of the field current for rated armature current on sustaincd
the voltage wave differsfrom the zeropoint of the current symmetrical short-circuit at rated ñequency.
wave in an ac circuit (See Appendix.) Short Term Rating-The load rating of an electrical
Phase Rotation-The sequence in which the phases of generating system which it is capable of Carrying for a
a generatoror network pass through the positive maximum short specified period of time.
points of their waves. The same sequence must exist when Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCRtSolid state ds
units are paralleled. vice which permits current to flow in one direction oniy
Phase Sequence-The order in which the voltages suc- when higged by a suitable potential applied to the con-
cessively reach their positive maximum values between rnl lead or tenninal.
temiinalS. Spedfied ConditionsSpecified conditions are all
Pole-A machine structure which generates and directs customer defined power, voltage, frequency,power h u x
lines of magnetic energy.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~ ~
S T D - N E M A SM 2'4-ENGL 1771 64702'47 O527207 284
SM 24-1991
Page 5
and steam conditions at which the nirbine generam must the possible effect of harmonics in the generator voltage
openite- wave on telephone circuits.
Static Exciter-A non-mtating device which fúmishes Thermocouple-A device for sensing temperaaats in
direct current to the generator field. which a pair of dissimilarconductors are joined at two
Stator-The portion of a generator which includes and points so that an electromotive force is developed by
supports the stationary active parts. thermoeiectric effects when the jwictions are a M e n n t
Stator Winding -A winding on the stator of a ma- temperatInes.
chine. Torsional Criticai Speed-The speed at which the am-
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Steady State -The operating pokt under constant plitudes of the anguiar vibrations of a machine rom due
load when no transients are present, to shaft torsional vibration reach a maximum.
Steam 'Iiirbine-A prime mover which converts the 'ikanslormer-A static electric device that inaoduces
themud energy of steam directly into mechanical energy mutual coupihg between electric circuits.
of rotation. Voit-The unit of electromotive fm.One volt wiii
Stiff Shaft-A shaft which will not be operated during cam a current of one ampenz to flow through a resistance
normalcircumstancesatspeedsgreaterthanthefirst~ on one ohm.
critical speed. Vdtage Dip-ïhe maximum reduction in voltage IG
Switchgear-A general term covering switching and suiting from an increase in load.
intemptingdevicesand theircombinationwith associated Vdtage Range-The voltage range of a generatur is the
control, instrumentation, metering, protective and regulat- band widîh of voltage through which the generator is
ing devices. It ais0 includes assemblies of these devices, capable of adjustment and operationfrom no load through
associated interconnections, accessories,and supporting full load at specifíed conditions.
smctures used in connection with the genera- Vdtage Regdation-The voltage reguiation of a gen-
tion, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electric erator is the difference between the regulated no load and
power. the reguiated full load output voltage expressed as a per-
Synchnous Generator-A synchronous ac machine centage of the regulated fuil load voltage.
which transformsmechanical power into electrical power Vdtage Regulator -A device which maintains the
and operatesat synchronous speed at any load. Excitation voltage output of a generator.
is supplied by a generator exciter. Vdtmeter-An instrument for measuring the voltage
Synchronous Speed-The generatar speed which is magnitude.
directly proportional to the frequency of the system to Wye Connection-A method of interconnecting the
which the generator is connected.(See2.4.2 1.) phases of a three phase system to form a conñguration
Synchronizing-The process whereby a synchronous resembling the letter "Y".A fourth ar neutral wire can be
machine, with its voltage and phase suitably adjusted, is connected to the center point.
paraiieled with another synchronous machine or system. NEMAStandard6-12-1985.
Telephone Influence Factor (TIF)-The telephone in-
fluence factor of a synchronous generator is a measure of

~~ ~
~ ~~
STD.NEMA SM 24-ENGL L î î L 61i70247 0527208 IL0 m
SM 24-1991
Page 7
Section 2
CONSTRUCTION
2.0 GENERAL 2.1.2.4 MULTIVALVE MULTISTAGE TURBINE

A muitivaive multistageWi e is a steam turbine which
n
2.0.1 Introductbn has two or more govemor controlled valves and two cr
A steam turbine generator set includes a steam turbine, more stages.
reduction gear (when applicable), and a generator. NEMAStandad 6-21-1919.
The steam turbine converts energy from the available
2.1.3 CiassJfledby Proce99 Neeâs
heat drop between two or more steam pressure levels into
shaft power. The reduction gear, when applicable, allows 2.1.3.1 -0 (AurouLITic) EXTRACTKM
the turbine to operate at an efficient speed and matches the TURBINE
output speed to the generator speed A controlled (automatic) extraction turbine is a steam
The generator converts the shaft power into electrical m i n e which has an opening(s) in the turbine casing far
output at the generator terminals. the extraction of steam and which is provided with means
The turbine generator controls reguiate the steam flow for directly regulating the flow of steam to the turbine
and generator excitation to produce stable operation. stages following the extraction opening for the purpose of
Authorized Engineering Inhation 130-91.
conmiiing extraction pressure.
2.1 TYPES OF STEAM TURBINES NEMA standad 6-21-1919.
2.1.1 Ciassified by Exhaust Condltbns 2.1.3.2 NO"TROUED EXTRACTION TURBINE

A noncontrolled extraction turbine is a steam turbine
2.1.1.1 NONCONDENSING TURBINE which has an openin&) in the airbine casing for the
A noncondensing turbine is a steam turbine designed to extraction of steam but which does not have means far
operate with an exhaust steam pressure equal to or greater controlling the pressure of the extracted steam.
than atmospheric pressure. NEMAStandard 6-21-1979.
NEMAStandard 11-13-1969.
2.1 3.3 NO"TROUED INDUCTION TURBINE
2.1.1.2 CONDENSING TURBINE A noncontroiied induction turbine is a steam turbine
A condensing turbine is a steam turbine designed to which has an opening(s) in the turbine casing for induction
operatewith an exhaust steam pressure below atmospheric of steam but which does not have means for controiiing
pressure. the pressure of the inducted steam.
NEMA Standard 11-14-1085.
2.1.2 Cbsslfled by Number of Stages and Control
Valves 2.1 3.4 CONTROLLED INDUCWON (MIXED PRESSURE)
TURBINE
2.1.2.1 SINGLEVALVESINGLESTAGETURBINE A controlled induction (mixed pressure) turbine is a
A single valve single stage turbine is a steam turbine steam turbine which is provided with separate iniets for
which has one governor controlled valve and one stage. steam at two pressures and has an automatic &vice for
controlling the flow of steam to the turbine stages folíow-
2.1.2.2 SINGLEVALVEMULTISTAGE TURBINE ing the induction opening.
NEMAStandad 6-21-1979.
A single valve multistage turbine is a steam turbine
which has one governor controlled valve and two or more 2.13.5 INDUCTION EXTRACTION TURBINE
StageS. An induction extraction turbine is one which combines
NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
the f e a m of extraction (controlled or noncontrolleä)
2.1.2.3 MULTIVALVE SINGLE STAGE TURBINE with the feaaires of induction.
A multivalve single stage turbine is a steam turbine
which has two or more governor controlledvalves and one
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2.2 STEAM TURBINE COMPONENTS

stage.
NEMAStandad 6-21-1979. 2.2.1 nirblne caslng
A turbine casing is the enclosure which s m u n d s the
rotating element of the turbine and supports the stationary

SM 24-1991
Page 8
steam parts casings shall be axially split,radially split,Oc 227 Diaphragm

a combination themf. Adiaphragm is the stationaryelementof a stagecontain-
’zhe turbine casing shaii be divided into two oc more ing nozzles which expand the steam and direct it against
sections as follows: the rotating blades. It is normally used in a multistage
turbine.
22.1.1 SIEAM INLET ENDSECTION
The steam inlet end section is that portion of the casing 228 Stage, Tuaine
which contains the higher prekure steam.
NEM4 Standard 6-21-1979. A steam turbine stage consists of a “matched set” of
stationary nodes and rotating biades. A pressure drop
22.1.2 EXHAUSTENDSECTION occm in a steam turbine stage generating kinetic energy
The exhaust end section is that portion of the casing which is converted to mechanical work.
which contains the exhaust connection and the steam at
exhaust conditions. It shall also contain the low pressure 2.2.8.1 IMPULSE STAGE
stage@)of a multistage turbine. An impuise stage consists of stationary expansion noz-
NEMAStandard6-12-1979. zie(s) discharging the high velocity steam jets on the
rotating blades. Apressure drop occurs only in the station-
22.1 3 ~NTEFtMEDinTESECTION ary nozzie(s).impulse stages consist of three types:
The intermediate section (multistage turbines only) is
that portion of the casing which is between the steam inlet 2.2.8.1.1 A pressure impulse or Rateau stage consists of
end and the exhaust end sections and which contains the stationary expansion node(s) and one row of rotating
intennediate stage(s). blades.
N E W Standard 6-21-1979.
2.2.8.1.2 A velocity-compounded impulse or Curtis
2 2 2 Steam Chest (Governor Value Body) stage consistsof stationary expansion noule(s) and two ar
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A steam chest (governor valve body) incorporates the more rows of rotating blades.
inlet connection. hoYses the governor controlled vaive(s),
and is bolted to or integral with the steam ring inlet section. 2.2.8.1.3 A velocity-compoundedimpulse reentry stage
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. consists of stationary expansion nozzie(s), one row of
rotating blades and one or m m reversing chambers.
2.2.3 SteamRing The pressure drop across a Rateau stage is datively low
A steam ring incorporates the passage(@through which in comparison to the pressure drop across a Curtis stage.
the steam flows from the governor valve(s) and steam Authorized Engineering Information 6-21-1979.
chest to the first stage nozzles. 2.2.8.2 REACT~ON STAGE
NEWStandard 6-21-1979.
A reaction stage consists of stationary expansion noz-
2 2 4 Nonles zie(s) discharging high velocity steam jets on the rotating
Nozzles are stationary machid or formed openings blades A pressure drop occurs in both the stationary and
which expand the steam and direct it against the turbine rotating elements.
blades or buckets.
NEMASEandard11-13-1969. 2 2 9 ShaítSeals
2 2 5 Stationary Reversing Blades 2.2.9.1 CASINGS u n SEALS
Stationary reversing blades in a velocity-compounded Casing shaft seais minimize the leakage of steam Out of
stage redirect the steam flow Com one row of rotating the casing along the shaft.
blades or buckets to the foilowing rotating blades or buck- For condensing turbines, seals are arranged IOprevent
ets. the entranceof air into the casing along the shaft ”hey arc
NEMA S W r d 11-13-1969. ananged for the admission of steam at a constant low
pressure and low temperature.
226 Stationary Reversing Chambers NEMA Standard 6-21-1919.
Stationary reversing chambers in a reentry velocity-
compounded stage redirect and return the steam flow to 2.2.9.2 INTERSTAGE SHA SEALS
~
the preceding rotating row of blades or buckets. interstage shaft seals minimize the leakage of steam
along the shaft between stages in a multistage turbine.

~~ -~ ~~ ~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 3993 6470247 0527230 879 M
SM 24-1991
Page 9
2.2.10 Bearing Housing 2.2.16 Hand Våhrû(S)

A bearing housing contains and supports a bearing@ A hand valve@) is the Valve which isolates steam flow
and is equipped with seals to p v e n t leakageof oil and the to a nozzle or a group of nozzles to pennit efficient
entrance of moisture, dust, and fmign materials. operation at reduced power or with dual steam conditions.
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. Hand valves can be either manually conüolled or auto-
mated,and are used on single valve turbines only.
2.2.1 1 Bearings NEMA Standard 6-21-1979.
2.2.11 .l RADIALBEARINGS 2.2.17 Protecthre Device

Radial bearings are bearings which support the rotating A protective device is one which, alone or as part of a
elementin horizontalshaft turbines. They are of the sleeve, system,responds in some predeterminedmanner to abnor-
tiiting pad, or antifriction type. in vertical turbines,these mai conditionsamding the operation of the unit or sys-
bearings radially position the TOM assembly. tem to which it is c o ~ e ~ t e d .
2.2.11.2 THRUST BEARINGS
2.2.18 COMrolling Devlce
Thrust bearings are bearings which lransmit the axial
thrust of the rotating element to the bearing housing and A controllingdevice is one which manually or automat-
maintain the axial position of the rotor assembly in the ically initiates action of a system which conmls normai
casing. They are of the antifriction, land, or segmental opemion of the turbine.
tilting pad type.
2.2.19 Extemaicontrol pavke
2.2.11.3 ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS An extenial control device is an element which is re-
Antifïictionbearings should have a minimum mthg life sponsive to signais other than turbine speed, i.e., flow,
of 3 years or 25,000 hours when operated continuously at pressure, temperature,and so forth, and acts to control the
maximum thrust and radial loads and at rated speed. flow of steam to the turbine. It shall be pneumaticaüy,
Authorized Engineering Information6-21-197Q. mechanically, hydraulically,or eleciricaliy actuated h m
The rating life is the number of burs at constant speed the signai source to position the governor valve(s). (Ref-
that 90percent of a groupof identicalbearings will operate erence Section 3.1.6.)
before the first evidence of fatigue develops. NEMA Standard 6-21-1979,
Authorized Engineering Infomiation6-21-1979.
2.2.20 warning
2.2.1 2 Rotor Assembly
A warning device is one which, by visible or audible
The rotor assembly is the rotating element of the turbine means, or both,indicates that an abnormal operating con-
which includesdl parts attached to the shaft,excludingthe dition exists.
coupling(s) unless coupling is integral with the shaft. NEMA Standard 6-21-1979.
2.2.21 Sentlnel Warnlng Valve
2.2.13 Wheels (Discs)
A sentinel warning valve is a pressure warning device
Wheels are discs which are integral with, or fmed to. the which opens when the steam pressure rises to a predeter-
turbine shaft and on which blades are mounted, or in which mined level. The device shail discharge to the atmosphere
blades or buckets are machined. and shall be so located as to be plainly visible.
NEMAStandard 6-21-1979,
For condensing turbines. it shall be set at 5 psig [35 kPa
2.2.14 Blades (Buckets) (gauge)]. For noncondensing turbines the minimum set-
ting shail be either 10 percent or 10 psi (70kPa) above
Blades (buckets)are curved vane elementsproportioned maximum exhaust steam pressure, whichever is greater,
to convert kinetic energy of the steam to mechanical NEMASiandard 6-21-1979.
energy. A sentinel warning valve is not recommended for the
following applications:
2.2.15 Shroud turbines which expand volatile gases
locations where the discharge of steam to the atmo-
A shroud is an integrai or separatelyattached rim located
sphere is objectionable, hazardous, or prohibited by
at the blade tip. The shroud prevents radiai leakage of the
hW
steam jet and increases the blade rigidity,
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979,
turbineswhich are arrangedfor automaticand/or unat-
tended start-up
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

.. .
S T D - N E M A SU 2 Y - E N G L 1771 6470247 0527231 705 =
,<. .
,, .... .
. -~
. . .>
.. ,.
SM 24-1991
Page 10
For these applications, an alteniate wamhg device or 2.3.1.3 GENERATOR ITEMS

optionai hip device is recommended. The generator shall include at least the following basic
Authorized EnginseringInformation feamwhich are deemed necessary for proper function-
ing and safety of aperation:
2.2.22 Soleplate(8) 1. Enclosure to guard against the entrance of moisture,
A soleplate@)is a machined flat steel plaie(s) or cast- dustandfateignobjectSintothegenerator.~oopen
ing(s) for mounting of the equipment supports and far dnpproof enclosure shaii be the basic enclosure far
bolting and grouting to the foundation. a generator driven by a steam turbine.
NEMAStandard 11-13-1868. 2. Frame which rigidly supports the machine to p
vide low vibration and long life.
2.2.23 Baseplate
3. Stator composed of a support structure and a core
A basepiate is a fabricated or cast continuous stnicture made up of electrical steel lamination and insulated
having machined pads for mounting of the equipment and windings (coiis). The stator shall be set into the
for bolting and grouting to the foundation. frame in a way which will pennit the circulation of
cooling air mund the core. The insulation system
The turbine generator set shall be mounted on a basepl- shaii maintain its insdating properties at the maxi-
ate, soleplates. or a combination of both. mum operating rated temperam as specified in
2 3 FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES 2.12.12 (Temperam Rise).
4. Rotor consistingof the shaft,field poles, field wind-
2.3.1 Basic Features and Accessories ings, and me or more fans to circulate cooling air.
The rotatingelement of the exciter shaii be mounteû
2.3.1.1 STEAM TURBINEITEMS on the rotor shaít The coupling, if integral with the
Steam turbines shall include at least the following basic shaft, is also part of the rotor.The insulation sysEm
features which are deemed necessary for proper function- shall maintain its insulating properties at themaxi-
ing and safety of operation. mum operating rated temperam as specifíed in
i. Steam strainer with removable corrosion-resistant 2.12.1.2 (TemperatureRise).
element. 5. Bearings to support the mtor.
2. Control system. 6. provisions for lubrication.
3. Overspeedtripsystem. ,
7. Power terminals.
4. Provisions for lubrication. 8. Excitation system far synchronousgenerators oniy.
5. Exhaust casing gland sealing connection (for con- The basic excitation system shail be the brushless
densing turbines only). type with a rotating armatme generating a 3 phase
6. Eyebolts or other provisionsfor lifting the upper half ac voltage with fuli wave rectification to dc for field
of the casing on an axiaiiy split turbine. excitation.
2.3.1.2 GEARITEMS 2.3.2 Optlonai Features and Accessories
Parallel shaft gears shail include at least the following
basic features which are necessary for proper functioning 2.3.2.1 STEAM TURBINE OPnoilss
and safety of operation. in addition to the feanires listed in par. 2.3.1.1, the
1. Casing to enclose the rotating elements of the gear. following are optionalfeatures and accessories which may
2. Rotating elements having gear teeth with surface be selected &pending on the application.
quality, hardness, and strength to provide long ser- 1. conmi systenis with option for pressure conmi ar
vice life. load sharing.
3. Bearings to support rotating elements. 2. Hand vaivds) for single Valve turbines.
4. Covered opening to aliow for internal inspection. 3. Combinedhipandthrottlevalvewhichincorporates
5. Provisions for lifting the upper haif of the gear into one assembly a means for gradual opening and
casing. adjustment of inlet steam flow as well as a means
6. Provisions for lubrication. for rapid and complete shutoffof that flow.
7. Couplings and coupling guards. 4. Solenoid hip which allows an electrical protective
NEMAStandad6-12-1985. device(s) to act through a hydrauiic, pneumatic, ar
mechanid hipping system to shut off steam flow
into the turbine.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~~ ~
-
S T D * N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 6470247 0527232 641
SM 24-1991
Page 11
5. Trip system which can be tested during operation. Zû. Vacuum breakei to admit air into the exhaust of a
6. Trip or alarm initiating devices which respond to condensing turbine in to reduce coastdown
abnormai conditions such as: . time.
a. low oil pressure Additional items may be available.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b. high bearing temperature Authorized E n g M n g Information 130-1991.

c. high vibration
2.3.2.2 GEAR
d. high axialshaft movement
The following are accessories which may be selected,
e. highsteampressure
f. high steam temperature
dependingon rating and applidon:
1. Beaxing temperahire indicators.
g. high oil temperature
2. Vibmtion monitoring devices.
h. high or low oil reservoir level
Additional items may be available.
i. speed pickup failure Authorized Enginwing Infomiation 1-30-1991.
j. governor failure
k. loss of exhaust vacuum 2.3.2.3 GENERATOR O m
1. high exhaust temperature The foiiowing are accessories which may be selected,
7. Oil sight flow indicator@)in drainpiping of pressure depending on ratings, voltage, and applications:
lubricated systems. 1. Enclosureother than d r i p - p f type where necessi-
8. Constant level oilers for non-pressure oil lubricated tated by environmentalconditions.
systems. 2. stator t emperam indicatars.
9. Insulation for the high temperature section of the 3. Bearing temperatureindicators.
turbine to limit exposed surface temperature to 4. Vibration monitoring devices.
165% (74OC)or other temperaturespecified by the 5. Spaceheaters
purchaser. 6. Terminaibox.
10. Steampressuregaugestoindicateinietsteam,steam 7. Surge suppressors/capacitors.
ring, ñrst stage, and exhaust steam pressure. 8. Lighiningarresters.
11. Gland leakage evacuatingapparatuswhen the gland 9. Current transformer(s)
casing design requires its use. 10. Potential transformer(s)
12. Tachometer of the vibrating reed, mechanical, or 11. Circuit breaker trip or alarm in response to any of
electrical type; indicatingspeeds from above the trip the following functions:
speed to below the minimum operating speed. Ta- a. highstatortemperatm
chometers shaii be suitable for the specified envi- b. overhnder voltage
ronment. c. overhinder frequency
13. Supervisory instruments to monitor such as vibra- d. reversepower
tion, axial shaft movement, temperam, etc. e. differentialprotection
14. Shaft grounding device to wry to ground any static f. high coolant temperam (airor water)
charge which might be developed on the nubine g. groundfault
rotor and which may otherwisebuild to levels which h. open phase/phasebalance
could damage turbine bearings. i. loss of excitation
15. Rotor turning gear together with driving means, j. turbine trips
engagement and disengagement featues, and lube 12. Other accessoneS are available.
oil pressure interlocks M permit slow w i n g of the
rotor system on start-upand shutdown. 2.3.3 Controlled Extraction and Controlled
16. Admission trip valve which provides a means for induction Tubines
quick and positive shutoff of admission steam for Controlled extraction, controlled induction, and con-
emergency tripping. trolled induction extraction turbines shall include basic
17. Nonretum vaive($ for blocking the reverse flow of featureslisted in items 1 through 6 of par. 2.3.1.1, together
steam from process into the turbine through exhaust with those listed in 2.3.3.1 through 2.3.3.4.
or extraction openings.
18. Redundant overspeed trip. 2.3.3.1 Controlled extraction turbines shall have a pres-
19. Exhaust relief valve or rupture disc to prevent over- sure regulating system for controlling the pressure of the
pressuring of the exhaust end section (see Section extracted steam by regulating the flow of steam to the
8.7). turbine stagesfollowingthe extraction opening(s). Anon-
retum valve for the extraction opening@),which is also

~~~ ~~~~ ~
STD.NEMA Sfl 24-ENGL 3991 6470247 0527233 588
SM 24-1991
Page 12
actuated by the overspeed trip system, is required for The rating may also be the apparent output power in
instaliation in the exmtion steam line(s). kilovolt-amperes measured at the output texminals at de-
sign operating conditions.
2.3.3.2 Conmlled induction turbines shail have a pres- Authorized úyineerirg Informaiion6-12-196.
sure regulating system for controlling the pressure of the
induction steam to regulate the flow of steam to the turbine 24.2 Frequencyandspeed
stages following the inductionopening. A trip valve which Frequency of power generated shall be 50 or 60 Hz.
is also a c d by the overspeed trip system is required Other frequencies are available for special appiications.
for installation in the induction steam line. Generators will employ one or more pairs of rotating field
NEMAStandard 1-91. “poles” to produce the desired frequency of ac power
output.
2.3.3.3 Depending on the source of induction steam,the
user should consider the need for a steam strainer in this 2.4.2.1 RATEDSPEED,GENERATOR
line to protect the lower pressure stages of the turbine. Rated speed of a synchronous generator is related to
Authorized Engineering Infomation 11-14-1985.
power output fkquency by the equation:
2.3.3.4 Controlled extraction turbines and controiied in- N=--ISOF
duction turbines shall have a multivariable conml system P
which provides interconnection between the pressure where F = frequency in Hertz
regulating system and the speed governing system. N = synchronous speed in rpm
P = numbers of poles
2.3.3.5 Controlled induction extraction turbines shall in- Rated speed of an induction generators will be 1-2
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
clude the combination of the foregoing items. percent above synchronous speed, as a positive “dip” is
NEMAStandard 11-14-1985. necessary in order to convert mechanical input to electrical
output.
23.4 Noncontrolled Extraction Tutbines
Noncontrolledextraction himines shall include the basic 2.4.21.1 Overspeed Um¡Wions
features listed in items 1through 6 of par. 2.3.1.1, together Generatorsshall be 90 constructed that, in an emergency,
with nonretuni valve(s) for the extraction opening(s). The they will withstand without mechanical injury ovaspeeds
quantity and location of nonretuni valves are to be deter- above synchronous speed in accordance with the follow-
mined by the turbine manufacturer based on entrapped ing:
energy and redundancy policy.
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. ovcrspecd, Percent of
Synchronous Speed, RPM Synchronousspeed
23.5 Noncontrolled Induction Turbines
Noncontrolled induction airbines shall include the basic 1801 and over 20
featureslisted in items 1through 6 of 2.3.1.1, together with 1800 and below 25
a trip valve(s) for the induction opening(s).
NEMStandad 11-14-1985.
2 4 TURBINE GENERATOR RATING
2.4.2.2 RATED SPEED, TURBHE
24.1 Power Rated turbine speed will be the same as rated generator
speed if directly coupled without a gea. On geared turbine
The basis of rating of the turbine generator set shall be
generators the rated turbine speed will exceed the gener-
the power output in kilowatts at the generator terminals
ator speed and will equal the product of rated generator
when operating at the steam conditions, voltage, and speed and gear ratio.
power factor specified by the pmhaser.
nie rating of the generator shall be the real output power 2.4.3 Voltage
in kilowatts measured at the output m i n a i s when the
generator is operating at the design power factor, voltage, The generator voltage shall be specified by the user.
NEMAStandard 130-1991.
and kquency under design environmental conditions. Typical voltages are as shown in Table 2- 1.
The rating shall includethe excitationpower requirements.
The power absorbed by a separate excitation system, when 2.4.3.1 VARIATIONS FROM RATEDVOLTAGE,
supplied, shali be deducted fromthe real output power at SYNCHRONOUSG~ERATORS
the generator terminals. Synchronous generators shall operate successfully at
rated NA,frequencyand power factor at any voltage not

~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 H 6470247 0527234 4 1 4
SM 24-1991
Page 13
Table 2-1
TYPICAL VOLTAGES FOR TURBINE DRIVEN GENERATORS
óûElzVdtage 120 240 208 480 2400 4160 415oYrt100 72011 1#)00 12470 13800
SoHzVdUge 120 240 - 100 1900 3300 33OoY/1900 6600 llOO0 um
PEASES 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
ILW KVA
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Rating RaUng
100 125 X X X X
500 6.25 X X X X X
1000 1250 X X X X
1sW 1875 X X X X X X X X
2Ooo 2500 X X X X X X X X
wx) 3125 X X X X X X X
3000 3750 X X X X X X X
4OoO 5000 X X X X X X X
Soo0 6250 X X X X X X X
m 7500 X X X X X X X
7500 937s X X X X X
loo00 12500 X X X X X
12500 15625 X X X X X
15OOO 18750 X X X X
20000 25m X X X X
3oooo 37500 X X X
33000 41250 X X X
-
NOTE: M e r voltagca such na 600 V and 6900V may be ivlilible at tbe n h n i ahown for 480V md 7ux) V rwDcctivcIv.
Authorized E~ineerhgI n h a t i o n 6-12-1985.
more than 5 percent above or below rated voltage but not 2.4.4 Steam Conâttions
necessarily in accordance with the standards or perfor-
mance established for operation at normal rating. 2.4.4.1 MNIMUM STEAM CONDITIONS
NEMAStandard 140-1991. Minimum steam conditions are the lowest iniet steam
pressure and temperature and lowest exhaust pressure to
2.4.3.2 VARIATIONS FOR RATED VOLTAGE AND which the turbine is subjected in continuous operation.
FREQUENCY, INDUCTION GENERATORS NEMA Standard 6-21-1978.
Induction generators shall operate successfully under
2.4.4.2 MAXIMUM STEAM CONOmCmS
running conditions at rated load with a variation in the
voltage or the frequency up to the following:
Maximum steam conditions are the highest inlet steam
pressure and temperature and exhaust pressure to which
1. Plus or minus 10percent of rated voltage, with rated
the turbine is subjected in continuous operation.
frequency. NEMAStandard6-21-1978.
2. Plus or minus 5 percent of rated frequency, with
rated voltage. 2.4.4.3 MINIMUM ENERGY STEAM CONDITIONS
3. A combined variation in voltage and frequency of Minimum energy steam conditions are the lowest inlet
plus or minus 10 percent (sum of absolute values) steam pressure and temperature and the highest exhaust
of the ratedvalues, provided the frequency variation pressure at which the turbine is required to produce a
does not exceed plus or minus 5 percent of rated specifíed power and speed.
frequency.
NEMAStandard140-1991. 2.4A.4 NORMAL STEAMCONDITK)P(S
Performance within these voltage and frequency varia- N o d steam conditions are the pressures and tempex-
tions will not necessarily be in accordance with the stan- atures to which the turbine is subjected during specified
dards established for operation at rated voltage and normal operation.
frequency. The steam conditions used forrating the turbine gener-
Authorized Engineering Information 130-1991. ator set shaii be the nonnai steam conditions unless other-
wise specified by the user (purchaser).
2.4.3.3 MAXIMUM DEVIATION FACTOR
The deviation factor of the open circuit line-to-line ter-
minai voltage of generators shall not exceed O. 1.
NEMA Standard 140-1991.

SM 24-1991
Page 14
2.4.4.5 INLET STEAM PRESSURE at the induction connection of the turbine and is expressed
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Inlet steam pressure is the pressure of the steam supplied in degrees Fahrenheit or in degrees Celsius.
to the turbine. It is measured at the steam inlet connection NEMA Standard 6-21-1979.
of the turbine and is expressed as a gauge pressure. 2.4.4.1 3 hhXWUM ALLOWABLEWORKING
PRESSURES AND TE~RPERATURES
2.4.4.6 EXHAUSTST-EAM PRESSURE Maximum allowable working pressures and tempera-
Exhaust steam pressure is the pressure of the steam tures are the maximum contintous conditions for which
system to which the turbine exhausts. It is measured at the the manufacnirer has designed the equipment or any part
exhaust connection of the turbine and is expressed as a thereof.
gauge pressure for noncondensing turbines and as an ab- They are not normally to be considered as operating
solute pressure for condensing turbines. conditions.
NEMAStandard6-21-1979. NEMAStandard 130-1991.
2.4.4.7 EXTRACTKIN STEAM PRESSURE 2.4.4.14 DUALSTEAM CONDITIONS

Extraction steam pressure is the pressure of the steam Dual steam conditions are two or more combinations of
extracted h m the turbine. It is measured at the extraction inlet steam pressure, inlet steam temperature, or exhaust
connection of the turbine, and is expressed as a gauge steam pressure.
Pressure- N E M Standard 6-21-1979.
2.4.4.15 VARIATIONS IN STEAM CONDITIONS
2.4.4.8 INDUCTION STEAM PRESSURE The rating, capability, steam flaw, speed regulation, and
Induction steam pressure is the pressure of the secondary pressure control shall be based on operation at maximum
steam supplied to the turbine. It is measured at the induc- steam conditions as defined in 2.4.4.2.
tion connection of the turbine and is expressed as a gauge Steam turbines shall be capable of operating under the
pressure. following variations in inlet pressure and temperature. but
performance shall not necessarily be in accordance with
2.4.4.9 INLET STEAM TEMPERATURE the standards established for operating at maximum steam
Inlet steam temperature is the total temperature of the conditions. Continuous operation at other than maximum
steam supplied to the turbine. It is measured at the steam
steam conditions shallrequire review by the turbine manu-
inlet connection of the turbine and is expressed in degrees facturer.
Fahrenheit or in degrees Celsius.
NEMA Standard 6-21-1 979.
2.4.4.15.1 Variations from Maximum Inlet
2.4.4.10 EXHAUST STEAM TEMPERATURE
steam Pressure
Exhaust steam temperature is the total temperature of the The turbine shall be capable of operating without dam-
steam exhausted from the turbine. It is measured at the age at less than the guaranteed steam flow to the turbine
exhaust connection of the turbine and is expressed in with average inlet pressure of 105 percent of maximum
degrees Fahrenheit or in degrees Celsius. inlet steam pressure. (This permissible variation m g -
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. nizes the increase in pressure with decrease in steam flow
encountered in operation.)
2.4.4.1 1 EXTRACTION STEAM TEMPERATURE The inlet steam pressure shall average not more than
Extraction steam temperature is the total temperature of maximum pressure over any 12 month operating period.
the steam extracted bom the turbine. It is measured at the nie inlet steam pressure shall not exceed 110percent of
extraction connection of the turbine and is expressed in maximum pressure in maintaining these averages, except
degrees Fahrenheit or in degrees Celsius. during abnormal conditions.
NEMA Standard 6-2 1-1979.
During abnormal conditions, the steam pressure at the
2.4.4.1 2 INDUCTION STEAM TEMPERATURE turbine inlet connection shall be permitted to exceed maxi-
Induction steam temperature is the total temperature of mum pressure briefly by as much as 20 percent, but the
the secondary steam supplied to the turbine. It is measured aggregate duration of such swings beyond 105 percent of
* The use of the word "design" in any tam (such u design pmsum or trmptniurc) should be avoided in thc pirchasers' spccifiutions. Such
terminology should be uscd exclusively by the cquipent designer and/or manufacturer.

SM 24-1991
Page 15
maximum pressure shall not exceed 12 hoursper 12month 2.4.4.17 FLOWLIMITSFOR AN INDUCTtûN TURBINE
operatingmod. An induction turbine may be designed for a steam flow
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. h u g t i the low pressure sraga equal to the flow of low
pressure steam done that is required to produce the rated
2.4.4.15.2 Varlatlons from Maxlmurn InM power of the turbine.
Steam Temperature Authorized Engineering Information 11-13-1969.
The inlet steam temperague shail average not more than
maximum temperature over any 12 month operating pe- 2.45 Units ot ~easurementfor Abaute ress su re
riod. and GaugePressure
in maintaining this average, the temperature shall not Steam pressure values should be clearly stated as gauge
c d maximum temperature by more than 1- (8'0 pressure or absolute pressure. Gauge pressure equals a b
except during abnonnal conditions. During abnonnalcon- solute pressure less amiospheric pressure.Gauge pressure
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ditions, the temperature shaii not exceed maximum tem- is measiired in psig @ounàs per square inch gauge) or in
peram by more than 2 5 9 (14OC) for operating periods kPa (gauge) (kilopasah gauge). Absolutepressureis mea-
of not more than 400 hours per 12 month operatingperiod sured in psia (poundsper square inch absolute) or in kPa
nor by more than 50% (28OC) for swings of 15 minutes (absolute) (kilopascalsabsolute). Unless otherwise stated,
duauon or less, aggregating not more than 80 hours pet atmosph& pressure is assumed to qual 14.6% psi or
12 month operating period. 101.325 kpa. To convert from psi to kpa, multiply by
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. 6.894757.
2.4.4.15.3 Varlatlons frwn Maximum Exhaust 2.5 THERMODYNAMIC TERMS
Steam Pressure on Noncondenslng
nirblneS 2.5.1 Steam and Heat Rates
The exhaust steam pressure shall average not more than 2.5.1.1 THEMETICAL STEAM RATE*
the maximum exhaust steam pressure over any 12 month
operating period. "heoretical steam rate is the quantity of steam per unit
in maintaining this average, the exhaust steam pressure of power required by an ideal Rankine cycle heat engine.
shali not exceed maximum pressure by more than 10 It is expressed in pounds of steam per kilowatt hour or in
percent nor drop more than 20 percent below maximum kilograms of steam per kilowatt hour.
exhaust pressure. 3413
Theoretical steam rate i n p o u n m = -
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. hi-b
3600
2.4.4.1 5.4 Variations in Exhaust Steam Theoretical steam rate in Kg/KWH = -
Pressure on Condenslng nirblnes with h in kilojoule per kilogram h i 4 2
Any anticipated variations in the exhaust steam pressure Based on Keenan, Keyes et. ai. Steam Tables (inter-
should be specified by the user so that it can be taken into national Edition - Metric Units)or other steam tables or
consideration in the design of the turbine. Mollier charts, which are in accordance with the Intema-
Authorized Engineering Information 6-21-1979.
tionaí Skeleton Tablesof 1963 of the IntemationalConfer-
2.4.4.16 FLOWLIMITS FOR AN AUTOMATIC ence on the Propeztiesof Steam thatare expressedin jouies
EXTRACTIONTURBINE per gram or kilojoules per kilogram, or based on Keenan
and Keyes Steam ïàbles published in 1%9 expressed in
An automatic exuaction turbine may be designed so that, Btu per pound, where:
when operating with extraction flow and with only cooling hi - the enthalpy of steam at inlet steam pressure and
steam flowing to the exhaust, it wili develop the rated
temperature.
power of the turbine.
hz -the enthalpy of steam at exhaust steam pressure and
Good design practice indicates that the maximum ex- initial entropy.
m u o n flow ratio should be held to 2.5 or less. (The NEMA Standard 6-21-1979.
extraction flow ratio is the ratioof the totalextraction flow
to the nonextracted rated load flow.) 2.5.1.2 ACTUALSTEAMRATES'
Authorized Enginehng Information 11-13-1969, Actuai steam rate is the quantity of inlet steam required
by the turbine generator per unit ofpower output measureú
* Stum rate dou not apply to exmctim 01inductim turbine gmentcnx.

SM 24-1991
Page 16
at the generatap terminals. It is expressed in pounds of Table 2-2

sttern per kilowatt hour (or in kilograms of steam per RECOMMENDED KEY FITS
kilowafthour).
Murhawspscdfœ
2.5.1.3 GUARANTEED STEAM R A W NoaLirlSbdtDLimdcr(m)
The turbine generator set guaranteed steam rate is the InehfS Mllllwterr Ppm
nitewhichwillnotbeexceededwhenthetiirbinegeneratar
upto&
s t is operated at nOrnial power, speed, and steam condi-
mchiding 1.50 40 16,000
tions.The steam rateshaii be stated in pounds per kilowatt
hour based on kilowatt output measured at the generator 2 50 14,000
taminalS.For separate exciters, the exciter losses shall be 2.50 65 12500
deducted h m the output kilowatts. 3 75 11500
NEMAStandard6-21-1979. 3.50 90 10500
4 100 10500
2.5.1.4 HEAT RATE 4.50 115 9500
Heat rate is the heat supplied in BTU/ñr minus heat 5 125
m e d in BTUm divided by Output in kilowatts. Gw- 5.50 140 8500
anteed heat rate will not be exceeded when the turbine 6 150 8500
generator set is operating at no@ power, speed, and 6.50 165 7500
steam conditions.Heat rate for units with separateexciters 7 180 7500
shall be based upon generator terminai kilowatts minus 7.50 190 7,000
excitet losses. 8 200 7,000
9 230 6500
2.6 TURBINE CONNECTIONS 10 250 5,000
h o keys m y b c d m uiy UIC.
26.1 Output Shaït Extensions
2.6.1.1 Output shaft extensions shaii be suitable for a
cylindrical coupling bore and provided with a keyway(& Fiexible type couplings shaii accommodate the maxi-
tapered coupling bore with a keyway(s), tapered for a mum possible relative axiai movement of the connected
hydraulic fit, or fitted with an integrai coupling hub. shafts without exceeding the thrust bearing capacities of
NEMA Standard 11-1 4-1 985. theconnectedmachines.
A limitedend-float flexible coupling shall be used to
2.6.1.2 When a tapered shaft extension with keyway(s) transmit power to a genexator which has sleeve bearings.
is specified,the taper, coupling hub, and couplingnut shaü When the generator is energized, its rotor shali be free to
be in accordance with Figure 2-1. NEMA taper diameters position itself at the magnetic centet of the genemor.
a~ available for shaft extensionsfrom 2 M 5 inches. When the genenitor is not energized, the coupiing shaii
limit relative axiai motion between the generatorrotorand
2.6.1.3 if cylindrical shaft extension is specified, it is the shaft of the machine which drives the generator.
recommended that the coupling-to-shaftfit be an interfer- Flexible coupling parts shall be machined to a tolerance
ence fit. of not more than 0.001 inch (0.025 mm) on the diameter
and the face-to-face. The bore shaii be concentric within
2.6.1.4 When a hydraulic fit coupling is specified, the 0.001 inch (0.025 mm) with the surface used far dial
mounting method should be reviewed with the turbine indicating. WheE required by coupiing size and speed,
manufacturer. couplingparts, including bolts, shall be matchmarked and
each hub shali be dynamically baianced. The assembled
2.6.1.5 Recommended use of one and two keys and couplingshallbebalancedtoatolerancewhichwillpennit
keyways is as shown in Table 2-2. Satisfactury perfomance at speeds up to 110 percent of
Authorized Engineering information 11-14-1985.
maximum continuous speed of the airbine and without
2.6.1.6 COUPLINGS damage at 110 percent of the tripping speed.
For directxonnected turbine generator sets, a coupling Non-flexible type couplings shaIl be instaiied in accor-
shall be supplied between the turbine and the generator. dance with the manufacturer's instructions.
For geared turbine generators sets, a coupling shaii be Couplings shaii be mounted on the shaft with either a
supplied between the turbine and the gear input shaft, and taper or a cylindrical fit.
between the gear output shaft and the generator.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~
~~
~
S T D O N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 6470247 0527238 ObT
SM 24-1991
Page 17
-e-
zrrEgg:
0 0 0 0 0 0 -
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I X'
Figure 2-1
OUTPUT SHAFT EXTENSIONS

STD-NEMA SM 24-ENGL 1791 D b470247 0527219 TTb m
SM 24-1991
Page 18
2.6.1 .7 COUPLING GUARDS 2.7.1.2 GREASE

OR LüBRICAiEûANllFRKXUM
An easilyremovablecouplingguardshallbeplacedovex BEARINGS
aii exposeú couplings. The coupling guard shaíl be of a lubricated antifíictim bearings shouîd be
sunicientiy rigid design to withsrand deflection and con- regeaseabie in the kid. Grease fíningsshwld ex-
sequent rubbing as a result of bodily contact and shall tend to the outside of the machine to permit q p a s -
extend to within 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) of a stationary housing diiring operation.
ing. b. Means should be provided far Vathg grea~e-l M -
NEMAStandad 6-12-lW. cated bearings to prevent the buildup of pressun
2.6.2 s e am Connections withinthehousing.
c. Facilities for cooling should be provided when nec-
Turbine flanged steam connections shaü be faced and essary to a s s a the proper lubricant tempemme.
driiied for bolting to fianges which are in accordancewith The cooling water should be supplied at a tempera-
ANSVASME B16.1 or B16.5. tue not exceeding 90°F (32'C).
Cast iron fiange connections shall be fiat faced.
The thickness of cast iron exhaust fianged connections 2.7.2 PressumT@e Lubricatbn
under 10inches(250 mm) in diametershaii be not less than
Class 250 of ANSUASME B16.1. 2.7.2.1 imooucnm
Single valve singie stage horizontally spiit casing tur- It is recognized that there is a wide variation in turbine
bines shall have steam connections in the lower half of the sizes and appiications which makes it impracticai to have
turbine. one mmmended lubrication system design. However,
Threaded connections for making up to pipe not over 2 the following should serve as a genexaldesign guide to the
inches in diameter (50 mm nominal diameter) shall have userforspecifyinghisreq~ments.
internal taper threads conforming to ANSI/ASME
B 1.20.1. 2.7.2.2 OIL PUMPS
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

2.7.2.2.1 A main oil pump driven from the turbine shaft
2.6.3 Auxlllary Connectlons or gear shaft, or a separately driven pump to provide oil
Auxiliary connections that are threaded shall confarm to for lubrication and goveming should be provided.
ANWASME Standard B1.20.1. Typically, these are 2.7.2.2.2 An auxiliary oil pump for use during the start-
nozzle ring pressure gauge connection, drain connections up or shutdown period shouldbe firmished when quired
for casing and steam chest, casing sealing glands and by the design or when specified. This pump should be
bearing housings, cooling water, valve stem leakoffs, and powered by a difíerent source of energy than the main oil
so forth. pump. A pressure sensing device should be provided far
NEMASîandard 11-14-1985.
automatically starting the auxiliary oil pump when the oil
2.7 LUBRICATION pressure in the main system drops below a predetermined
value.
2.7.1 NonpressureTLpe Lubrication For a turbine driven auxiliary oil pimp, the turbine
should conform to all of the applicable provisions of thest
SLEEVEBEARINGS
2.7.1.1 OIL LUBRICATED Standards.
(HORIZONTAL ROTORS)
Lubrication should be provided by oil rings or sim- 2.7.2.3 OIL RESERVOIR
ilar means. A separate oil mervoir should have:
Bearing housings should be large enough to pennit Suíñcient capacity to provide for the defoaming and
solids or water to settle to the bottom and should settling of foreign m a t e d and for the contents of
have a drain connection at the lowest point, oil fdl the system when &ained.
fittings, and an oil level indicator. Intenors cleaned.
Facilities for cooling should be provided when nec- Fillconnection,level indicator,and breather suitable
essary to assure the proper oil temperature. The for outdoor use.
cooling water should be supplied at a temperature Sloped bottom and connection for complete drain-
not exceeding 90%(32'C). age when the design permits.
Clean-out opening large enough to permit inspec-
tion and cleaning.

STDONEMA SI 24-ENGL L99L b470247 0 5 2 7 2 2 0 7 L B
SM 24-1991
Page 19
f. Reservoir and fittings applicable for the intended mometer replacementwhile onh e . Thermometersshould
ambient conditions. be gas filled or cornsion-resistantbimetallic type.
Authorized Engineering Infomiation 11-1 4-1985.
2.7.2.4 OIL COOLER(S)
The oil cooler should be capable of maintaining the 2.7.2.63 An oil sight flow indicator when specified
mpe ratur e of the oil supplied to the bearings at a maxi- should be provided in the. oil return from each bearing
mum of 120% (49OC). with a maximum cooling water housing where the design permits.
Authorized Engineering Infomiation 11-14-1985.
mpe ratur e not exceeding 90% (32'C). It should have a
fouling factor on the water side of 0.001 for cooling tower 2.7.2.6.4 A pressure reguiatol or relief valve should be
water and a fouling factoras recommended by the manu- provided to maintain the oil pressure level(s).
facturer for other coolingwater sources. The cooler should Authorized EngineeringInfomiation 11-14-1985.
be suitablefor a working pressure of not less than 75 psig
[517 kPa(gauge)J on the water side. 2.7.2.6.5 After fabrication,piping should be cleanedand
Single or twin coolers may be used. Each cooler should passivated by mechanicaland/or chemical means.
be capable of operation at a pressure equal to or greater Authorized Enginewing Infomiation6-21-1879.
than the relief valve setting of positive displacement oil 2.7.3 Combination of Systems
pumps or of the maximum shutoffdischarge pressure of
centrifugal oil pumps. Twin coolers should be piped in A turbinegenerator set may combine a turbine, reduction
parallel with a continuousflow transfer valve to permit the gear, and generam using any combination of the lubrica-
transfer of oil from one cooler to the other without inter- tion systems described in 2.7.1 and 2.7.2.
Autharized Engineering Infomiation 130-1891.
rupting the oil flow.Each cooler should be. sized for the
total cooling load, and should be arranged and vented for 2.8 PROVISIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
maintaining either cooler with the turbine in operation.
2.8.1 Enclosure
2.7.2.5 OIL FILTER@)
Single or twin oil filters may be used. A filter(s) should Steam turbine generator sets should preferably be in-
be capable of removing particles larger than 25 microns. stalled in enclosed areas. The effects of unusual service
When the filter is clean, the pressure drop should not conditions may be mitigated by the use of one or more of
exceed 5 psi (35 kPa) at design temperatureand flow. Twin the measures described in 2.8.2 and 2.8.3.
fdters should be piped in parallel with a continuous flow
bruisfer valve to permit the transfer of oil from one ñîter 2.8.2 E x p ü to~Nåt~ïôi Elements
to the other without interrupting the oil flow. Each ñíter In general, all exposed surfaces should be protected
should be sized for the total oil flow and should be ar- againstrusting by a protective coating or paint after instal-
ranged and vented for maintaining either fdter with the lation of the unit. Exposed working parts which af€ect
turbine in operation.Acommon transfer valve may be used operation of the unit such as governor, governar linkage.
for the oil fdters and coolers. The filter cartridgeshould be fulcrum points, valve stems, and similar elements should
carrosion resistant. Filter cases should be suitable for be protected against rusting by the use of corrosion-resis-
operationat a pressurenot less than the relief valve setting tant materials.
of the positive displacementoil pumps or at the maximum Generators should incorporate weatherproof construc-
shut off dischargepressure of centrifug?i qil pumps. tion or a weatherproof enclosure and space heater(@.As
2.7.2.6 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION an alternatea totally enclosedgenerator construction may
be considered.
2.7.2.6.1 Pressuresensitivedeviceswith isolation valves Equipment having nonpressure lubricated bearings
should be provided for each pressure level (for example, should be designed to prevent the entrance of moisture,
oil header to bearings, discharge from oil pumps, before dust, and foreign materiais to the governing system and
and after filter(s) and control oil). bearing housings.
Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985. Equipment having pressurelubricationor hydraulicgov-
erning systems, or both, should be protected as follows:
2.7.2.6.2 If karing metal thermocouples or RTDs are
not provided, then thermometers should be provided for 2.8.2.1 The lubrication system or governor system, or
oil outlet from each bearing housing. Thermometersmay both, should be protected against the entranceof water or
be provided before and after oil cooler(s). Thennowelis foreign materials by propzr sealing devices. The points to
should be provided in the piping for the purpose of ther- be protected include all connectionsor openings to the oil
reservoir, governor, servomotor, bearing housings, and
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SM 24-1991
Page 20
similar dements. The reservoir should be provided with a 29.2 Vbration

ventwithanairfilterandconnectionstofacilitateremoval The vibraton (double amplitude) of the rotating ele
of water. ments when operating within the specified operating speed
range at no-load, as measured on the surface of the shaft
2.8.2.2 in addition to the foregoingprotective measures, adjacent to the radialbearings shali be in accordancewith
the following should be included when ambient tempera- Figure 2-2.
tures wili be less than40% (4OC): Shaft mechanical and electrical runout shall be deter-
1. For use during down times, drains should be pro- mined by slowly mliing the rotor in vee blocks or its
vided where water can collect for ail steam, oil, and bearings while measraing the runout with a pximity
water lines, lhe turbine casing and steam chest, and probe. If it can be demonsaated that mechanical and
the oil and water side of the oil cooler. heumatic elecuical runout is present, this shall be added to the
"blow down" may be necessary in some instances. allowable Vibration level up to a maximum 25 percent of
2. A heater for the oil reservoir.If an electric heater is the allowed double amplitude vibration ar 0.25 miis,
speciñedit must be of a sufñcientiylow watt density whichever is greater.
NEMAStandard 130-1991.
to prevent coking of the oil. An auxihry pump may
Vibration of the instaîied turbine generator set may be
be required to ensure oil circulation for uniform
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
adversely affected by many factors, such as piping loads,

heating. aiignment at OpeFating conditions, supporting s t n i c t ~ ~ ~ ,
3. An enclosure or hood with venting to cover the handling during shipment, handling and assembly at the
governing system may be provided, and heating site,and abnormal eleceical conditions.
should be suppliedto prevent icing. The amountand Authorized Enginewing Information 1-30-1891.
type of enclosure and heating will be governed by
local conditions. 2.93 CrltWspeedS
4. Protection against freezing for instruments and The turbine generator set shall be designed so îhat its
smail piping. critical speeds,including the effect of couplings, shall not
5. M i n e manufacturer should identify those lines be detrimental to its satisfactory operation.
that require freeze protection by purchaser. The calcuiated first criticai speed of a stiff shaft turbine
Authdzed Engineering Information 11-14-1985.
rotor shallbe a minimumof 10percent over the trip speed.
2.8.3 Exposureto Abnormal Amospherk Tofsional critical speed shall not occur within 10% of
condftlons the operating speed of the turbine generam set
if possible, the turbine generator set should be located The actual h t critical speed of a flexible shaft turbine
away h m damaging fumes and vapors,or abrasive, mag- rotor shaii be determined during the no-load running test
netic or metallic dust. If this is not practical, the atmo-
when practicai and shaii be stamped on the namepk
spheric conditions should be called to the attention of the followed by the word "test" Where it is impracticai to
manufacturer. Suitable materials or protective coatings deterniinecri~alspesdsduringtheninningtest,thecalcu-
may be required to offsetthe corrosiveeffects of the fumes. lated critical speed shail be stamped on the namepiate
followed by the abbreviation "ripprox."
When necessary, purge air C O M ~ C ~on~ bearing
O ~ S hous-
ings, gland cases,and governors should be provided. For The calculated first lateral criticai speed of a fiexible
these conditions a totally enclosed generator is recom-
shaft rotor(s) shall be not more than 80 pexent of the rated
mended andt the calculated second lateral critical speeds hall
AuU~otizedEngineering Information 11-14-1985. be a minimum of 10percent over the trip speed.
2.9 GENERAL MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS
2.9.4 NameplateData
2.9.1 Pressure and Temperature Ranges
2.9.4.1 TURBINE NAMEPLATE
Steam turbines should be designed and proportioned for The following minimum data shaii be given on the
opetation at maximum steam conditions.General pressure turbine name~iate:
and temperatureranges are shown in Table 2-3.Theranges 1. Manuf~turer'sname and location
are general, according to temperaturemure combina- 2. Serial number (ais0 stamped on the turbine casing).
tions at which point material or design changes, or both, 3. ~odevtype
mayberequired. 4. Ratedkilowatts
Authorized Engineeting information6-21-1979.
5. -speed
6. MaximuminletS~presSure
7. Maximum inlet steam tempeninire

S T D O N E M A S i l 24-ENGL L991 6470247 0527222 590 9
SM 24-1991
Page 21
Table 2-3
GENERAL PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RANGES
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

.
:. .
~
. ..- . . .
' I -
-.
. .
. ;.-,.i,.
_.
.. --.
<-.
SM 24-1991
Page 22
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
RPM THOUSANDS
FlgUm 2-2
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SHAFT VIBRATION

STD-NEMA S U 24-ENGL 1991 6470247 0527224 3b3
SM 24-1991
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Page 23
8. Maximum exhaust steam pressure limited to values which give an integrated product,
9. Maximum extraction/inductionpressure (Iz)*t, quai to or less than 40, and
(if applicable) 2. ’The maximum phase current is iimited by external
10. Tripspeed means to a value which does not exceed the maxi-
11. First lateral critical speed mum phase c m n t obtained from the 3-phase fault.
12. Purchaser’s equipment item number (when speci- Such extemalgroundingdevicesare “system”com-
fied). ponents and not a basic turbine generator c o m p
NEMAStandard6-21-1979. nent.
NEMAStandad 6-12-1985.
2.9.4.2 GEAR NAMEPLATE
The following minimum data shall be given on the gear 2.10 GEAR CONSTRUCTION
namepiate:
1. Manufacturer’s name and location 2.10.1 TLpes
2. Serialnumber The reduction gears most commonly used in turbine
3. ModeVtype generator sets are of the parallel shaft type. other types of
4. Ratedpower gearsare available which may be used with turbine gener-
5. Servicefactor ator sets.
6. input speed/outputspeed Authorized Engineering Information 6-12-1985.
7. Gearratio 2.102 service Factor
NEMASbdard 6-12-1985.
The service factor for continuous duty shdl be the min-
2.9.4.3 GENERATOR NAMEPLATE imum used in selecting the gear unit,per AGMAStandard
The following minimum data shaii be given on the 421.06.
generator namedate: NEMAStandad 6-12-1985.
1. Manufacker’s name and location
2. Serial number 2.11 TYPES OF GENERATORS
3. ModeVtype
2.11.1 Classlfied by Rotor Construction
4. Kilovolt-ampererating (synchronousonly)
5. Kilowattrating 2.11.1.1 SAUENT POLE
6. Power factor This type of generator is constructed with projecting
7. T i e rating pole pieces (salient poles) on the rotor. Each pole piece is
8. Temperature rise for rated continuous load wound with conductors to form a magnetic pole when the
9. Rated speed in RPM rotor is energized by the exciter.
10. Voltagë Salientpole constructionis normaíly used for generators
11. Rated current in amperes per terminal operated at speeds of 1800 RPM and below.
12. Number of phases Authorized Engineering Information 6-12-1985.
13. Frequency
14. Rated field current (separateexciters) 2.11.1.2 NON-SALIENTPOLE
15. Rated excitation voltage (separate exciters) This type of generator is constructed with a cylindrical
NEMAStandatd 130-1991. mtor (non-salient poles) into which slots are machined.
Elecaicalconductorsare inserted into the slots to form the
2.9.5 Short Circuit electrical path in the rotor.
The turbine, gear, generator,and couplings of a turbine Non-saiient pole construction is normaily used for gen-
generator set shall be capable of withstanding, without erators o m above 1800 RPM.
injury, a 30 second 3-phaseshort circuit at the generator Authorized Engineering Information 6-12-1985.
terminals when operating at rated kVA and power factor,
at 5 percent overvoltage, with fmed excitation. The tur- 2.11.2 Classlfied by Excitatlon Means
bine, gear, generator, and couplings shaii be capable of 2.11.2.1 SYNCHRONOUS
withstanding,without injury, any other short circuit at the A synchronous generator is an AC machine driven at
generator terminals of 30 seconds or less provided: synchronousspeed and with excitation energy sepaxately
1. The generatorphase currents under fault conditions suppliedand controlled.It may be operated in parallel with
are such that the negative phase sequence current, or isolated from generation systems employing other gen-
02) expressed in per unit of stator current at rated erator(s) of the same design frequency.
kVA. and the duration of the fault in seconds, t, are

-
-
STD-NEMA SM 24-ENGL 1991
b470247 0527225 2 T T
SM 24-1991
Page 24
2.11.2.2 INDUCTION 2.11.3.1.6 Open PlpeVentllatd

An induction generator is an AC machine which is An open pipe-ventiíated generam is an open g e m
driven above synchronous speed to induce electric power except that openings far the admission of the ventiiating
0. Excitation is taken from the system to which the air are so arranged that inlet ducts or pipes can be con-
genetator is connected and it is not self-excited. nected to them. Open air-ventilated machines may be
NEMAStandard6-12-1985. self-ventilated (air circulated by means integral with the
machine) or force-ventiìated(air circulated by means ex-
2.113 Classitled by Encbsure and Coollng Means ternalto and not a part of the machine).
NEMA Standard6-12-1885.
2.11.3.1 OPENGENERATOR ENCLOSURES
An open generator is one having ventilating openings 2.11 3.1.7 WeathW-PrOtected
which permit passage of external cooling air over and l’)ps1-A weather pmected I)pe I generator isan open
m u d the windings of the generator. The term “open genmtor with ventilating passages so consoucted Bs to
generator,” when applied to large apparatus without qual- minimize the entrance of rain, snow, and air-borne
ification, designates a generator having no resuiction to perticks to the elecaic parts and having its ventilated
ventilation other than that necessitated by mechanical openings so conmcted as to prevent the passage of a
construction. cylindrical rad 0.75inch (19mm) in diameter.
NEMA Standard 6-12-1985. Qpe II-A weathex protected l’)ps II generator shall
2.11.3.1.1 Dripproof have, in addition to the enclosure defined for a weather
A ârippmf generator is one in which the ventilating protected Type I generator, ventilating jassages at both
openingsare so constructed thatsuccessfuloperationis not intake and dischargeso artanged that high-velocity air and
interfed with when drops of liquid or solid particles air-bome particles blown into the generator by stomis or
strike or enter the enclosure at any angle from O to 15 high win& can be discharged without entering the intemai
degrees downward from the vertical. ventilating passages leading dimtiy to the elecaic parts
NEMAStandard6-12-1985. of the generator itself. The normal path of the ventilating
air which enters the elecmc parts of the generator shall be
2.11.3.1.2 Splashproof so arranged by baífkg or separate housings as to provide
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A splashproof generalor is one in which the ventilating at least three abrupt changes in direction, none of which
openings are so constructedthat successfuloperationisnot shaíl be less then 90 degrees. in addition, an area of low
interfered with when drops of liquid or solid particles velocity not exceeding 10feet (3 meters) per second shaü
strike or enter the enclosure at any angle not p t e r than be provided in the intake air path tominimize the possibil-
100 degrees downward from the verticai. ity of moisture or dirt being carried into the electrical parts
NEMA Standard 6-12-1985. of the generator.
2.11.3.1.3 Seml-Guarded
A semi-guarded generator is one in which part of the 2.11.3.2 TOTALLY-ENCLOSED
ventilatingopenings in the machine, usually in the top half, A totally-enclosedgenerator is one enclosed to prevent
a~ guarded as in the case of a “guarded machine” but the the freeexchange of air between the inside and the outside
others are left open. of the case but not suffcientiy enclosed to be termed
NEMAStandatd 6-12-1985. &-tight.
2.11.3.1.4 Guarded
A guarded generator is one in which all openings giving 2.11 3.2.1 Totally-Enclosed Nonventilated
direct access to live meral or rotating parts (except smooth A totallyenclosed nonventilated generam is a totally-
rotating surfaces) are limited in size by the structural parts enclosed generator which is not equipped for cooling by
or by screens, baffles. grilles, expanded metal. or other means extemai to the enclosing parts.
means to prevent accidental contact with hazardousparts. NEM4 Standard 6-12-1985.
2.11.3.2.2 Totally-Encbsed Fan-Cooled
2.11.3.1.5 Dripproof Guarded A totally-enclosed fan-cooled generator is a ìolally-erk
A dripproof guarded generatot is one whose ventilating closed generator equipped for exterior cooling by means
openings are guarded in accordance with 2.11.3.1.1 and of a fan or tans integrai with the machine but extemai to
211.3.i.4. theenclosingparts.
NEMA Stendard 6-12-1985. NEMAStandard6-12-1985.

~
S T D a N E M A S i l 24-ENGL 1771 I6470247 0527226 136 m
SM 24-1991
Page 25
2.11.3.2.3 Exploslon-Proof air anda fanor fans integral with the rotor shaft or separate,
An explosion-proof generator is a totallyenclosed gen- for circulating the intemai air.
erator whose enclosure is designed and ccmstructed to NEMAStandard6-12-1985.
withstand an explosion of a specified gas or vapor which
may occur within it and to prevent the ignition of the 2.11.3.2.9 Totally-Enclosed Alr-to-Alr Cooled
specifiedgas or vapor surrounding the machine by sparks, Atotailyenclosedair-to-aircooledgene~isatotaily-
flashes,or explosions of the specified gas or vapor which enclosed generator which is cooled by circulating the
may occur within the generamcasing. intenial air through a hau exchanger which, in turn, is
NEMAStandard6-12-1885. cooled by circuiating extanal air. It is provided with an
air-to-air heat exchanga for cooling the internal air and a
2.11.3.2.4 Dust IgnltlonProof fan oc fans, integrai with the rotor shaft or separare, f a
A dust ignition-proof generator is a totaiiy-enclosad circulatingtheintenialairandaseparatefanf~circulating
genmtor whose enclosure is designed and constructed in theexternalair.
a manner which will exclude ignitabie amounts of dust or NEMA Standard 6-12-1885.
amounts which might affect perfonnance or rating, and
which will not pennit arcs, sparks, or heat oth& 2.11.3.2.10 Totally-Encbsed, Fan-Cooled
generated or liberated inside of the enclosure to cam Guarded
ignition of exterior accumulationsor atmospheric suspen- A totally-enclosed fancooled guarded generator is a
sions of a specific dust on or in the vicinity of the e n c b totally-mclosed fancooled generator in which all open-
sure. ings giving direct access to the fan are limited in size by
NEMAStandard6-12-1985. the design of the structural parts or by screens, griiies,
expanded metal, and so forth, to prevent accidentalcontxt
2.11.3.2.5 Waterproof with the fan.
A waterproof generator is a totaliyenc1ase.dgenerator NEMA Standard 6-12-1885.
so constructedthat it wili excludewater applied in the form
of a stream from a hose, except that leakage may occur 2.11.3.2.11 Totally-Enclosed Alr-Over
around the shaft provided it is prevented from entering the A totallyenclosed airmer generator is a totailyen-
oil reservoir and provision is made for automaticallydrain- closed generator intended for exterior cooling by a venti-
ing the generator. The means for automatic draining may lating means external to the generator.
be a check valve or a tapped hole at the lowest part of the NEMAStandard6-12-1985.
frame which will serve for application of a drain pipe. 2.12 GENERATOR COMPONENTS
2.12.1 Insulatlon System
2.11.3.2.6 Totally-Enclosed Plpe-Ventilated
A totally-enclosed pipe-ventilated generator is a gener- An insulation system is an assembly of insulating mate-
ator with openings so arranged that when inlet and outlet rials in association with the conductorsand the supporting
ducts or pipes are connected to them there is no fkee structural parts of a generator. insulation systems are di-
exchange of the internal air and the air outside the case. vided into classes according to the thermai endurance of
Totally-enclosed pipe-ventilated generators shall be self- the system for temperaturerating purposes.
ventilated (air circulated by means integrai with the gen-
erator) or force-ventilated (air circulated by means 2.12.1.1 CLASSES OF INSULATION
extemal to and not part of the generator). Fourclasses of insulation systemsareusedin generators,
namely, Classes A, B,F and H.These classes have been
established in accordance with EEE Standard 1.
2.11.3.2.7 Totally-Enclosed Water-Cooled Authorized Engineering Information6-12-1985.
A totally-enclosed water-cooled generator is a totally
2.1 2.1.2 TEMPERATURE RISE IN SERVICE
enclosed generator which is cooled by circulating water,
the water or water conductors coming in direct contact The observable tempetanire rise for each of the various
with the generator parts.
parts of the machine above the temperature of the cooling
air,referred to as the cold air temperature,shall not exceed
thevalues given in Table 2 4 when the machine is operated
2.11 3 2 . 8 Totally-Enclosed Water-Alr-Cooled at output rating conditions. The temperature rises in the
A totally-enclosed water-airaled generator is a to- Table are based on a maximum cold air temperature of
tally-enclosed generator which is cooled by circulating air 40°C.
which, in turn,is cooled by circulatingwater. It is provided When designing to meet the temperature rises in Table
withawater-cooledheatexchangerforcoolingtheinternal 2 4 it is intended that the hottest-spot temperature should
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

I -
SM 24-1991
Page 26
Table 2 4
TEMPERATURE RISE
kduction
(1) Aroi.tinewioding
(A) All kilowatt ratings Redamce 60 80 105 121
(B)iii9kilowaLtuidleri bbcddcddctcao+ 70 90 115 140
(C)Over 1119 kilowatt
( i ) 7000volti and l u 1 blxdded dueaa+ 65 85 110 135
(2) ova 7000volts nmbcddeddctcczor. 60 80 105 125
(2) Cons, s q u i d cage windings,sndmechuiicpl paas, mPQa i cdcctor*gi mdbnuher, rhinbepeimitlsdtouuin mchtanpmmw
u wiil not injure the machinein my respan
Salient-Pole
(1) Amature Winding
(A) All KVA ntiagr Resiamce 60 80 105 125
(B) 1563 KVA md less nmbcddcddctecror+ 70 90 115 140
(C) Ovcr 1563 KVA
(1)7000voitsPndlur Embcddeddercctori 65 85 110 135
(2) Ova 7000 volts Embeddeddctcao+ 60 80 105 125
(2) Coxes, amortisseurwindings, and mechanicpl pans, such u collectarings, hshhdden. and burhu. ihrllbe ma
du)ut.in
tempcraturcs as will not injurc the machinein any ~ p e c t .
Cylindricai Rotor
(Nmsolimt Poie)
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) A n n a m Winding
(A) Below loo00 KVA 80 105 125
(B) 1563 KVA and less 90 11s 140
(C)1564KVA to loo00 KVA
(1) 7000volta and less 85 110 135
(2)Ova 7000volts 80 105 125
(D)1oooOKVAandibove 70 90 110
(2) Field Windiag 85 105 125
O) and mechanical pam 70 90 110
in contact with or adjaaat
toinsulatim
(4) CoiiectOrRingi 85 85 85
(5) Miscellanuus parts (such ar brushholden, bruska, and ao for& shall be pennittcd to such tanpaatwe u will not mjUre
the machine in any =peu.
nmbedded dacctors arc located within the slot of the machine and shdl be either Mniiaa elemmu or themiooouplei.For genenton equip@ with
embeddeddetectors, this method shdl be used to demoostrate conformity with the amdrrd.

SM 24-1991
Page 27
not exceed 13pC for Class B, 159C for Class F, and Deltawoundgeneramsmayalsobeavailable.Iftheuser
18$C for Class H insulation systems. requires a delta wound generator, the requirement must bc
. For machines of 10,OOOkVA and above, the relationship included as a part of the job specifications to the manufac-
between hottest-spot temperature and the temperatures turer.
specified in the table for the armature and field windings Authorired Engineering Infamiaiion 6-12-1985.
shaii be demonstrable by direct measurement or recog- 2.12.2.2 LEAD ENCLOSURE
nized methods of calculation corrected to special factory An enclosure should be provided for mounting tfie cur-
tests on a basically similar machine. rent transformers and connecting the generator minais.
Temperatures shall be determined in accordance with nie enclosure may contain lightning arresters and surge
IEEE Standard 115orïEEEStandard 112. capacitors when required by the user.
For machines that operate under prevailing barometric
pressure and are designed not to exceed standard temper- 2.12.2.3 LOCATlONOF TERMINALS
ature rise at altitudes h m 3300 feet (loo0 m) to 13,000 On horizontal synchronous generators furnished with
feet (4000 m), the temperature rises,as checked by test at bracketexiorpedestal-typebearingsandwithoutaterminal
low altitude, shali be less than those listed in Table 24 by box, the recommended location of the armam w m d q
1 percent of the specified temperature rise for each 3u) temiinals is at the bottom edge of the stator h e within
feet (100m) of altitude in excess of 3300 feet (loo0m). 30 d emof the verticai centeriine. On aii other types of
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
horizontai synchnmous g e m , the recommended l e
2.1 2.1.2.1 Open Cooling d o n is on the left-handside of the generator,viewing the
For open machines and for parts of enclosed machines end of the generator apposite the drive.
that are cooled by open ventilation passages, that is, col- Authohcl Engineering Infomiation 6-12-1985.
lector rings, the cold air temperature is the average tem-
perature of the externaï air as it enters the ventiiating 2.1 2.2.4 NUUERALSON T E F M WOF ALmwnffi
openings of the machine. WRRM POLYPHASE GENERATORS
Open machines may be required to operate in an ambient
temperature above 40°C. For such operation it is recom- 2.1 2.2.4.1 Synchronous
mended that temperature rises of machine parts be limited The numerals 1,2,3,and so forth, indicate the order in
to values less than those given in Table 2-4 by the number which the voltages at the texminals reach their maximum
of degrees that the maximum ambient temperatureexceeds positive values (phase sequence) with clockwise shaft
4OoC. rotation when facing the connection end of the coil wind-
ings; hence for counmlockwiseshaft rotation (not stan-
2.1 2.1.2.2 Closed Cooling dard) when facing the same end, the phase sequence shall
For totally enclosed machines, the cold air temperature be 1,3,2.
is the average temperature of the air leaving the cooler or NEMA Standard 6-12-1985
coolers. The cold air temperature at : ing, when the
2.12.2.4.2 induction
cooler(s) is supplied with water of the ,,, amount
d and
Terminal markings of polyphase induction generators
temperature up to 3OoC, shall not exceed 4OoC.
Totally enclosed machines designed for cooling water are not reiated to the direction of rotation.
Authorized Engineeting Information C12-1985.
temperature above 3OoCmay utilize a cold air temperature
above 4OoC provided the temperature rises of machine 2.13 GENERAL ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
parts be limited to values less than those given in Table 2 4
by the number of degrees that the maximum cold air 2.13.1 MOTOR STARTING CAPABILmES
temperature exceeds 4OoC. If a synchronous generator provides a substantial
amount of the power in an eiectricai system, it shall be
2.12.2 Power Terminais capable of starting the largest motor in the system without
2.1 2.2.1 LEAD CONNECTION dowing an excessive voltage dip. The size of the west
Synchronous generators should be wye connected un- motor and the dowable voltage dip shaü be specified by
less delta connection is specifiedby the user. Wye connec- the user.
tion with the neutral made up externally permits in order to meet the motor starting requirements, it may
installation of current transformers in each phase for dif-
ferential protection. Delta wound connections do not in- be necessary to increase the size of the generator and
increase the capacity of the exciter and the voltage rem-
clude a neutral lead.
Induction generators may be delta or wye connected.
latoi.

S T D O N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 b470247 0527229 945
SM 24-1991
Page 28
2139 m i m u m Momentary oveh09d mined at rated output, voltage. frequency, and balanced
Synchronous generators shall be capable of carrying a load conditions.
1-minute overload of 50 percent of nomial rated capacity The following losses shall be included in determining
with the field set for nomal rated load excitation. nie the efficiency:
voltage, power factor and temperatureriSe will diner from 1. I 2 R l o S s O f ~ .
ratedvalue when generatorsare subjectedto the overload 2. 1% loss of fieid.
conditions. 3. Careloss
NEMAStandard 6-12-1985. 4. Strayloadloss.
5. Friction and windage loss.
2.13.3 Telephone influence Factor (TIF) 6. Exciter power requirements.
When specifieú,the balan~edtelephne influence factor
based on the weighting factors given in Table 2-5 2.133 GeneratorConstantri
shail not exceed the following values:
Direct-Axis Synchronous Reactance &I). Used to de-
Table 2-5 terminecurrent flow at steady state conditions.
TELEPHONE INFLUENCE FACTOR Direct-Axis Transient ReaCauice o('d). Used to CU-
iate the short circuit current produced by the generatar
kVA Rating of Generator TIF after the ñrst few cycles following a fault (six cycles to
five seconds). Also used to &termine voltage dip result-
62.5 to 299 350 ing from load applications.
300 to 699 250 Dkt-Axis S u b d e n t Reactance Wd). This is the
apparentreactance of the statorwindingat the insiant short
700 to 4999 150 circuitoccurs. Itisusedtocalcuiatethecmntflowdining
5000 to 19999 100 the fírst few cycles after a short circuit. The subtransient
2oooO and above 70 -
reactance is impœtant when determiningtherequiredca-
pacity of a circuit breaker to inteanrpt a fault within a
system.
Negative Sequence Reactance (32). Used to determine
When specified,the residual componenttelephone influ- linetdine short circuit currents.
ence factor based on the weighting factors given in Table Zero SequenceReactance &). Used to determine iine-
2-5 shall not exceed the foilowing values. The residual tcmeuaal short circuit currents.
componentappliesonly to thosegeneratorshaving voltage Potier Reactance &). Used to calculate excitation of
ratings of 2000 volts and higher. the generator at Merent loads and power facton.
Direct-Axis Transient Short Circuit Time Constant
kVA Rating of Generator TIF (T'd). T i e (seconds)for the slowly decreasing compo-
nent of the armature current to reach 36.8 percent of its
loo0 to 4999 100 initiai value after application of a short circuit condition to
a generator running at rami speed.
5000 to 1999 75 Direct-Axis Subtransient Short Circuit Time Constant
20000 and above 50 (T"d). Time (seconds) for the rapidly decreasing c o m p --```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
nent of the annahmcurrent @resentduring the first cycles

afterashortcircuit) toreach36.8percentofitsinitiaivalue
The single-frequency telephone influence weighting after sudden application of a short circuit condition when
factors (TiFf), according to the 1960 single frequency the unit is running at rated speed.
weighting factors are shown in Table 2-6. Direct-Axis Transient Open Circuit Time Constant
The telephone influence factor shaü be measured in (T'do). T i e measured in seconds for the open circuit
accordance with EEE Standard 115. TIF shall be mea- voltage of the armahue to drop to 36.8 peacent of its initial
sured at the generator terminais on open circuit at rated value after the field winding is short circuited
voltage and frequency. NEMAStandard 6-12-1985.
NEMAStandad6-12-1985.
2.13.6 PHASE SEQUENCE
2.13.4 Efficiency The order of numerals on teminal leads does not neces-
Efficiency and losses shall be determined in accordance sarily indicate the phase sequence, but the phase sequence
with IEEE Standard 115. The efficiency shall be deter-

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL L99L 6470247 0527230 b b 7
SM 24-1991
Page 29
Table 2-6
1960 SINGLE-FREQUENCY TIF1WEIGHTING
FACTORS
Frequmq TWf Frrquenq TEFf
60 0.5 1,800 7,570

180 30 1.860 7,820
300 225 1,980 8.330
360 400 2.100 8,830
420 650 2,160 9,080
540 1,320 3.220 9,330
660 2,260 2,340 9,840
720 2,760 2,460 10340
780 3,360 2,580 10.600
900 4,350 2,820 10210
1,o00 5,000 2.940 9,820
1,020 5,100 3,000 9,670
1,030 5,400 3,180 8,740
1,140 5,630 3,300 8,090
1260 6,050 3,540 6,730
1,380 6,370 3,660 6,130
1.440 6,650 3,900 4,400
1500 6,680 4.020 3.700
1,620 6,970 4,260 2,750
1,740 7,320 4,380 2,190
5.000 840
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
is determined by the direction of shaft rotation relative to clockwise direction. See Figure 2-3 in which vector 1 is
the connection end of the coil winding. (See 2.12.2.4.1.) 120degrees in advance of vector 2 and the phase sequence
Vector diagrams shall be shown so that advance in phase is 1,2,3.
of one vector with respect to another is in the counter- N E M Standard 6-12-1985.

S T D = N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1 9 9 3 m b470247 0527233 5 T 3 =
SM 24-1991
Page 30
3 2
Flgure 2-3
PHASE VECTOR DIAGRAM
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

' S T D - N E M A SM 2 4 - E N G L 1791 b470247 0527232 4 3 T m
SM 24-1991
Page 31
Section 3
CONTROLS
3.1 GOVERNING SYSTEM 3.1.6 ExtemEiI Control Devices

The governing system includes the speed governor, the Extenial conml devices shail be one of three types
conml mechanism, the governor controiied valve(@,the described below:
speed changer, and external control devices. The govem-
ing system is the primary system n v to match the 3.1.6.1 SPEED CHANGER TYPE
airbine to the application. Various types of goveanm are The speed changer type is incorporateddirectly into the
availableto meet specific user requirements. governing system which in tum positions the govenior
NEMAStandard 6-12-1985. conmiíed vaive(s). 'Ihe govenica shail be selected to
provide the specified adjustable speed range.
3.1.1 Speed Governor
The speed govemor includes those elements which are 3.1.6.2 R a i o n SET POiNl TYPE
The remote set point type is incorparated directly into
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
directly responsive to speed and which position or infiu-

ence the action of other elements of the goveming system thegoverningsystem which in turn positions the governoa
to maintain the operating speed within the limits shown in conmiled vaive(s). The governar shaü be selected to
32. provi& the specified adjustableranges for all conmiiing
NEMAStandard 6-12-1985. parameters.
3.1.2 MuRlvarlable Governor 3.1.6.3 VALVE ACrUAnffi TYPE
The multivariable governor shall have the capability to The valve actuating type is separate from the govemor.
control two or more parameters simulranmusly. The extenial signai acts to position either the governor
NEMAStandard 11-14-1985. conmlledvalve(s)or a sepamteline mounted valve. In this
s as a speed limiting (preemerg-
case,the govemor~ c t only
3.1.3 Control Mechanlsm ency) govemor.
The control mechanism includes all of the equipment NEMAStandard 11-14-1985.
between the governor and the governor controlledvaive(s)
(for example, levers, linkages, relays, servomours, and 3.1.7 Speed Changer
pressure or power amplifying devices). The speed changer is a device for changing the setting
NEMA Standard 6-12-1869. of the goveming system within the specified speed range
while the turbine is in operation.
3.1.4 Governor Controlled Valve@) NEMAStandard6-12-1985.
The governor controlled valve(s) controls the flow of
steam to the turbine in responseto the governor or external 3.2 SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM
controlling device(s). CLASSIFICATION
There are two methods of conmiiing the admission of Speed governingsystems shail be classified as shown in
Steam: Table 3-1.
1. By single throttiing valve NEMA Standard 6-12-1985.
2. Multiple automatic valves. Agovemor system in seMce which meets all the follow-
NEMAStandard 6-12-1985. ing conditionsshallbe capableof limitingspeed to prevent
overspeed tnp when load is suddenly reduced h m rated
3.1.5 Servomotor System to zen>:
A servomotor system includes a pilot valve actuated by a. The driven machine is synchronousgenerator.
the governor or control mechanism, and a power cylinder b. "le governorsystem is operatingin a mode in which
to actuate the governor controlled valve($ which allows it responds to demand for electricalpower.
steam to enter the turbine. The pilot valve conmls the flow c. The steam turbine has an inlet pressure of at least
of high pressure fluid to the power cylinder. This flow of 150 psig 11035 kPa (gauge)].
high pressure fluid causes the piston in the power cylinder d. The steam turbine exhausts to a condenser.
to move in response to the signal from the governor or
control mechanism.

SM 24-1991
Page 32
Table 3-1 inoperative, with aii other conditionscanstant. Speed vari-

SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION ation includes dead band and sustained oscillations.
~ Speed variation (S) =
Paant d Maximum ContinuousSped change in change in
Maximum Maximum Maximum rpmabove + rpmbelow
m d spesd s m speed Acupged s e c 4 x x L xi00
Governing RegutPtion Varíatlon RIS?
sytem PacPnt - Percent Perœnt 2xratedspeed
See Figure 3-2 for graphic representation of speed vari-
A 10 0.75 13* ation characteristicsof a Ciass D governor.
B 6 0.50 7* 3.2.3.1 DEAD BAND
C 4 0.25 7* Dead band is the total magnitude of the change in steady
D 0.50 0.25 7* state speed within which there is no resulting measurable
change in the position of the governor controlled vaive(s).
Thare +ximum Sped Rire Percas Vduu can be achieved under
It is a measure of the speed governing system insensitivity
rhefolbwmg condiiioiu: and is expressed in percent of rated speed.
I Govrmor system is adjusted for maximum sensitivity.
b Rouiionil meitiaof the cquipmmtis relatively large for the power 3.2.3.2 S~ABILJTY
nk. Stability is the ability of the speed governing system to
c Steam c r i n d i t k s produoc a d.tivciy low thcontical s l u m rate position the governor conmlied vaive(s) so that a sus-
tained oscillation of speed or of energy input to the turbine
3.21 SpeedFiange is not poduced by the speed governing system during
Speed range, expressed as a percentage of rated speed, operation under sustained load demand or following a
is the specifiedrange of operating speeds below or above change to a new sustained load demand.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
rated speed, or both, for which the governor shall be For the purpose of this standard, sustained oscillations
adjustable when the turbine is operating under the control produced by the speed-governing system:
of the speed governor. (a) of turbine speed, for isolated operation undersus-
NEM4 Standard 6-12-1985. rained load demand, or
Normally a speed range of +5 percent will allow for (b) of energy input, for parallel operation with a con-
adequate frequencycontrol of a turbine generator set. stant-frequency altemaring current power system,
Authorized Engineering Information6-12-1985. or
(c) of energy input for parallel operation with a con-
3.22 WmumSpeedRise stant-voltage direct current power system-are de-
The maximum speed rise expressed as a percentage of fined as the difference between those existing with
rated speed, is the maximum momentary increase in speed the speed-governing system in service and those
which is obtained when the turbine is developing rated existing with the speed-governing system blocked
power output at rated speed and the load is suddenly and or inoperative.
completely reduced to zen In the case of parallel operation with an altemating
current power system of ocher than constant fkequency,
Maximum speed rise (%I = energy input which correspond to variations in power-sys-
maximum speed tem frequency and to the incremental speed regulation of
zen) power output the speed-governing system covered by this standard are
/
rated speed excluded in determining stability. Similaríy, in the case of
For non-parallel operation, frequencyrise is the same as parallel operation with a direct current power system of
speed rise. See Figure 3-1 for a graphic representation of other than constant voltage, energy input changes which
speed rise characteristics of a Ciass D governor. comespond to the voltage regulation of the driven gener-
NEM4 Standard 6-12-1985. ator and to the variations in voltage of the power system
are deducted in determining stability,
3.23 Speed Variation
Speed variation, expressed as a percentage of rated 3.2.4 Speed Regulation, Steady State
speed, is the total magnitude of speed change or fluctua- Speed regulation, expressed as a percentage of rated
tions from the speed setting under the steady state condi- speed, is the change in sustained speed when the power
tions given in 3.2.4. The speed change is defined as the output of the turbine is gradually changed from rated
difference in speed variation between the governing sys- power output to zero power output under the foilowing
tem in operation and the governing system blocked to be steady state conditions:

S T D * N E M A SM 24-ENGL L77L 6470247 0527234 202
SM 24-1991
Page 33
107%
100.5 w
I
I
1
I
wa
UJ
I
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
rD 1
1
I
I
I
1
O
I LOAD
l
100%
Figure 3-1
SPEED/FREQUENCY RISE FOR NONPARALLEL SYNCHRONOUS
TURBINE GENERATOR SET WITH A CLASS D GOVERNOR

SM24-1991 ,
Page
I Flgure 3-2
SPEED VARIATION NEMA CLASS D GOVERNOR
1. When the steam conditions (inlet pressure, inlet 3.3.2. Pressure Regulator
temperature and exhaust pressure) are set at rated The pressure regulator includesonly those elements that
values and held constant. are directly responsive to pressure and which position or
2. When the speed changer is adjusted to give rated influence the action of other elements of the pressure
speed with rated power output. regulating system.
3. When any external control device is rendered hop- NEMA Standard 6-12-1985.
erative and blocked in the open position so as to
offer no restrictions to the free flow of steam to the 3.3.3 control Mechanism
governor controlled vaive($. The control mechanism includes all of the equipment,
Speed Regulation (%) = such as relays,servomotors,pressure or power amplifying
(speed at zero)- (speed at rated) devices, levers, and linkages between the pressure reguia-
power output power output tor(s) and the pressure conmiled vaive(s).
x loo NEMAStandard6-12-1985.
speed at rated power output
For non-parailel operation. frequency regulation is the 3.3.4 Pressure Controiied Vaives
same as speed regulation. The pressure conmiled valves include those valves
Speed regulation is referred to as droop when the speed which control the flow of steam through the lower pressure
change is from no load to full load. stages of the turbineand which a~ actuated by the pressure
NEMAStandard6-12-1985. regulator(s) through the medium of the control mecha-
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
See Figure 3-3 for a graphic representation of speed/fre- nism(s).

quency regulation characteristics. NEMAStandard 6-12-1965.
3.3 STEAM PRESSURE CONTROL in the case of noncondensing turbines providexi with
3.3.1 Pressure Regubtlng System exhaust pressure reguiatm and aim compensated con-
trolledextmction or controlled induction typeturbines, the
The Pressure regulating system includes the pr=sme may m e as
regdator(s), the pressure control mechanism(s) and the controlld
pressurecontrolled valve(s). Authorired Engineering infamiation6-12-1985.

~~~ ~~ ~
S T D a N E M A SM 24-ENGL L99L D 6470247 0527236 O85
SM 24-1991
Page 35
'""F
101%
-t - I
I
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
l
I
l
I
l
I
I
-0 LQAD KDI
Figure 3-3
STEADY STATE SPEED REGULATION NEMA CLASS D GOVERNOR
3.3.5 RsssureChanger 3.3.6.1 PRESSURE REGUIAIIONCONVENTION

nie pressure changer is a device by means of which the Pressureregulation is considered positive when pressure
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
setting of the pressure regulating system may be changed increases with decrease in steam flow.
NEMAStanderd6-12-1985.
for the purpose of adjusting the pressure of the exhaust
stcam or of the extraction or induction steam while the 3.3.7 stability
turbine is in opeiation.
NEMAStandard6-12-1985. Stability is the capability of the pressure regulating
system(s) to position the pressure controlled valve@) so
3.3.6 Steady State Pressure Regulation that sustained oscillations of the controlled pressure(s)or
For umtrolled extraction or controlled induction type the energy input to the steam turbine are not produccd by
turbines,the steady state pressure regulation is the change the pressure regulating system(s) during operation under
in sustained extraction or induction pressure when, with sustained flow demands or following a change to another
identicaisettingsof ail parts of the speed governing system value of sustained flow demand.
and of the pressure regdating system(s), the extraction or For the purpose of this standard, sustained osciiiations
induction flow is gradually changed h m rated flow to produced by the pressure regulating system of controllcd
zero flw. pressure or of energy input are defined as the difference
Foi noncmde-nsing eurbines provided with exhaust pres- between those existing with the pressure regulating system
sure reguiators. the steady state pressure regulation is the in service and those existing with the pressure regulating
change in sustained exhaust pressure when, with identical system blocked or inoperative.
setting of all parts of the speed governing system and of
the pressure regulating and through the action of the pres- 3.3.8 Pressure Control Performance
sure regulator, the power output of the steam turbine is
gradually reduced from rated power output to zero power A Class D governing system (see Section 3.2) shall
exhibit the following characteristics when utilized in a
~tput.
NEMA Standard 6-12-1985. compensatedcontrol system:

--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SM 24-1991
Page 36
3.3.8.1 Change in sustained speed shaü be 1 percent a speed

maximum for any sustained change in flow within limits b. Metsteampmssure
of 5 pexent and 95 percent of maximum induction or C. Each inductionlextractionpressure
extraction flow guaranteed for that l d d. -Eaessure
NEMAStandard 11-14-1885. e. Geneaatoroutput
f. others for specific appiications.
3.3.8.2 Steady state pressure reguiation shaü be 0.5 psi NEMA Standard 6-12-1985.
(35 kPa) maximum or 4 percent of rated exhaust, extrac-
tion, or induction pressure expressed in psia or kPa (ab- 3.5.2 A m
lute); whichever is larger. The foilowing 8ccesSMies which may be selected,
depending on rating and application:
3.3.8.3 Sustained osciiiations of controlled pressure, 3.5.2.1 -ROL PRIORITIES
when operating at consrant flow demand or foilowing a Asignai selector may be incorporated in the governor to
change to another constant flow, shaii not ex& 025 psi aüow the govemor to receive signais from several s e n m
(1.7 kPa)or 2 percent of the controlledpressure expressed
in psia or kPa (absolute); whichever is iarger.
and to choose the signal which wiii resuit in the proper
NEMAS- 11-14-1985. valve opening.
Any patameter may be primary which the governing
3.38.4 Sustained oscillations of energy input, when o p system maintains as constant during normal operation.
crating at constant flow demand or following a change to Any paramm could be secondary which is ignored as
another constant flow, shaii not exceed 4 peacent of rated long as it is below the preset value.
power.
3.5.2.2 CONTROL OF INDUCTION OR EXTRACTiON
3.3.8.5 The range of adjustment for pressure change(s) The governor may be designed to conml the low pres-
shaii permit adjustment of exhaust, extraction, or induc- sure valve@)of an induction or extraction turbine in con-
tion pressure between 5 psi (35 kPa) or 10 percent of the junction with the high pressure vaive(s). In this case,the
ccnaolled pressure expressed in psia or kPa (absolute); governor conmis the flow to maintain the steam pressure
whichever is iarger, at each controlled exmction or induction opening while
NEMAStandard 11-14-1985. simultaneousiy controlling speed when necessary for the
application.
3.4 COMPENSATED CONTROL SYSTEM A governor with this capability incorporates features to
A compensatedcontrol system is one which is provided adjust all the controlled valves in response to a change in
with interconnections between its control mechanisms so any controlled parameters.
that the action of the speed governor or of the pressure
reguIator(s) also directly actuates the other control mech- 3.5.2.3 MwsINû SIGNAL DETECTION FEATURE
anism. The missing signal detection feature monitors all input
NEMA Standard 6-12-1985. signais and determinesif they are m the correct range. Any
signal that is out of range should cause immediateaction
3 6 ELECTRONIC GOVERNING SYSTEM by the electronic governor to ensure safe operation of the
3.5.1 Bask Features turbine, and should cause an aïann indication.
An electronicgoverning system shall include the foilow- 3.5.2.4 SENSOR REDUNDANCY
ing basic components:
1. Sensors which measure an operating parameter of 3.5.2.5 OVERSPEED TRIP
the turbine or system, and produce corresponding The OveISpeed trip feature in the governor can be p m
electric signais. videú in addition to the primary trip.
2. A governor which compares signai(s) from the sen-
so@) with the selected set point(s) and produces a 3.5.2.6 1MPORT/EXPORT -ROL
signal(s)forthe valve actuator(s)to maintain system Import/expœt control allowsthe governor to regulate the
parameters. exchange of electric power between the utility and the
3. An actuator@)which positions the vaive(s) directly system to which it is connected. ïmport/export controlm a y
or through a control mechanism in response to the be used as aprimary parameter ora secondary paramem.
governor signal. 3.5.2.7 ISOCHRûNOUS LOAD SHARING
One or more of following pammeters shall be controlled Isochronous load sharing which allows two or more
by the governing system: synchronous turbine generator sets operating in parallel to

S T D * N E M A SM 24-ENGL L99L m 6470247 0527238 758 m
SM 24-1991
Page 37
maintainconstant system frequency from zero system load n i e type of conmls shall be consistent with the appü-
to maximum system load without the need for any adjust- cation of the turbine generator set and the type of gener-
ments by operating personnel. This allows each turbine atm.
generator set to operate at the same percentage of its full NEMA Standard 6-1 2-1985.
load rating. Therefare, if the load on the system is 60
percent of the maximum system capcity, each turbine
3.8 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
generator set in the system will be operating at 60 percent 3.8.1 Frequency Control
load.
In order for isochronous load sharing to be used, each Generator frequency is directly proporíional to turbine
speed when the turbine generator set is operating inde-
turbine generator set in the system must have a governor
pendent of utility power. nierefore,the requiredfrequency
with the isochronousload sharing feature.
is maintained by controlling the turbine speed with a
3.5.2.8 AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZER govemcx.
"he automatic synchronizer adjusts turbine speed to When the turbine generator set is opemting in paraiiel
match bus fkquency and generator phase to match the bus with a iarge synchronouspower system, change in turbine
phase. It can also provide voltage matching by adjusting speed setting on the governorresults in a change in M i n e
the voltage regulator reference. The synchronizer will load because the frequency of the turbine generator set is
generate a breaker close command when everything is locked to the frequency of the connected power system.
within specified limits. Authorized EngineeringInformation 6-12-1985.
3.5.2.9 KILOWATTLIMITCONTROL 3.8.2 Voltage Control

A voltage regulator shall be supplied for synchronous
3.5.2.10 Other electronic governor accessories may be generators to maintain system voltage when (1) operating
available. independently, (2) when in the process of paralleling, or
Authorized Engineering Information 6-12-1985. (3) when controlling the reactive KVA loading of the
generator.
3.5.3 General NEMA Standard 6-12-1985.
Care should be taken in each installation to provide for
adequate wiring. in addition, electronic governors and 3.8.3 Load Control
their associated wiring should be protected from heat, wear For nonparalleloperation of synchronousgenerators, the
and induced signais. Local codes and area classifications turbine speed control shall maintain the frequency within
should be considered. the required limits while operating from no load to full
When microprocessor based turbine control systemsare load.
provided which interface with plant dismbuted control For parallel operation, the governor shall be supplied
systems, there may be some overlap of control loops and with a local or remotely adjustable speed changer to allow
confusion regarding inputdoutputs.In these cases the pur- the generator frequency and phase to be matched with the
chaser and the vendor should mutually agree upon scope connected power system in order to synchronize the nu-
and responsibility split. External setpoints can come from bine generator set on-fine.
the plant DCS but the turbine control loop should be For parallel operation, the governor shall be supplied
supplied by the turbine manufacturer. with a droop adjustment or isochronous load sharing ca-
A typical electronic governor schematic is shown in pability to allow load sharing between the turbine gener-
Figure 3 4 at the end of this section. ator set and the connected system.
3.6 AUTOMATIC START CONTROLS
Automatic start controls are available for turbine and 3.9 INDUCTION GENERATOR
driven machine. The turbine manufacturer should be con- A turbine induction generator set is not suitable for
sulted for recommended equipment and procedures. isolated operation; it must be operated in parallel with a
Authorized Engineering Information 6-12-1985. utility. A speed governor is not required for speed and
phase matching before an induction generator's breaker is
3.7 TURBINE GENERATOR CONTROLS closed to the utility. However, a speed governor should be
Turbine generator controls regulate the output of the considered in order to bring the turbine generator set to
turbine generator set in terms of load (KW), voltage and synchronous speed before closing the circuit breaker.
frequency in response to normal operating requirements. In the application of a turbine induction generator set as
Authorized Engineering Information 6-12-1985. a pressure reducing valve, the output of the turbine gener-
ator set is regulated by a pressure control. In this appiica-
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D - N E M A SU 24-ENGL L79L b 4 7 0 2 4 7 0527237 894 W
--Ye SM 24-1991
Page 38
III I
II n I
Figure 3-4
ELECTRONIC GOVERNOR FOR SYCHRONOUS GENERATOR CONTROL
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D O N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 b470247 0527240 506
SM 24-1991
Page 39
tion, a speed governor can be used as a preemergency known as series boost, short circuit boost, or short circuit
govmcr, with its speed setting just above the full l a d sustaining. This accessory is used for motor starting or
speed of the generator. faultxlearing applications.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
In application of induction generators, such as peak Alternatively,a small separateshaft mounted permanent
shaving units where load is to be controlled, the governor magnet generator may be used to supply power to the
will be used to set generator load voltage regulator. It is independent of the line voltage drop
Author¡+ Engineering Information 6-12-1985. and maintains a supply voltage to the regulator regardless
of load.
3.10 GENERATION SYSTEM CONTROL
When the steam turbine generator set produces power as 3.1 1.2.2UNDER FRWUENCYI~VERVOLTAGE
a byproduct of an indushial process, an external control PROTECTION
such as system pessure, flow or temperature, may be used ?his accessoryautomaticallyprotects the generatorh m
to control the steam flow through the turbine generator to the effectsof under frequency and overvoltageoperation
insure that kilowatts are produced as a function of the by disconnecting the voltage regulator in the event of
system steam demand. severe under frequency or overvoltage conditions.
3.1 1.2.3 REMOTEMANUAL
VOLTAGE
CONTROL
3.11 GENERATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL
3.1 1.2.4 Ammnc POWER FACTOR
CONTROLLER
3.11.1 Basic Features
n i e synchronous generator shall be supplied with an 3.11.2.5 Additional items may be available.
automatic voltage regulator which shall have a means of Authorized Engineering Information6-12-1985.
adjustment. The regulator shali control current in the field 3.12 GENERATOR CONTROL PANEL AND
of the exciter to maintain generator voltages during SWITCHGEAR
changes in load
The voltage regulator shall hold the generator output Generators for industrial plant or commercial class
voltage within a specified range (from 1D to 1 ln percent power system service usually have ratings varying From
of nominal voltage) for all steady state loads from no load 480 volts through 13,800 volts.
to full load. The generator switchgear is u)provide protection for the
When two or more ac generators operate in parallel, the equipment and its operating personnel. The degree of
voltage regulator shall have paralleling provisions to per- switchgear protection recommended for generators is
mit it to control the reactive load while it is in parallel based on the cost and service requirements. Additional
operation. protection can be justified on the basis that greater fault
The regulator shail have a sufficiently short response sensitivity and faster response can minimize fault damage
time to minimize voltage dips or rises after load transients. and considerably lessen repair costs and downtime.
In hospitais, where light flicker must not occur and x-ray When the generator is to be paralleled with the utility
equipment would be affected by voltage variations, the system, the protection and metering requirement of the
generator shall be of sufficient size and design capability utility should be considered. %or to installation the pur-
to minimize the effect of load. chaser or user should obtain approval from the utility for
A power isolation transformer for use with the voltage the equipment being supplied.
regulator shall be supplied when required by the applica- When used with steam turbine generator sets, the switch-
tion. gear and controls covered in this section should perform
NEMA Standard 6-12-1985. the following functions:
1. Connect the generator output to and disconnect it
3.11.2 Accessories from the power bus.
The following are accessories which the manufacturer 2. Provide instrumentation to monitor the various pa-
may select, dependingon rating, voltage, and application: rameters necessary to operate the equipment.
3. Control the generator voltage.
3.1 1.2.1 EXCITATION SUPPORT SYSTEM 4. Protect the generator and the associated equipment
Voltage regulation systems can be made sensitive not against faults,detect faults if they occur and provide
only to voltage, but also to current output of the generator. an alarm or shutdown, or both.
Under Luge load transients, when there is a rush of current This section covers basic equipment up to and including
through the generator leads, a iarge current is aotomat- the generator circuit breaker.
ically induced in the exciter field, greatly increasing its Authorized EngineeringInformation6-12-1985.
output to combat the voltage dip of the generan. This is

S T D m N E M A SM 24-ENGL 3 9 7 1 W b470247 0527243 442
.~ , ,... . .
. ...
, ,:.:
. :...
.'. .. .. .
. ..r.
. .~ .
SM 24-1991
Page 40
3.121 General Requirements 3.12.2.2 hkNUAL PAñALìELEûS Y " 0 U S üNKS

The equipmentdescribedin this section for factory-built (See Figure 3-6) Equipment located either in a cabinet
aitematingcurrent switchgearis considered minimum for on the generatorenclosureor in a separate wall or floor
typical 3-phase. 3-wire circuits. mounted unit shall include:
For other system requirements, additionai equipment 1. Voltmeters-bus side and generator side
should be added, in which case the manufacturer should 2. Ammeter
be consulted. 3. Frequency meters-busside and generator side
The following covers metal-enclosed units and the de- 4. Waumeter
vices associated with them for use on 3-phase circuits. 5. Combination selector switches (voltmeter/
Adequate surfXe area and mounting facilities should be ammeter)
provided for ail standard panel-mounted items. Space 6. Current transformers as necessary
should be p v i d e d in auxihy mmpanments, when re- 7. Potential transformersas necessaty
quired, in addition to that available in the standard mit 8. Automatic voltage regulator with manual adjust-
assemblies to house buses, connections, operating trans- ment and cross current compensationfor paralleling
formers, instrument transformers,rheostats, field conml 9. Power isolation transformer for voltage nqplatm, if
equipment, and other devices. requifed
Enclosures should be suitable for the site environment 10. Low voltage power circuit breaker operated manu-
(PM IO00volts m a ~ i m ~ ~m e, NEMA
e Standards Publia- ally or electrically
tion ZCL1985.) 11. Synchronizingswitch
When the switchgear in intended for outdoor use, the 12. "bo synchronizinglights
equipment should be located within a weatherpmf hous- 13. Synchroscope
ing, with each housing having: 14. Reverse power relay
1. Suitable weatherpmf access door or doors with 15. Suitablecontrol wiring and terminai blocks
provisions for locking. 16. Overcurrent time delay relay
2. Protected openings for ventilation. as required. NEMA Standard 6-12-1985.
3. interior lighting and utility outlets with protective 3.12.2.3 PARALLELED INDUCTION UNITS
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
devices. (See Figure 3-7) The following instrumentation and

4, Heaters with protective devices. equipment shall be mounted in a wail mounted or free-
Authorized EngineeringInformation 6-12-1985.
standing enclosure:
3.122 Low Voltage Switchgear (to 600 Volts) 1. Ammeter with switch
2. Wattmeter
3.12.2.1 NONPARALLELED SYNCHRONOUS UNITS 3. Voltmeter with switch
(See Figure 3-5) Equipment located either in a cabinet 4. Manually or electrically-operated power circuit
on the generator enclosure, or in a separate wall or floor breaker with shunt trip or a contactor with fuses
mounted unit, shall include: 5. Reverse power relay
1. Voltmeter 6. Panel lights for indicating motoring or generaring
2. Ammeter 7. Current transfarmers as necessary
3. Frequency meter 8. Potential transformers as necessary
4. Wanmeter 9. Suitable conml wiring and terminai blocks
5. Combination selector switch (voltmeter/ammeter) NEM4 Standard6-12-1985.
6. Current transformersas necessary
7. Potential transformers as necessary 3.123 High Voltage Switchgear
8. Automatic voltage regulator with manual adjust- (601 to 13,800 Votts)
ment 3.12.3.1 NOWPARALLELED SïNCHRûNOUS UNIT
9. Power isolation transformer for voltage regulator, if (see Figure 3-8) m e following insmentation and
required equipmentshaii be mounted in one or mare fke-standing
10. Low voltage power circuit breaker operated manu- enclosures:
ally or elecmcaiiy 1. Voltmeter with switch
I l . Suitable control wiring and terminal blocks 2. Ammeter with switch

SM 24-1991
Page 41
e POWER BUS
52 Circuit Breaker
A Ammeter
F Frequency Meter
V Voltage Meter
VAR AS Ammeter Switch
CT Current Transformer
EXC Exciter
GEN Generator
PT Potential Transformer
VAR Voltage Adjusting Rheostat
VR Voltage Regulator
VRS voltage Regulator Cutout Switch
vs Voltmeter Switch
W Wattmeter
Flgute 3-5
NON-PARALLELED LOW VOLTAGE SNYCHRONOUS UNITS (3.12.2.1)
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

.--.. .
... -
.' -...
<
,
. -.;..
a;,
.. ,
.
.. .
SM 24-1991
Page 42
POWER BUS
t VS
1: 50151
AS
Reverse Power Relay
Circuit Breaker
Overcurrent Time Delay Relay
Ammeter
Ammeter Switch
Cross Current Compensation
Transformer
Exciter
Frequency Meter
VAR N;; Generator
Potential Transformer
SL Synchronizing Light
ss Synchronizing Switch
SYN Synchroscope
V Voltmeter
VAR Voltage Adjusting Rheostat
VR Voltage Regulator
vs Voltmeter Switch
VRS Voltage Regulator Cutout Switch
W Wattmeter
Flgure 3-6
MANUAL PARALLELED LOW VOLTAGE SYNCHRONOUS UNITS (3.i2.2.2)
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SM 24-1991
Page 43
POWER BUS
T
52
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MOT/GEN
32 Reverse Power Relay

52 Circuit Breaker
A Ammeter
AS Ammeter Switch
GEN Generator
MOTIGEN Motor Generating Lights
PT Potential Transformer
V Vonmeter
vs Voltmeter Switch
W Wattmeter
Figure 3-7
INDUCTION GENERATOR UNITS (3.12.2.3)

SM 24-1991 POWER BUS
Page 44
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
VAR
51 Overcurrent Relay PT Potential Transformer

SIG Stator Ground Fault Relay RES Ground Fault Resistor
52 Circuit Breaker V Voltmeter
86 Lockout Relay VAR Voltage Adjusting Rheostat
87 Differential Protective Relay VR Voltage Regulator
-
-
A
AS
Ammeter
Ammeter Switch
VRS
vs
Voltage Regulator Cutout Switch
Voltmeter Switch
CT Current Transiormer FR Frequency Meter
EXC Exciter W Wattmeter
GEN Generator
Figure 3-8
NON-PARALLEL HIGH VOLTAGE SYNCHRONOUS UNITS (3.12.3.1)

SM 24-1991
Page 45
3. Frequency meter 10. Pow= circuit brealer of suitable ratíng and inter-
4. WaWneter mptingcal#icity,elecaicallyoperatedwithclosing
5. Cmttransformersasnecessary relays and shunt trip
6. Potential transformersas necessary 11. Conml switch for circuit W e r with indicating
7. Automatic voltage regulator with manual adjust- lightsforopen/closepositions
ment 12. û v e x c m t relays f
apbase protection
8. Power isolation transformer for voltage reguiator, if 13. Goveniarcontrol switch
required 14. Diffcrenpal pro&cction with lockout relay
9. Power circuit breaker of suitable rating and inter- 15. Statœ ground fault relay
rupting capacity, electrically operated with closing
..
16. Syachronipng switch
relays and shunt trip 17. Synchroscape
10. Control switch for-circuit breaker with indicating 18. ' h o synchronizing lights
lights for open/close positions 19. Rev- power relay
11. Overcurrent relays for phase protection 20. Suitablecontrol wiring and terminalblocks
12. Govemor control switch NEMAStandard6-12-1985.
13. Difíerentiai prowtion with lockout relay
14. Ground fault relay 3.12A Generator and Switchgear Accessories
15. Suitable control Wiring and terminal block Thc foilowing are 8CCCSSOCim which the manufacm
NEMAStandard6-12-1985. may select,depending on ratings, voltage and application:
1. POwerFactœMeter
3.12.3.2 MANUAL PARALLELED SYNCHRONOUSUNITS 2 vanneur
(See Figure 3-9) The foilowing instnuncnmtim and 3. Un&rDvcx Frequency protection
equipment shall be mounted in one or more free-standuig 4. UndcrDver Voltage Protection
enclosures: 5. Short Circuit Sustaining Protectim
1. Voltmeter with switch on gene- side 6. GroundFaultProtection
2. Voltmeter on bus side 7. DifferentiaiFhtection
3. Ammeter with switch 8. SurgeProtection
4. Frequency meters on generator and bus sides 9. LightningArrester
5. Wanmeter 10. SynchronipngCheck Relay
6. Current transformers as necessary 11. other optionsas required for the panicuiar applica-
7. Potential transformers as necessary tion.
8. Automatic voltage regulator with manual adjust- Additional items may be available.
ment and cross current compensation Authorired Engineering Iníortnation6-12-1985.
9. Power isolation transformer for voltage reguiator, if
IWpired
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D * N E M A SI 24-ENGL 1991 6470247 0527247 960
SM 241991
POWER BUS
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
GEN Generator
F Frequency Meter
- 86 Lockout Relay
PT
RES
SL
Potential Transformer
Ground FauR Resistor
Synchronizing LigM
R 87 Differential Protective Relay ss Synchronizing Switch
E A Ammeter SYN Synchroscope
S AS Ammeter Switch V Voitmeter
VRS Voltage Regulator Cutout swit.
vs Voltmeter Switch
W Wattmeter
Figure 3-9
MANUAL PARALLELING HIGH VOLTAGE SYNCHRONOUS UNTS (3.1 2.3.2)

~- ~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL L77L b‘i702Y7 0527246 B T 7 9
SM 24-1991
Page 47
Section 4
PROTECTION
4.1 BASIC FEATURES teaistic of the governing system to avoid tripping the
The following featuresand accessoriesare necessary for turbine on sudden loss of load.
the proper functioning of equipmentand safety of opera- When design or application of driven equipment re
tion: quires hip speeds other than those shown in lhble 4-1, the
4.1.1 Manuallllp ûip speed should be specified.
AuthorizedEngineering I n h a t i o n 6-21-1079.
Each airbine shall be provided with a manual tripping
device to close the trip Valve or trip and throttle valve. Table 4-1
NEMA Standard6-12-1985. TRIP SPEED SETTINGS
4.1.2 Overspeed Trlp System
The overspeed trip system shali be sparkproof and shall
include the overspeed sensing device, linkage, and a trip
valve or a combined trip and thronle valve separate from A 115
the speed governor controlled vaive(s). B 110
C 110
4.1.3 Overspeed Sensing Device D 110
The overspeed sensing device includes those elements
which are directly responsive to speed and which initiate contiauwr speed.
*AuVrluw u e i n p e ~ a f m u 8 m u m
action to close the trip valve at a predetemiiraed
-speed. 4.2 OVERCURRENT
Acircuitbreakerorcontactorshallbesuppliedtoprotect
4.1.4 Trip Speed the generatorand controlsfrom overload or short-circuits.
The trip speed is the speed at which the overspeed The circuit breaker shall continuously carry the
sensing &vice is set. generator’s rated output current at rated voltage and shaU
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. be capable of interrupting the maximum available short
circuit current.
4.1.5 Trip Valve The circuit breaker shall have provisions for manuai
The trip valve is separate from the governor controlled opening and closing and for automatic tripping due to
valve($ and is closed (tripped)in response to the action of OVeiCurrenL
the overspeed sensingdevice, other safetydevicesor man- The circuit breaker shall be designed to cany a specified
ual mp device. overcmnt for a specified period of time without tripping.
NEMAStandard 6-21-1979. Low voltage circuit breakers (up to and including6oov)
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
shall be incordance With NEMA Standard AB1-1986,~b

4.1.6 Combined Tilp And Throttle Valve ANSI/IEEE C37.13-1990.
The combined trip and throttle valve is separate from the NEM4 Standard 6-12-1985.
governor controlled valve@)and is closed (tripped) in A shunt trip should be supplied if necessary to trip the
response to the action of the overspeed sensing device, breaker in response to an external signal. Auxiiiary con-
other safety devices or manual trip device. This valve tacts may be supplied for automatic closing of the breaker
permits manual throttling of steam to the turbine. in response to other signals, or for indication of the
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. breaker’s position.
AuthorUed Engineering Information 6-12-1085.
4.1.7 Overspeed Trip System Setting
TheulpspeedsettingsshowninTable4-1shallbeabove
the speed reached due to the maximum speed rise charac-

- ~ - -
S T D O N E M A SM 24-ENGL L99L b470247 0527249 733 m
SM 24-1991
Page 49
Section 5
FACTORY TESTING
5.1 TURBINE or verified on site as a pan of the m a i instaliation

and start up pocedure for the equipment
5.1.1 Hydro Test 4. Check for steam and oil tightness.
Ail parts of the &bine which contain steam under 5. Check the setting of the overspeed trip and other
pressure shall be hydro tested at a pressure not less safety devices.
than 1.5 rimes their maximum steam pressure. For 6. For turbines with fomd oil lubrication, check the
steam temperatures above 750T (4ûû°C), the val- control and lubricating oil temperatures and pres-
ues of the test pressure shall be multipliedby a factor sures after the oil has reached stable temperature
obtained by dividing the maximum allowable hoop conditions. The turbine shall be operated for a pe-
sues of the material at room temperanireby that of riod of l hour without an undue riSe in oil tempera-
the correspondingmess value at the specified maxi- ture. Turbines with oil ring or oil mist lubrication
mum steam temperature. systems normally would not require the checkingof
Condensingt d i n e exhaust casings shall be steam oil temperatures during the no-load run test; how-
or hydro tested at a minimum of 25 p i g [172 kpa ever, proper operation of the oil rings when supplied
(gawll. shall be visually checked.
NEMAStandad 11-14-1985. NEMA Stendard 6-21-1979.
Water jackets, coils, or coolers shall be hydro tested
to 1.5 times the specifiedcooling water pressure, but 5.2 GEAR
not less than 115 psig [793 kPa (gauge)].
NEMAStandard 6-21-1979. 5.21 No Load Running Test
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pressure(s) shail be maintained for a period of 15 The gear shall be operated at the specified speed at no
minutes. The test shall be considered Satisfactory load. The following tests and observationsshall be made.
when no external leaks from the item under test are 1. Check general operation
observed. 2. Measurevibration
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. 3. Check for oil tightness
4. Check the lubrication oil temperature and pressure
5.1.2 No Load Running Test after the oil has reached stable temuerature condi-
The turbine shall be operated through the specified options
erating speed range at no load. The following tests and 5. Check any other safety devices.
observations shall be made: NEMA Standard 6-12-1985
1. Check general operation
2. Measure vibration 5.3 GENERATOR
3. Adjust the turbine control mechanisrn(s) and ob- The following tests shall be made on ail generatois:
serve the operation of the speed governor and ail 1. Check the resistance of armature and field windings
other control devices to the extent practical. 2. Check the exciter field current at no load with nor-
It should be noted that it is the turbine vendor’s mal voltage and frequency on the generator
responsibility to provide governor and control 3. Winding high-potential test in accordance with
mechanisms including ali the specified featuresand NEMA Standard MG 1-1978 (R 1981).
options, however, electronic governing systems in 4. Check general operation
particular may include features and options which 5. Measure vibration
due to system interface and operational require- 6. Check for oil tightness
ments. are not practical to test in the tuhine vendors 7. Check the lubricating oil temperature and pressure
shop. Proper operation of ail control, governor after the oil has reached stable temperature condi-
mechanisms and systems must be rechecked, tested tions.
8. Check any other safety devices.
NEMA Standard 6-12-1985

SM 24-1991
Page 50
5.4 COMBINED TEST (OPTIONAL) 5. Adjust and check the operation of turbine trip de
For factory assembled turbine generato: sets where a vices
combinedno load running test is applicable ,the foliowing 6. Check the lubricating oil Ern-
tests and observations shall be made: and pressures aftet the oil has reached stable tem-
1. Checkalignment peram conditions.
NEMA Standard 6 12-1985
2. Check general operaiion
3. Measurevibration -
4. Check for oil tightness
* When 8 Nrbine gener8tor su is assembledon site, 8 factory combined running tut aimot bc pcdamed.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SM 24-1991
Page 51
Section 6
SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS
6.1 GENERAL Actual sound pressure levels may not equal maximum
It is the manufacturer's intention to design and manufac- tabulated values for all frequency bands. Overall dBA is.
ture turbine generator units with Satisfactorysound levels therefore, less than the sum of individual values.
Auviorized wne
ern
ig Information6-21-1979.
and to work cooperativelywith the user to make an overall
installation which will be as quiet as possible. The sound 6.3 SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL MEASUREMENT
pressure level@) measurement procedure described in PROCEDURE
these siandards is presented as a guide to the user. To be
Sound pressure levels shall be measured in accordance
meaningful, this measmment(s) should be taken on the with American National Standard S5.1, Section 7.0, as it
instailed turbine generator set. is applicable, summarizedas follows:
However, the manufacturer does not have control over Acoustical performance is based on a sound pressure
such factors as foundations, piping, and building configu- level which is dependent on acoustical characteristics of
rations which emit, reflect,focus, or amplify the sound of the space in which the unit operates. Ail measured sound
the unit as well as generate other sounds. For example, levels are assumed to be in hemispherical free field or
piping will usually be a strong emissive source of sound- semi-reverberant field which has room constant Luge
generating impulses originating in the turbine as well as enough so as to not significantly effect sound pressure
the sound caused by the passage of steam in the piping levels at the measuring point.
system. A 6 decibel drop off in sound pressure level per distance
The user should control noise h m other sources so that doubling in each octave band of interest, as the micro-
it does not significantly add to or completely mask that
phone is moved away from each measurementlocation in
h m the unit in order to achieve this, the user should all directions around the machine, indicates approximate
suitably insulate the steam piping.
free field conditions. Corrections must be made for envi-
Furthermore, it is generally impractical to isolate the
ronment when the drop off is less than 6 decibels.
turbine generator set from its environment sufficiently to
separately measure its sound emission. The physical size
Ali sound pressure readings shall be recorded as sound
pressure levels in decibels at reference pressure of 2 times
of the equipment and the fact that it must be connected to Newton per square meter.
piping makes isolation for sound measurementdifficult, if
All sound pressure readings shali be made with an octave
not impossible,
band meter set for slow response, recording the visual
Sound pressure levels listed in 6.2 represent sound pres-
average of the readings.
sure levels of the turbine, gear, and generator when oper- Fluctuating noise levels equal to or higher than plus or
ating at the maximum steam flow for which the turbine is
designed. The maximum steam flow may be greater than minus 2 dBA overall shall be recorded.
The microphone shall be protected from external dis-
that specified for operation at normal power, speed, and
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
turbing influences (vibration, air currents, and electric or
steam conditions.
Reduced sound pressure levels can be achieved through magnetic fields) which may affect readings.
Microphone locations shall be approximately, but not
acoustic treatment.
Sound power levels are recognized as being beneficial less han, 1 meter from any sound source being measured
in planning for noise control. Sound pressure levels are
and at a height 1.5 meters above the floor. Care shall be
primary data upon which sound power levels can be esti- taken to avoid a position at the nodal point of standing
mated, but standard conversion procedures have not been wave. One set of readings should be all that is required if
adopted which are practical for the variety of acoustical the microphone is so positioned. (This sentence is Author-
environmentsencountered. ized Engineering Information 1-30-91.) nie position of
Authorized Engineering Information 6-21-1979. the microphone for measuring background ambient sound
and total sound shall be identical.
6.2 SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS NEMA Standard 6-21-1 979.
Expected sound pressure levels for soleplate mounted 6.4 CORRECTION FOR BACKGROUND NOISE
equipmentoperating with maximum steam flow,normally
Measurements of sound pressure levels should be cor-
occuning at rated power and speed and maximum steam
conditions, are shown in Table 6 1 . rected for ambient background soundpressure levels. Lev-
els at each location should exceed background levels by at
For equipment mounted on a steel baseplate, add one
additional decibel to tabulated values. least 10 decibels in each octave band. If the difference
between measured sound level and background sound

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1971 m 6470247 0527252 228
SM 24-1991
Page 52
45-90 63 98 106 105 102 92

90-180 125 94 98 101 101 91
180-355 m 91 97 97 102 92
355-710 500 89 92 95 1Ca 92
710-1400 lo00 89 90 95 101 91
1400-2800 2ooo 89 90 95 99 89
2800-5600 4ooo 89 90 95 97 87
~ l l u x ) 8ooo 89 90 95 94 84
Overall dBA ... 93 95 95 1M 95
level is less than 3 decibels in a given octave band, valid When baclgrwnd noise is subtracted h m the total
equipment sound level in that band cannot be demmined. sound leve&thc tmrectm ' nnumberis subtracted also. For
When the difference is greater*the following correction example, a 90decil1 background noise. and a 97 decibel
factorshouldbesubtracted~mthemeasuredswndlevel: total sounä level tiiffix in ampiitude by 7 decibels, a
Decibel correction fáctor = dinerwice thatyields acoaection number of 1fromF i
6-2nius the sound level without the background noise is
3 4 A ~ ~ %decibels.
3 2 1 O Authorized Engineeiirig Information 6-21-1979.
Consideration should also be given to effects of extrane
ous sound sources, such as piping, steam leakoffs or leak- ô.6 INSTRUMENTS
age fim valves and piping. Sound levels from these Sound pressure levels should be measured by means of
sources may be so close to levels from the unit that a a sound level meter which meets the requirements of
meaningful measurement will be difficult or impossible American Naticmal Standard S1.4.
unlessste~aretakentoisolatetheunit.Itmaybepossible A full-octave-bandsoundanalyzer, meeting the require
to accomplish this by insulating all piping*using acoustic ments of America National Standard S1.ll, should be
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
barriers as appropriate, and covering some sound sources used in conjunction with the sound level meter to measure
with lead blankets. sound.
Authorized Engineering I n h a t i o n 6-21-1979. insûurnents, including microphones, should receive an
acousiic check ai overall calibration before and aftet
6.5 Sound Resoluîbn every sound pressure level test.
nKomeasurementsoftenmustbeaddedtodeterrninethe Authorited Engineering Information 6-21-1870.
combined noise level of several sources or subtracted to
find the noise output of one particdar som in a noisy 6.7 SOUND ATENNATION
environment. However,noise measurements cannot be It is rccanmmáeû that acousticai treamient for turbine
addedor subtracteddirectly. Rather, measurements can be generator imiîs be applied after installation of the equip
combined with a corntion number. The correction num- ment and ensuing piant Operation. Factras which affect
bers obiained from Figure 6-1 and 6-2 are approximate. sound levels are many and varied and may not be associ-
However,the graphic results are fast and sufficiently ac- ated as closely with the machiwry itself as with steam
curate for most engineering applications. velocities in piping and other sound sources.
The correction number is baseú on the áüTemce in Afterinsaillation
' and opesaton has commenced, an
amplitude of two sounds - whether the sounds are being overall plant sound level can be established and carective
added or subtracted. When sounds are added, the correc- meamires taken to isolate the majar sound producing par-
tion number is added to the higher level. For example, 80 tionsoftheprocess.
and 86 decibel sound levels differ in amplitude by 6 Authorlled Engineering Information6-21-1979.
decibels,a dií€erencethat yields a correction number of 1
from Figure 6-1. Thus, total sound level is 87 decibels.

= 6470247 0527253 Lb4
~~ ~ ~~ ~~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1’391
SM 24-7997
Page 53
ADDING TWO SOUNDS

3.0
2.8
d 2.4
>
Y 2.2
SUBTRACTING BACKGROUND NOISE
O
1.6
w
O 1.4
O
<
1.2
m
ez
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1.0
0.8
o
0.6
a
8 0.4
0.2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
n
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOTAL SOUND
AND BACKGROUND NOISE (de) DIFFERENÇEB€?WEEN SOUNDS (dB)
._---
Figure 6-1 Figure 6-2

CORRECTION FOR BACKGROUND NOISE SOUND RESOLUTION

~~~
~~ ~
-~
S T D = N E M A SM 2 4 - E N G L 1991 = 64'70247 0 5 2 7 2 5 4 OTO
SM 24-1991
Page 55
Section 7
PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT AND STORAGE
7.1 SHIPPING PREPARATION 7.3 RECEIPT AND STORAGE OF EQUIPMENT

The turbine gear (if u&), generator, and aU separate Upon receipt, the purchaser should check all equipment
parts shall be properly ragged and identified. for damage which may have occurred in transit. A n y
At the time of shipment, all exposed nonmachhed sur- damage or shortages shouldbe reported immediately to the
faces shall be protected with one coat of shop paint and transportationcompanyandacopyofthereportforwarded
coating or covering or both. Ali exposed machined sur- to the manufacturer.
faces and oil reservoir interiors shall be protected with a AU material should be checked against the manu-
rust preventative.AU openingsexcept for air passageways facturer's packing list, and any discrepancies reported
on open type generators shall be plugged or covered. The immediately to the manufitchmr.
interiorsof the turbinegear (if used'), and generatorbearing The equipment should at ail times be stomi in a clean,
housing shall be suitably treated to prevent rust. noncorrosive atmosphere and protected against loss,
Prior to shipment, the rotor of a generator with sleeve weather, damage, and fareign materialssuch as dust, sand,
bearings shall be b r a d in place to prevent axial move- and so forth. Indoor storage where constant temperam is
ment of the rotor during shipment. maintained at a level which wiU prevent condensation is
Ocean freight or extended storage shall require add- p r e f d . The purchaser should seek the manufacturer's
tionai protection and packaging. advice if storageconditions are other than the above.
NEMAStandard 11-14-1985. Specialattention and care should be given to the storage
The preparationassumesthat storage will be so arranged of parts having exposed machined surfaces.
that the equipment will be protected againstloss, corrosion The generator should be stored with enough packaging
and weather damage. removed to ailow circulation of air thrwgh the windings.
n i e winding temperahire should be maintainedat a p x -
7.2 SHIPMENT imaîely 10% (6°C) above ambient temperature by means
of the genmtor's space heaters (if the generator is so
The purchaser, since he has the most complete knowl- equipped) or other reliable means.
edge of local conditions,should specis the delivery point The resistance of the generator insulation should be
and provide information on the method of handling to the measured at the start of storage,every threemonths there
point of delivery. aftet, and just prior to energization.
The manufacturershould use shippingmethods and ship Before start-up,the oil or preservative used in the bear-
parts in the sequence required for orderly installation and ing housing and gear casing should be flushed out and
identi@ all shipmentsby marking individualparts,assem- replaced with clean lubricating oil of the recommended
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
blies or packages prior to shipment type. Grease lubricated bearings may require lubrication
The manufacturer should specify the additional prepara- prior to start-up. Prior to start up, forced lubrication sys-
tion and protective coatings that should be provided to tems should be checked for proper operation.
protect the equipment if the installation is delayed. Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985.
The purchaser should advise the manufactum of the
unloading facilities available and whether skids will be
necessary for roiling large assemblies into position.
Authorized Engineering Infomiation 11-14-1985.

STD.NEMA SM 24-ENGL L99L 6 4 7 0 2 4 7 0 5 2 7 2 5 5 T37
SM 24-1991
Page 57
Section 8
INSTALLATION
ai INTRODUCTION to a large extentthe vibrationof the unit installed on i t The

The turbine generator set should be instailed in accor- foundation should be isolated Erom the building structure
dance with recommendacjons and instructions issued by by means of spacers (felt,cork, and so forth) so that outside
the manufacturer. vibration wiii not be transmitted 10 the foundation. n i e
The information contained in Section 8 is provided to naturai frequency of the foundationshould not correspond
assistthepurchaseror hiscontractorintheproper handling to any operating speed of the unit.
and installation of turbine g e n e m sets. There are many
variables involved in the equipmentfiiniished,method of 8.3.2 steam Iniet and Exh8ust Piping
shipment, and types of instailation, therefore. it is not
feasibleto detail step-by-stepprocedures.
The purchaser should insuiate steam lines and the tur-
Authorized Engineering Information 11-13-1969. bine to h i t heat lossesand to protect operatingpersonnel.
Steam piping should be as short and as direct as possible
8.2 SUPERVISION OF INSTALLATION and so arranged that no undue strain is imposed on the
It is recommended that the manufacturer's representa- turbine due to expansionand conmction of the steam lines
tive supervisethe installation of the turbine generator s e ~ or the weight of the steam lines.
The installation procedure should be in accordance with Expansion in the high pressure steam lines should be
recommendations and instructions issued by the manufac- taken care of by bends, supports,or other suitablemethods
turer either on drawings or by other means. Such proce- in the piping system. On low pressure lines, expansionand
dures are arranged and planned to obtain the most contraction should be taken care of by expansionjoints or
satisfactory installation and operation of the equipment other suitable devices. To avoid localized heating, lines
Fully qualified labor, includingqualified supervision,is carrying high pressure steam should not be located too
required for proper installation, start-upand operation. close to the foundation bearing supports.
Authorized Engineering Infomiation6-21-1979. The pressure losses in the inlet and exhaust steam piping
should be taken into account when determining the r e
8.3 INSTALLATION quired pipe sizes.The piping should be of suffkient size
Proper installation is necessary for satisfactory opera- to give no less than the minimum specified initial and no
tion. The user should provide an adequate foundation to more than the maximum specified exhaust pressure at the
maintain alignment and should install piping to minimize turbine connections when the turbine is developing rated
external forces and moments on the turbine. power at rated speed.
Sufficient space and necessary openings in the founda- Steam piping should be designed in accordance with
tions and building structure should be provided for the appropriate codes and specifications. in order to minimize
installation of the equipment.Suitableopenings should be pressure drop, noise, and erosion, it is recommended that
provided in the building to admit the equipment. The piping be sized so that the steam velocities shown in Table
purchaser should provide sufficient space around the 8-1 wiil not be exceeded in the steam piping when the
equipment for servicing. Adequate space should be pro- turbine is operating at rated power and rated steam condi-
vided above the turbine to allow removal of the casing tions.
cover, and adequate space should be allowed behind the Table 8 1
generator for removal of the generator rotor. Adequate MAXIMUM STEAM VELOCITY, IN PIPING
floor space should be allowed for setting down the turbine
cover,gear casing cover (if a gear is used), and the properly NoncondendngliirMne Condensing lùrblne
supported rotating elements of the turbine, gear (if used), Ftlsee. dsec FtJSee. dsec
and generator. Inler 175 53 175 53
Authorized Engineering information 11-14-1985.
Exhaust 250 76 450 137
8.3.1 Foundation Indudon 175 53 175 53
Foundations should be sufficiently heavy and rigid to Extractiar 250 76 250 76
form a permanently nonwarping structure.
The manufacturer should furnish dimensional drawings 8.3.3 Cieanlng oí TuWne Steam Plplng
to enable the purchaser to design a suitable foundation of A source of clean steam, free from foreignparticles,must
ample proportionand strengthfor the equipmentspecified. be provided to the inlet of the turbine connections. The
The foundation should be designed so that it will absorb
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SM 24-1991
Page 58
station piping and the boiler system should be cleaned in saq that ail of the flow areas in tbe system beequai
accordancewith the procedures subsequentlysuggestedin to,or iarger than, the dischargearea.
order to assure the availability of clean steam. Estimate the steam conditions (pressure, enthalpy)
Steam blowing is required for ali main steam, seal and at the boiler owlet expected during steam blow-
admission piping before the steam turbine is put into down. From the curves in Figure 8-2 read the mass
operation. Steam blowing greatly reduces potential dam- flowfunction, Fu).Caicuiate the massflow, Qc, as
age to the turbine by weld beads and pipe slag. follows:
Steam blowing is best achieved by repeated heating and Qc= F30XAp
cooling which will cause altemate expansion and contrac- where Ap is the 8 t e of
~ the pipe at discharge (in?).
tion in the piping which will help loosen pipe scale. It is It is necessaryto calculate the pressuredropthrough
for thisreason that the blowdown shouidbe at full pressure the ternpcmy and pesmanent piping to arrive at a
and temperature for several minutes to &ow the pipe to boiler pressure. Refer to Figure 8-3. niiS c w e
get as near to operatingtemperatureaspossible. Thepiping should be used to detennine' thepressuredropnear
should be allowed to cool before starting the next blow the discharge end of the temporary piping, since the
down. velocity is near sonic and an c m i b y calculationof
A minimum of threeblows should be performed,and ail pressure drop due to friction does not apply.
subsequentblows should use a polished steel target at the in applying Fig& 8-3, assume as a fmt &that L is
end of the blow down line to act as an indication of the totalequivalentlength of the temporarypiping, includ-
cleanliness. Targets should be polished on both sides to ing the equivalent length of elbows, tees, etc. in the tem-
obtain double usage. Anew target shouldbe used fol .,rh
test and the target compared to a new one until they appear
porary system. calculate the % and enter the c w e in
to be the same. See Figure 8-1 for suggested target instal- Figure8-3andthuscalculateP,thepressureatthedistance
lation. FL
The purchaser should provide temporary pipingrequired L from the exist. Note that i f 5 of the temporary pipe is
for the blowdown. It is always advisable to blow to atmo- FL
sphere outside the station in an area where steam or more than 5 , use a shorter Lwhich will m a k e 5 quai 5
particles would not injure personnel or affect equipment. and use correspondingP/Pp to calculateP at the shorter L.
This blow piping must be large enough to develop a mass FL
velocity head in the permanent piping at least equal to that Where -is greater than 5, the pressure drop is a straight-
D
developed during full load operation. Blowdown lines line function of L and can be calculated by the conven-
should be installed with adequate anchors to prevent pipe tional method. Then calculate, by conventional
whipping or damage. The trip throttle valve and strainer straight-linemethods. the pressure drop due to fiiction in
must be removed and ali valves in the main header should the piping from point L from the exit to the boiler outlet,
be wide open. thus arriving at the boiler outlet pressure, Pc.
The following procedure should be used for sizing the 4. Next, calculate the cleaning forceratio at the boiler
temporary blow down line: outlet, using the calculated Pc and the expected
Since the force on a panicle is proportional to the mass enthalpy. This ratio compares the mass-velocity
velocity head of the fluid, it appears reasonable that the bead during cleaning with that developed during
mass velocity head developed during the blowing cycle normal full-loadOperation. The cleaning forceratio
must be at least equal to that developed during full load is expressed by:
operation. This should take care of most loose pieces.
However, a time factor is involved;no one can be sure how
long it takes pipe d e to loosen up, or such things as
pieces of welding rod to work their way through the wherix
pipelines and superheatertubes. Qc calculated flow during cleaning,1W
E
Calculations can be made to show how much flow and ornu = maximum load flow, îbm
what drum pressure are necessary for an assumed tempo- Pv)c = pressure-specific volume product
during cleaning at boiler outlet, ft3/in2
rary pipe size to achieve a mass velocity head during
cleaning equal to that attained during full load operation, Pmu) = pressure at maximum load flow at
based on the following: boiler outlet, psia
1. As a first attempt, assume that the velocity at the (Pc) = pressure during cleaning at boiler
pipe exit to ahnosphere during blowdown is sonic, outlet,psia
and that the pressure, Pp just inside the pipe at the Pv)mu = pressure-specific volume product at
exit is 30 psia. To make this assumption, it is neces- maximum load flow at boiler outlet,
ft3/in2
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~
~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL L99L 6470247 0527257 B O T
SM 24-1991
Page 59
POLISHED TARGET STRIP

"IEEL BOLTED TO BACKING BAR
1112 IN. X l l / 2 IN. X 1/4 IN. 1/81N*To IN- 1 0 PREVENT FLUTTER
ANGLE BRACKET SAME LENGTH AS
BAR 1IN. X 1IN.
Figure 8 1
BRACKET SUPPORT FOR POLISHED TARGET
DISCHARGE VELOCITY
cn PER SEC)
1800
I
/
CURVE 3
DRUM PRESSURE (PSiG)
400 CURVE 2
O' J
3200 1
FLOW FUNCTION (ri3O)

2800 L\
1 I
i200 1300 1- 1500
ENTHALPY S T U / (BTUU)
~~
Flgure 8 2
BLOWDOWN DISCHARGE VELOCITY AND FLOW FUNCTION FOR 30 PSIG
DISCHARGE PRESSURE VS STEAM ENTHAPLY
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SM 24-1991 4
NOTES: L = EOUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE FROM DiSCHARGE (tt)
Page 60 D=iNSiDE DIAMETER OF PIPE (ti)
f=FRICTION FACTOR DEFINED AS
1 Y7
C)-
WHERE h =HEAD LOSS (fi) D 29
$=VELOCITY "I,
1 I
O 1 2 3 4
cc+r
IT WOULD APPEAR REASONABLE 70 TRY f - 0.0035 AS A FIRST TRY
Figure 8-3
PRESSURE DISTRiBUTIONNEAR THE END OF A PIPE DISCHARGING STEAM AT SONIC VELOCITY
5. If this ratio,R, is less than one and the steam velocity by a system of visual communication, such as indicating
in the superheater tubes is less than twice the allow- lights, since phone communication may become difficult
able, divide the pressure assumed inside pipe exit, due to the high noise level at the blowdown valve. An
Pp,by this ratio and r e p t the above pmess. Thus, arrangement should also be made to record the pressure
the requireúflow and pressures for equivalentclean- readings at the various stations simultaneously through
ing forces can be determined, thereby establishing proper communications.
the required sizes for the temporary blowpipes. Note When performing the blow, the blow down valve should
that for a discharge pressure different than 30 psia, first be cracked so as to get a gradual wming of all the
the flow function is steam lines. When the lines are adequately warmed up,
Fp = F30& open the blow down valve ail the way as fast as possible.
30 When the boiler pressure has áropped to approximately
The size of the temporary pipe is a most important factor. 150 psig [lo35 Irpa (gauge)], close the blow down valve
The use of a larger pipe will result in lesser flows and lesser rapidly so that the boiler pressure does not drop below 100
pressure levels required for the same cleaning force. The psig 1690 kpa (gauge)].
size effect is proportional to the ratio of diameters to the Steam seal piping or any other lines that might bring
fourth power. In no case, however, should the temporary steam to the turbine must be blown down. Weld spatter and
pipe have a greater flow area than the permanent piping. other foreign material that may be contained within the
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pressure readings during blowdown should be taken at steam seal piping can do appreciable damage to both the
the inlet to the stop valves and as close as possible to the steam seal packing and the turbine shaft. Therefore, it is
blowdown pipe discharge. The latter connection should be prudent to direct as much attention to the cleaning of this
made at a convenient location, but not less than 20 diam- piping as has been staîed for main steam lines.
eters from the discharge end of the blowpipe in order to It is important that the blowing operation be conducted
obtain a stable pressure reading. These readings will help after ail of the field welding is completed. Although not
substantiate the calculated boiler pressure and pipe sizes the turbine manufacturer's responsibility,it is a good p-
selected for the blowdown operation. tice to have a service supervisor witness at least the final
A full sue block valve, safely located, should be used to blow down.
perform the blow. Adequate phone communication be- It is left to the customer's discretion to d e t e d e the
tween the boiler m m and the operator at the blow down most practical method of cleaning factory prefabricated
valve must be established. This might ais0 be backed up lines which may become contaminated in the field. These

~ -
S T D - N E M A S U 24-ENGL L99L Ib470247 0527259 682
SM 24-1991
Page 61
lines should be cleaned and given severai good blows prior a43 F- DW to Steam ptessure
to final assembly. For short runs which cannot be blown These are most commonly associared with low pressure
down. mechanical cleaning may be adequate. Lines lead- and vacuum lines where expansionpints are often used to
ing from the turbine to the customer's steam lines should provide flexibility. if an expansion joint is improperly
also be blown out for the best intenxts of the customer. used, it may cause a pipe reaction greater than the one
Authorized Engineering Infomation 11-14-1985.
which it is supposed to eliminate. An unrestricted expan-
8.4 STEAM PIPING SYSTEMS sion pint will cause an axial thrust equal to the effective
area of the beiiows times the internal pressure. The mag-
8.4.1 Introduction nitude of these forces may be greater than the iimits for the
Reactions of piping systems connected to steam tur- exhaust flange. In order to have the lowest reaction when
bines, if of sufficient magnitude, will result in misalign- it is found that expansionpints are required, the Standard
ment of the turbine sufficientto causerough operationand of the ExpanJion Joint Manufacturers Association should
serious mechanical damage. Steam turbines have been be consulted.
veay carefully designed to provide for thermal expansion The foliowing figures and paragraphs represent typical
and, at the same time, maintain close aiignment between instaîiations and are offered only as guides.
the turbine rotating and stationary parts, and also the Figure 8-4shows an expansionpint in a pressure Line.
turbine and driven equipment. The provisions for turbine The axiai tiuust h m the expansionjoint tends to separate
thermalexpansionsby necessity limit the allowablevalues theturbineand theelbow. To preventthis, theelbow should
of forces and moments applied to the turbine structure by have an anchor to keep it from moving. The turbine should
the piping connected to it. also absorb this thrustand, in doing so,becomes an anchor.
It is the purpose here to briefly discuss piping arrange ?his force on the turbine may be greater than can be
ments and recommend flange loading limitations imposed allowed. in general, this method should be discouraged.
on steam turbines by piping. This informationis presented Figure8-5 shows the same piping anangementasFigure
as an aid to the user and is not intended as a self conrained 8 4 except for the addition of tie rods on the expansion
thesis on piping. joint. The tie rods prevent the eiongation of the joint and
The recommendations to be discussed should provide take the axial thrust created by the intemalpressure of the
dowable values of forces and moments at the turbine expansionjoint so it is not transmittedto the turbine flange.
connectionsfor steam inlet,extraction,and exhaustpiping. 'Ihe tie rods eliminate any axial flexibility,but the joint is
It is not considered necessary to supply values for aux- still flexible in shear, that is. the flanges may move in
iliary piping such as steam leakoff, lubricating oil, and paraiiel planes. The location of this type of joint in the
coolingwater, but even so, this auxiliarypiping should also piping should be such that movement of the piping puts
be designed such that turbine expansion is not restrained. the expansionjoint in shear instead of tension or compres-
Authorized Engineering Information 6-21 -1979. sion.
Figure 8-6 is an arrangementfrequentlyused,having tie
8.4.2 The Piping Problem as Applied to nirblnes rods as indicated for noncondensing operation. This ar-
One of the first considerations in designing any piping rangement should p v e n t any thrust due to internal pres-
system is to keep the stresses in the pipe within the iimits sure of the expansion joint from being transmitted to the
of ANSUASME B31.1 and any local codes that may be exhaust flange and retains the axial flexibilityof the joint.
applicable. In general, the jurisdiction of such authorities It may be used for either vacuum or pressure service (by
stops at the turbine inlet and exhaust connectionsor other suitablearrangementof the rods).
openingson the machine to which externalpiping systems Figure 8-7shows a suggested amangement for a con-
connect. densing turbine with an "up" exhaust. Due to the iarge
in order to keep the strains due to forces and bending exhaust pipe size normally encounted on condensing
moments on the turbine connections,including the weight turbines, the exhaust piping may be relatively stiff. and an
of the pipe, within recommended limits, the piping system expansionjoint should be used at some point to take care
design should be such that restraintsand freedom of move- of thermai expansion. An unrestricted expansion joint
ment match the requirements of the turbine. pipe forces placed at the exhaust flange of the turbine may exert an
which seem small may lead to large forces at the COM~C- upward or lifting forceon the turbine flange which in many
tions to the turbine and to very large forces at the turbine cases is excessive. Figure 8-7provides the necessary
supports. flexibility to take care of thermal expansion without im-
The forces in piping systems under operatingconditions posing any unnecessary tifling force on the turbine. The
can be grouped into three classes: those due to steam expansionjoint is in shear which is the preferred use. The
pressure, temperature,and dead weight. relatively smaU vertid expansionmay compressonejoint
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL L971 = b470247 05272b0 3TY =
SM 261991
page 62
ANCHOR
Figurn,û-4
UNRESTRAINED EXPANSION JOINT
(MAY IMPCfE AN UNACCEPTABLE THRUST FORCE ON THE TURBINE.)
Flgum 8 4
EXPANSION JOINT WITH TIE RODS
(FLEXIBLE IN SHEAR ONLY)
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

STD-NEMA S I 24-ENGL 1991 m 6470247 0527261 230 m
SM 24-1991
Page 63
l+
Flgure 86
EXPANSION JOINT WITH TiE RODS FOR NONCONDENSING OPERATION
(PROVIDES AXIAL FLEXIBILITYWITHOUT IMPOSING THRUST ON
THE TURBINE.)
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 8 7
EXPANSION JOINT WITH TIE RODS FOR CONDENSING
OPERATION WITH "UP" EXHAUST
(PROVIDESVERTICAL FLEXIBILITYWITHOUT IMPOSING
THRUST ON THE TURBINE.)

SM 24-1991
Page 64
and elongate the other which causes a mail reaction only 8.4.5 F
- Due to ûeåd Weight
and may be well within the turbine flange limits. The dead weight of the piping shouid be entirely sup
Authorized Engineering information 6-21-1979. ported by pipe hangen or supparts. niereare basically two
types of supports-ngid ’ and spring. Rigid supports are
8.4.4 Forces Due to Temperature
necessary when an unresaicted expansion joint is used.
if a pipe is connected to some point as A in F w 8-8, Rigid supportsmay be used to limit the movement of a h e
and has the configuration shown by the solid line,it may to prevent excessive deflection at any point. A rigid sup
assume the approximate position shown by the dash line ponis not satisfactorywhere thermal expansion may cause
when heated to a higher temperature,providing no re- the pipe to move away fiom the support.
straintis offered by point Blf both pints Aand B arerigid On the two types of rigidsupports shown in Figure 8-12,
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
points which may not move, the pipe may assume a shape the rise of the turbine conne~tiondue to tempexature may
similar to that shown by the dash line in Figure 8-9 when lift the base elbow from tbe support so the turbine would
heated. have to support the weight of the pipe. The expansion of
The stresses may be reduced by using expansion loops the verticai run of pipe would relieve the pipe hanger of its
such as shown in Figure 8-10. When piping does not have load so the turbine would again have to supportthe weight
to be confined to one plane, torsional flexibility may be of the pipe.
effectivelyused to reduce stresses. Prestressing the pipe in if an expansion pint with restraining tie rods is used,
the cold condition or “cold springing”may also be used to either a rigidpipe hanger or a base elbow with a sliding ar
reduce the stresses in operaiion. niese principles may be mliing contact surface may be used as shown in Figure
used in combination to produce a design with flexibility 8-13.
sufficient to keep the striesses, forces, and moments within When the thnist due to an expansionjoint is less than the
the permissiblelimits in both the hot and cold conditions. exhaust flange limitsand no restraining tie rods are used,
The piping system should be designed with sufficient the pipe should have an anchor as shown in Figure 8-14.
inherent flexibility to take care of thermal expansion. Since this condition rarely exists, it is better to use the
Prestressing (cold springing) to reduce the maximum val- p r e f d arrangementsas shown in Figure 8-13 and elim-
ues of both connection reactions and piping stress is ac- inateas much pipe reaction as possiblerather than just stay
complished by cutting the pipe short by a predetermined within the limits.
amount and then forcing it into place during instailation as Spring hangers or supports are best suited to carry the
illustrated in Figure 8-11. Forces and moments in the hot dead weight when there is thermal expansionto be consid-
condition are thus reduced below the values they would ered. The movement of the pipe may change the spring
have if the system were not cold-sprung. Points A and C tension or compresion a small amount, and the hanger
of Figure 8-11 are the points to be connected by a piping loadinga smali amount, but may not remove the load h m
systems and (de1ta)X and (de1ta)Y are the respective ex- the hanger. published manuais on pipe design provide
pansions. information on hanger spacing to give proper support. In
Forces and moments imposed on the turbine should no& additiontothis,itmaybefoundnecessarytoaddadditional
exceed values calculatedper Section 8.4.6 when operating supports or move existing supports if resonant vibration
within the temperature ranges shown in Table 8-2. appears in the piping.
In the caseof welded connections,it is necessary to bend A spring support s h a d not be used to oppose the thrust
the pipe by putting a moment on it when connecting it to of an expansionpint.When the pressure is removed h m
point C to make the weld preparations parallel, as well as the line, the spring support may exert a force the same as
just pulling B up to C.If this is not done, a moment may the expansionpint only in the apposite direction.
exist in the hot condition, and desired reduction in forces Authofized Engineering Information 6-21-1979.
and moments may not be obtained. Wherever possible, it
is wise to facilitaie assembly by locating field welds at 8.4.6 Allowable Forees and Moments on Steam
points of minimum moment. Points D and E are such niiMnes
points. The forcesand moments acting on steam turbines due u)
Authorized Engineering Information 6-21 -1979.
the steam inlet, extraction,andexhaustconnectionsshould
The airbine manufacturer should be consulted to assure be limited by the following
that the turbine can withstand forces and moments which
will be imposed by cold-sprungpiping in the cold condi- 8.4.6.1 ’he total resultant force and total resultant m e
tion. ment imposed on the turbine at any connection should not
Authorized Engineering Information 6-21-1979. exceed the values per Limit 1.
3FR + MR S 5oODe (Limit 1)
wherie:

- ~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 6470247 0527263 003
SM 24-1991
Page 6!j
FR= Resultantforce(pounds) at the connection.This 8.4.6.3 For installation of a condensing turbine with a
includespressure forceswhere unrestrainedexpan down exhaust and an unrestrained expansion pint at the
sion joints are used excepton vertical down ehausc. exhaust, an additional amount of force caused by pressure
Full vacuum load is allowed on vertical down ex loading is allowed. (This additional force is perpendicular
haust hnges. It is not included as part of the piping to the face of the exhaust flange and cenuai.) For this type
load from Figure 8-15: of application, calculate the vertical force component on
FR = dFx24Fyz+Fzz the exhaust connection excluding pressure loading. Use
MR = Resultant moment (foot-pounds)at the this number for vertical force component on the exhaust
connection from Figure 8-15 connection in making calculationsouUined in 8.4.6.1 and
8.4.6.2.
MR = dMx2+ My2 + Mzz The force caused by the pressure loading on the exhaust
D, = Nominai pipe size of the connection in is allowed in addition to the values established by the
inches up to 8 inches in diameter. foregoing up to a maximum value of vertical force in
For sizes greater than this, use a value of
De -- pounds on the exhaust connection (including pressure
loading) of 15.5 times the exhaust area in square inches.
3
8.4.6.4 These values of allowable forces and moments
8.4.6.2 The combined resultants of the forces and mo- penain to the turbine structureonly. They do not pertain to
ments of the inlet, extraction, and exhaust connections, the forces and moments in the connecting piping, flange,
resolved at the centeriines of the exhaust connection and flange bolting, which should not exceed the allowable
should not exceed the values per Limit 2. stress as defined by applicable codes and regulatory bod-
a, These resultant should not exceed: ies.
2Fc + Mc 5 250Dc (Limit 2) Auöiorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985.
Combined resultant of inlet, extraction, 8.4.6.5 See Sample Problems 8A, 8B and 8C for exam-
and exhaust forces, in pounds. ples of how these forceand moment limitationsare applied
M , = Combined resultant of inlet, extraction, to turbine installations.
and exhaust moments, and moments
resulting from forces, in pound-feet. 8.5 DRAIN PIPING
Diameter (in inches) of a circular opening Individual drain piping should be provided with shutoff
equal to the total areas of the inlet, valves or traps.
extraction. and exhaust openings up to a Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985.
value of 9 inches in diameter. For values
beyond this, use a value of Dc equal to: 8.6 LEAK-OFFS
118-+ F Leak-offs should be piped directly to an open drain
3 vented to the atmospherewithout valves or restrictions,or
b. The components (Figure 8-15) of these resultants to a condensate recovery system. The pipe should be
should not exceed. adequately sized to avoid pressure buildup.
Fx= 50Dc Mx= 250Dc Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985.
Fy= 125Dc My= 125Dc 8.7 FULL-FLOW RELIEF VALVE
Fz= 100Dc Mz= 125Dc
The componentsare as follows: The turbine casing and internal parts should be protected
Fx = Horizontal components of Fc parallel to against excessive pressure by the installationof a full-flow
the turbine shaft relief valve. The relief valve is connected into the piping
Fy = Vertical componentof Fc. system between the turbine exhaust connection and the
Fz= Horizontal component of Fc at right first shut-off valve. This relief valve should not be con-
angles to the turbine shaft. fused with the sentinel warning valve which when sup-
Mx= Component of Mc around the horizontal plied, is mounted on the turbine casing.
axis parallel to the turbine shaft. The full-flow relief device should be provided by the
My = Component of Mc around the vertical axis. user as part of the piping installation which is external to
Mz = Component of M, around the horizontal the turbine. In condensing applications, a full-flow relief
axis at right angles to the turbine shaft. valve or rupture disc may be provided as part of the
Allowable forcesand moments for turbines with variou condenser or the turbine.
inlet and exhaust sues are shown on Table 8-3. The size of the full-flow device should be such that it
Authorized Engineering Information11-14-1985. will exhaust to the atmosphere the maximum quantity of
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D = N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1791 W 6470247 0527264 T 4 T
SM 24-1991
Page 66
Flgure &8 Flgure 8 9

FREE EXPANSION RESTRICTED EXPANSION
Figure 610
EXPANSION LOOPS
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~
~ ~~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 6 4 7 0 2 4 7 0 5 2 7 2 6 5 986 m
SM 24-1991
Page 67
\
\
Figure 8-11 Flgure 812

PRE-STRESSING (COLD SPRINGING) DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORT
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 813 FlgUi'ô 814

DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORT WITH DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORT WITH
RESTRAINED EXPANSION JOINT UNRESTRAINED EXPANSION JOINT

~~ ~ ~~~
S T D - N E M A SM 2?4-ENGL 1991 b470247 0 5 2 7 2 b b 812
SM 24-1991
Page 68
Table 8-2
Temperature Ranges for Forces and Moments
Minimum Temperatuir M.nmumTaapaituir
hiet Piping Miniminn .mbieatur 505:o.bove

tmipaaium mutimrmirmetrtumiempenture.
induction Piping
ExtractionPiping
Exhawst Piping
(Noncondensing
turbine)
Exhaust Piping
((!?Indensing
turbine)
steam (as determinedby the mbme manufacturer)which In the actual alignment of couplings, allowance should
will pass through the turbine nozzleswith maximum initial be made far expected changes in operating tempemûmi
steam conditions. ofthedri~gunitandalsoofthedrivenunitAnallowance
For condensing turbines, the full-flow relief device for extenial expansion should be made in the ?cold? cou-
should give full relief at no more than 10 psig (70 kPa piing alignment. The finai coupling alignment check
gauge). should be made with the turbine and driven unit at operat-
For extraction turbines or back-pressure turbines, the ingtemperahlres.
full-flowrelief device should open at 10 psi (70 kPa) or 10 Authorized Engineering Infomiation 11-14-1985.
percent (whichever is greater) abovethe maximum extrac-
tion pressure or maximum exhaust pressure. The relief 8.9 GROUTING
device shall give full relief at no more than 10 percent After the turbine has been leveled, the coupling aiign-
above the ?srart-to-open?pressure. ment checked, and the foundation bolts lightly tightened,
If the high-back-pressureor high extractionor admission the grout should be poured to completely fill the space
pressuretrip is furnishedthe relief devicepressures should between the foundation and the soiepiate or basepiate.
be raised5 psig [35kPa (gauge)]and the high-steam-pres- There &odd be no air pockets in the grout.After the grout
sure trip should be set at the above ?start-to-open? pres- is dry, connect the piping, fuiiy fighten the foundation
SUIE. bolts, and rechezk the m e n t
Drain piping, leak-offs and relief devices should be A mixhue of cement and fme sand is normally used as
routed to a safe area,in accordance with local codes and grout. There are otha mateds available which have
the manufacturer?s instructions. proven SUCCeSSful. Care must be exercised in the use of
Authorized Engineering Infomiation 11-14-1085 materiais which expand whiie setting, as they may ove
expand and present mare of a problem than conventional
8.8 COUPLING ALIGNMENT materiais such as cement and sand, which have a tendency
The alignment of the couplings should be correct for to shrink slightly. (Figures8- 16 and 8- 17 represent typid
successful operation. instaiiationsand are presented oniy as guides.)
Flexible couplings will not compensate for any appre- Authorized Engineering Infamiation 11-14-1985.
ciable misalignment Rapid wear, noise, vibration, and
actual damage may be caused by misalignment. The tur- 8.10 FLUSHING OIL SYSTEM
bine and driven equipment, includingbase phte mounted When a forced-fed lubrication system is proviáeâ,
equipment, should be checked for alignment after insial- flushing of the lubrication system should be performed
lation ahd prior to start up. prior to the initial start-up in accordance with the
Coupling alignment may be made by adjustment of the manufacturer?srecommendations.
shims under the turbine and driven equipmentsupports. Authdzed Engineering Infomiation 11-14-1985.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SM 24-1991
Page 69
VERTICAL
1 Y+
RIGHT ANGLE TO
TURBINE SHAFT
/
/’
/
Fy t /’
1
/
/
//
My
I Mx TURBINE SHAFT
- TO
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
z+ I
1
I
I
Figure &15
COMPONENTS OF FORCES AND MOMENTS ON TURBINE CONSTRUCTION
POSITIVE MOMENTS ROTATE CLOCKWISE WHEN VIEWED
LOOKING INTO POSITIVE FORCES
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~~ ~ ~
~~ ~
~~~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1971 b470247 0 5 2 7 2 b 8 6 9 5 M
SM 24-1 991
Page 70
Table 8-3
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS(8.4.6.2.b)
MLET EXHAU= FX FY n Mx MY MZ
INCHES INCHES LBS LBS LBS LB-FI' LB-FI' LB-FI'
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2 6 316 791 632 1581 791 791
2 8 412 - 1031 825 2062 1031 1031
3 6 335 839 671 1677 839 839
3 8 427 1068 854 2136 1068 1068
4 8 447 1118 894 2236 1118 1118
4 10 480 1199 959 2398 1199 1199
4 12 511 1277 1022 2554 1277 1277
4 16 575 1437 1150 2874 1437 1437
4 18 607 1518 1215 3037 1518 1518
4 20 640 1600 1280 3200 1600 1600
4 24 706 1764 1411 3528 1764 1764
4 30 804 2011 1609 4022 2011 2011
4 36 904 2259 1807 4518 2259 2259
6 12 524 1309 1047 2618 1309 1309
6 16 585 1462 1170 2924 1462 1462
6 18 616 1541 1232 3081 1541 1541
6 20 648 1620 1296 3240 1620 1620
6 24 712 1781 1425 3562 1781 1781
6 30 810 2025 1620 4050 2025 2025
6 36 908 227 1 1817 4541 2271 2271
8 12 540 1351 1081 2702 1351 1351
8 16 598 1495 11% 2991 1495 1495
8 18 628 1571 1257 3141 1571 1571
8 20 659 1648 1318 3295 1648 1648
8 24 722 1804 1443 3608 1804 1804
8 30 817 2044 1635 4087 2044 2044
8 36 915 2287 1829 4573 2287 2287
8 48 1111 2778 2222 5555 2778 2778
10 12 560 1401 1121 2802 1401 1401
10 16 614 1536 1229 3072 1536 1536
10 18 u 3 1608 1286 3216 1608 1608
10 20 673 1682 1345 3363 1682 1682
10 24 733 1833 1467 3667 1833 1833
10 30 827 2068 1654 4135 2068 2068
10 36 923 2307 1845 4614 2307 2307
10 48 1117 2793 2234 5586 2793 2793
12 18 661 1651 1321 3303 1651 1651
12 20 689 1722 1377 3444 1722 1722
12 24 747 1868 1494 3736 1868 1868
12 30 839 2û96 1677 4193 2096 2û96
12 36 932 233 1 1865 4662 233 1 233 1
12 48 1125 28 12 2249 5623 28 12 2812
16 24 781 1952 1561 3904 1952 1952
16 30 867 2167 1733 4333 2167 2167
16 36 957 2391 1913 4783 2391 2391
16 48 1143 2858 2287 5716 2858 2858

SM 24-1991
Page 71
8.10.1 Hushing oil should be compatible with the final 8.11 GENERATOR LEADS
turbine oil. Generator leads should be sized for the current which
theywiiicarry.Theseleadsshouidbeinsuiatedorshielded
8.109 Oil should be circulated through the entin system
to avoid hazarb to operatingpersonnel,
as long as necessary to remove or to flush particulate Undesirable local heating of foundations can be pre
matter back to the oil reservoir. Aperiodic check of the oil vented by bringingthe of all phases out the
futers Oc serve a guide m e conduit ofby using conduits. Heat frorn
determine when the oil is clean.
Auhonzed Engineering Infomation 11-14-1Q85. reinforcing s-1 within the concretecm be avoided by
making sure that continuous individual paths close to and
around individual leads are not formed by this steel.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

STD.NEMA SM 24-ENGL 1991 b470247 0527270 243
SM 24-1991
?age 72
3 I" 1. Support Foot

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Mounting Pad
Baseplate
Anchor Bolt
Anchor Nut
Shims
Foundation
7
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Flgure 8-16
BASEPLATE MOUNTED TURBINE AND DRIVEN EQUIPMENT

S T D - N E M A SM 2 4 - E N G L 1991 W b470247 0527273 1 B T =
SM 24-1991
Page 73
/ 1.
2.
Support Foot
Soleplate
3. Hold-down Boit
4. Anchor Bolt
5. Anchor Nut
6. Shims
7. Foundation
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 817
SOLEPLATE MOUNTED TURBINE AND DRNEN EQUIPMENT

SM 24-1991
Page 74
Sample Problem 8A
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON STEAM TURBINES
A steam turbine has a 4 inch side inlet and an 8inch side (3x327)+ 680 5 (5W(8)
exhaust. Analysis of the steam piping system proposed for 1661 S 4OOO is m e so forces and moments on the
the turbine has deâermined thaî components of the farce inlet flangeare within acceptable limits for exhaust
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
and moments impose8 on the inlet and exhaustflange will flange.

be as listed below. 2. Check combined RESULTANT forces and moment
Inlet Flange ON THE TURBINE against Limit 2, -graph
Fx= +4Olb 8.4.6.2.a.
Fy= -1oOlb Fx= 40-1 1 0 ~-7Olb
Fz= -701b -
Fy = -100 250 = -350lb
& = +ZOO lb-ft Fz= - 70+ 180 = +110 lb
My= +150 lb-ft Mx= 200+500=+7001b-ft
&= -120 lb-ft My = 150 + 300 = 4 5 0 lb-ft
Mz = -120 + 350 = +230 lb-ft
Exhaust Fiange F~~(-70)2+(-350)2i110)2= 373 lb
Fx= -11Olb F~~(700)z+(450)2+(230)2 = 863 lb!
Fy= -2501b Nominal Inlet Flange Area = x (4 in,) = 12.57 in2
Fz= +180 lb
Mx= +500 lb-ft 4
My= +300 lb-ft Nominal Exhaust p g e Area =
Mz= +350 lb-ft = 50.27 in2
Check to see if these forces and moments are within 4
NEMA guidelines. Total Flange Area = 12.57 + 50.27 = 62.84 in2
1. Check RESULTANT forces and moments ONINDI- Dc = (41 (62&Q = 8.94 in. (No correction
VIDUAL FLANGES against Limit 1, Paragraph x needeû for values
8.4.6.1. 9 in. and smaller.)
2Fc+ MCs250 oc) Limit 2
Inlet Fianne (2)(373) + 863 S (250)(8.94)
1609 LB 5 2235 is m e so nmltant forces and m e
menu on the turbine are within NEMA guidelines.
3. Check the COMPONENTS of the combined forces
= 277 Ib-ft
M~=~(200)~+(150)~+(-120)~ and moments ON THE TURBINE against values
calculated per Paragraph 8.4.6.2.b.
De = 4 inches (No correction needed for flanges
8"and smaller) Alhable Forces and Moments
Fx= 50Dc= 447lb
3FR + MRS 500 De (Limit 1) Fy = 125 Dc 1118 lb
F z s l00Dc= 8941b
(3)(128) + 277 5 (500)(4) Mx = 250 Dc = 2236 lb-fi
My 125 Dc = 1118 lb-ft
661 I2000 is true so forces and moments on the I&= 125 Dc = 1118 lbft
inlet flange are within NEMA guidelines. Magnitudes of the actual forcesandmoments calculated
in part 2 of this problem are lower îhan the allowable
Exhaust Flange magnitudes calculatedabove. Therefore,the components
- 327 lb
F~=J(-110)~+(-250)~+(180)~ of the combined force and moments on the turbine are
within NEMAguiàelines.
Resultsfromparts1,2,and3 of this problem show chat
= 680 lb-ft
M~='/(500)~+(300)~+(350)~ forces and moments imposed by the piping system are
De = 8 inches (No correction needed for flanges WithinalINEMAguidei.
8" and smaller)
3FR + MR S 500 @e) (I ;mit 1)

~ ~
S T D - N E M A SM 2 4 - E N G L 1991 W b470247 0527273 T52
SM 24-1991
Page 75
Sample Problem 8B
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON STEAM TURBINES
A caidensing airbine has a 6 inch side inlet and an 36 De = U 3 6 1 = 17.33 inches

inch down exhaust. Analysis of the steam piping system 3
praposed for the turbine has determined that the compo-
nents of the forces and móments imposed an the inlet and FR + MR 5 5WDe Limit 1
exhaust flanges (excludingforce on the exhaust h g e due
topressure forces in the unrestrainedexpansionjoint in the (3)(250) + O 500 (17.33)
exhaust line) will be as iabulated below.
inlet Flange 750 58665 is w e so forces and moments on the ex-
Fx= + W l b haust flange are within NEMA guidelines.
Fy= -1501b 2. Check combined RESULTANT forces and moment
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fz = +200lb ON THE TURBINE against Limit 2, Paragraph

Mx= -350 lb-ft 8.4.6.2.a.
My = +200 lb-ft Fx= 90+0= 90lb
Mz= +I50 lb-ft Fy = -150 - 250 = -400lb
Fz= 200+0=2001b
Exhaust Flange Mx = -350 + O = -350lb-ft
Fx= O My= ~ + 0 = 2 O o l b - f t
Fy= -2501b Mz = 150 + O = 150 lb-ft
Fz= O F~~(90)2+(-400)2+(20)'= 456 lb
Mx= O
My= O ~-d(-3S0)2+(200)2+(150)2= 430 lb-ft
Mz= O Nominal inlet Fiange Area = m2 = 28.3 in'
Bellows area for the expansion joint (obtained from 4
expansion joint manufacturer) is 1030 square inches. Nominal Exhaust
Pressure force developed by full vacuum in the expan- Flange Area = w2 = 1017.9 in2
sion pint is: 4
(14.7 lbfin') (1030 in') = 15,141 Ib Total Flange Area = 28.3 + 1017.9 = 1046.2 in
This is additional force in the -Ydirection. Euuivalent Diameter =
Check to see if these forces and moments are within
NEMA guidelines.
1. Check RESULTANT forces and moments ON INDI-
VIDUAL FLANGES against Limit 1 , Paragraph Dc = + 36 5) = 18.166 in.
8.4.6.1. 3
2Fc+ Mf s 250 Dc Limit 2
inlet Flange (2) (456) + 430 2250 (18.166)
1342 s 4542 is me so the resultant forces
and moments are within NEMA guidelines.
M~=d(-350)'+(2Oo)'+( 150)' = 430 Ib-ft 3. Check the COMPONENTS of the combined forces
De= 6 inches (No correction needed for flanges and moments ON THE TURBINE against values
8" and smaller.) calculated per Paragraph 8.4.6.2.b.
3FR + MR I 500 De Limit 1
(3)(266) + 430 5 (500)(6) From Calculationsin part 2, Dc = 18.166 in.
1228 5 3000 is true so forces and moments on the
inlet flange are within NEMA guidelines. Allowable Forces and Moments
Fx = 50 Dc = 908 lb Mx = 250 Dc = 4541 lb-ft
Exhaust Flange Fy = 125 Dc = 2271 Ib My = 125 Dc = 2271 lb-ft
FR excluding pressure. force = Fz = 100 Dc = 1817 lb Mz = 125 Dc = 2271 Ib-ft
d(0)2+(-250)2+(O)2=250 Ib Magnitudesof the actual forces and momentscalculated
MR = d(O)'+(O)'+(O)' = O lb in Part 2 of this problem are lower than the dowable
magnitudes calculated above. Therefore, the components

~
S T D W N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 m b470247 0527274 9 9 9 m
SM 24-1991
Page 76
of the combined forces and moments on the turbine are Total farce on the exhaust flange is the vector total
WithinNEMAgUidelines. of pnssure force from the expansionjoint and the
4. Check total force on the turbine exhaust flange forces calculated with pressure force excluded.
against the limit per paragraph 8.4.6.3. T d farce = -15,141 - 2% = -15.391 lb
Paragraph 8.4.6.3 states that force on the exhaust Results from pa~W1,2,3 and 4 of this problem
fiange should not exceed 15-1/2 times the nominai show that forcesand moments imposed by the
exhaust area piping system 8 f t within ail NEMAguidelines.
(15-1/2) (1017.9 in3 15,777 lb
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~ ~~ ~~
S T D * N E I A S I 2 4 - E N G L 1991 = b470247 0527275 825
SM 24-1991
Page 77
Sample Problem 8C
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS FOR A
TURBINE WITH FOUR EXTRACTION OPENINGS
It
Equivalent Diameter = 153.04inches
Equivalent Diameter must be corrected when value ex-
ceeds9inches
Dc=JR+ 153&=57.01 incha
3
Calculate maximum allowable forces and moments
Fx = 50 (57.01)= 2851 lb
Fy = 125 (57.01)= 7126 lb
Fz = 100(57.01)= 5701 lb
Mx = 250 (57.01)= 14253 lb-ft
My = 125 (57.01)= 7126 lb-ft
Mt = 125 (57.01)= 7126 Ib-ft
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D O N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 64702Y7 0 5 2 7 2 7 6 761
SM 241991
Page 79
Section 9
9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.4 TYPICAL STARTING SEQUENCE FOR A

To ensure that the turbinegeneraîorreceives the careand STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR SET
attention necessary and usual for this type of equipment, 1. Open exhaust shut off valve.
specific instructions with iespect to starting up, shutting 2. Start cooling water.
down, and routine operation should be provided by the 3. start lubrication oil system.
manufacturer in the instruction manual furnishedwith the 4. Start steam Seal system.
turbine. 5. OpencasedrainS.
Authorized Engineering Intomiation 11-14-19û5. 6. Set or reset trip valve.
7. crack open isoiahng valve.
9.2 OPERATION 8. Mow casng to heat up.
The following should be given careful considerationby 9. Slowly open isolating valve until governor takes
theoperator control (observe manufacturer's instructions r e
1. The steam supplied to the turbine should be free of garding critical speed).
debris. To ensure maximum protection. steam lines 10. Fully open isolating vaive.
should be blown prior to starting. 11. Adjust governar speed.
2. The steam turbine operator should be aware of the 12. closecasingdrains.
hazards associated with contamination of the pro- 13. Match line voltage if unit is to paraiiel
cess steam with agents which promote stress corro- 14. Synchronizeif unit is to paxallel
sion cracking. 15. Close main circuit breaker
3. Avoid slugs of water and unduly wet steam. 16. Laad either automatically or manually
4. Avoid great or sudden fluctuations in pressure and 17. Monitor turbine genemor set operation until stable
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
temperature of steam supply. operation is achieved.
5. Providean aâequatesupply of clean water free from Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985.
acid or scale forming impurities for oil coolers, air
coolers and the gland condensing system. 9.5 MAINTENANCE
6. Provide lubricating oil of proper quality and 3.5.1 Introduction
characteristics,including initiai flushing change.
7. Maintain a log of operating conditions, including inspection and service should follow manufactum's
steam inlet pressures and temperatures, stage pres- instructions. Frequency of inspection and degree of thor-
sures, oil pressures, exhaust pressures, vibration, oughness may vary and will have to be determined by the
and so forth. This is important in predicting and maintenance personnel.
scheduling inspection outages. The following is a typicai maintenance program:
8. Check trip valves or trip and throttle vaive for oper- Daily
ation. 1. Visually inspect turbine generator set for external
9. Check overspeed mp at appropriate intervals. damage andleaks.
10. Check auxiliary oil pumps. 2. Check oil level in reservoir and governor.
Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985. 3. Check for unusual vibration and noise levels.
4. Check oil temperature and pressures.
9.3 NONCONDENSING TURBINE OPERATION weekly
OF A MULTISTAGE CONDENSING 1. Check operationof auxiliary oil pump, if applicable.
TURBINE 2. Check operation of ali shut down devices.
Noncondensing operation of a multistage condensing 3. Check that shafts are free of oil or grease.
turbine is not recommended unless approved by the man- 4. Exercise the trip valve.
ufacturer. High exhaust pressure and temperature can 5. Examine fuses, switches, and other controls
cause last stage blade flutter,casing distortionand damage Monthly
and misalignment with driven machines. An increase in 1. Check overspeed governor.
exhaust temperature and pressure may also affect piping 2. Check foundation bolts for tightness.
forces. (See piping force calculationsgiven in Section 8.) 3. Check oil and filter.
Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985. Annually
Shut down the Wine generator set and perfom the
foliowing:

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1971 6470247 0527277 bTö
SM 24-1991
Page 80
1. Remove and clean steam sirainer. 9.6 INTERNALWATER WASHING

2 check shaft seals far wear. htenialwaterwashingofaturbineshouldbeperformed
3. Check thrust bearing end play. in accordance with the manufachrrei’s instructions. It is
4. Remove sentinel warning valve and check for beuer to prevent the build up of solids than to have u)
propefopcration. remove depo&s afta they have fonnea
5. Drain water and clean foreign material ficm oil Authorized Engineering M d o n 11-14-1985.
-OK.
6. Drain oil fromgovemÖr and flush clean, ifapplica- 9.7 STEAMPURllY
ble. Steam turbine users should be aware of the hazards
7. Chcck couplingalignment and lubrication. associated with contamination of the sttam by agents
8. h.ainsmallquantityofoilfromsystemandcon&ct which might promote stress cornxion cracking. solids
an oil analysis. if system is equipped with an oil build up, erosion, and CorroSiM. Contaminants such as
filter element, change the element at the time of oil sodium, hydroxibes, chlolides, sulfates, copper, lead, and
change. silicates may result in shortened turbine life and failure of
9. Examine &rease in ball or roller bearing housings intemai parts of the turbine.
and renew if necessary,if applicable. Since it is not possible to prescribe the degree of
10. Check bearing clearance and end play. Conuuninationthatsteamturûinematerialscantoleratein
11. Check gear moth wear pattern, if applicable. order to achieve the long life expected of intenial turbine
12. Check foundation. components,only general guidelines can be offered.
13. Check alignment. For small low pmsm appiicationS, turbinesmay Oper-
14. Check and recalibrate gauges. ate satisfactorily on steam having purity limits set by the
15. Check generator thoroughly, blowing dirt h m American Boiler Manufacimm Association. See Table
windings and air gap. 9-1.
16. Test insulation by meggw. AuthOiized Engineering Information 11-14-1085.
17. Check air gap clearance. For larger high pressure applications and for hpmved
Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1085. reliability*the suggestedguidelines for steam purity limits
for both statt-up and continuous operation of steam tur-
bines are shown in Table 9-2.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

-~ ~- ~~ - ~
S T D a N E M A SU 24-ENGL 3 9 9 3 m 6470247 0527278 534
SM 24-1991
Page 01
Table 9-1
WATERTUBE BOILERS RECOMMENDED BOILER WATER LIMITS AND ASSOCIATED
STEAM PURITY AT STEADY STATE FULL LOAD OPERATION DRUM TYPE BOILERS
3 e
~
0-300 0-2068 700-3500 140-700 15 o2 - 1.0

301-450 2069-3 103 600-3000 12oáx) 10 -
o2 1.0
451600 3104-4 137 500-2500 100-400 8 -
o2 1.0
601-750 4138-5171 200-1000 40-200 3 -
0.1 0.5
751-900 5 172-6206 150- 750 30-150 2 -
0.1 0.5
901-1Ooo 62074395 125- 625 25-125 1 0.1 - 0.5
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1Actuüvaluer wirhin the rmge d e e t the TDs in the fœd w a r . Highervaluer me forhigh ididr.bwavaluca IIC forlow IOU
in the f e d water.
2AaiUi values within the tange me dirtctly Propomoailtothe acrid value dTDS ofbikxwater. Higbernhuime for thchia di&.lower vdpw
are for low solids in the W e r water.
%esc d u e s are exclusive of silica.
Table 9-2
STEAM PURITY LIMITS -
Continuous Stut-up
Conductivity-
Micromhos/cm at 25OC
Drum 0.3 1.o
Once through 0.2 0.5
SiO. ppb, max 20 50
Fe, ppb, m m 20 50
Cu,ppb, mm 3 10
Na + K, ppb, max
Up to 800 psig [5516kPa (gauge)] 20 20
801 to 1450 psig 15517 to 9998 Wabauge)] 10 10
1451 to 2400 p i g 19999 to 16548 kPa(gauge)] 5 5
Over 2400 psig [over 16548 Wa(gauge)] 3 3

~
S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL L q q L
~
~~ ~
E 6470247 0527279 470 -

SM24-i 991
Page 83
Section 10
INQUIRY GUIDE
(AuthorizeKi Engineering Infomiatlon)
Job No. Item No.

Inquiry ordp No.
purchase order No.
Page No. BY
Date Revision
Furchaser
Contractor
User
Applicable To: Proposal
For:
Site: No.R e q d
Service Driven Equip. GearYes/No
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Manufacturer Model
List andor attach additionai applicable standards or specifications.
GUU. Rated Namil Mu. Mia. Min. Unlts

Energg
Power
speed
Steam Conditions
inlet pressure
Inlet temperature
Exhaust pltxmre
ExtractiorsTinduction
P-m
Ext*ictionEnduction
temperature
inlet flow
ExtractionEnduction
flow
Other performance
requirements
Maximum Continuous Speed

--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

STD*NEMA Sfl 24-ENGL 1971 b 4 7 0 2 4 7 0527281 O27
SM24-1991
Page 85
Factory Tests
Required
Hydo test Yes Ye4No
No-load running test Ya ymo
Dynamic balance rotor - Yew0 “0
Site Utilities
Cooìhg water: None Fresh Brackish
other Temperature Pressure
Electnd supply: aúdc
Conml(s) Volts phase Hz
Motor@) Volts Phase Hz
Air Supply pressure
Site Environment
Ambient temperature Maximum Minimum
Area classification: Class GWP DiV.

Conml(s)
Explosion proof
Weatherproof
General purpose
Motor(s)
TEFC
Explosion proof
General purpose
Other
Environment Protection at Site (Sor I)

Enclosed Sheltered outdoar
Other
For months storage prior to startup
S = Storage
I = Installation
Remarks
Drawings and Data to be Supplied

Certified outline drawings
Recommended spare parts list
insiruch books No.
Other
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~
S T D * N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 6470247 0527282 Tb5 D
SM 24-1991
Page 86
APPENDIX
AC Power-Power used in an alternating current electrical circuit. AC power has two components, (1) real power
and (2) reactive power. These components are added vectorially to determine the apparent power.
Kw
KVA = J(Kw)’ + (KVAR)~

Where:
KVA = apparent power, kilovolt-amperes
KW = real power, kilowatts
KVAR = reactive power, kilovolt-amperes reactive
Apparent power in 3-phase circuits can also be determined by the formula:
Where:
V = potential difference per phase. volts
I = current per phase, amperes
real power
Power factor of an electric circuit is the ratio of
apparent power
The power factor of an electric circuit will be less than unity if the voltage wave and the current wave do not rise
through the zero point at the same time. If the circuit has more inductance than capacitance, current will lag behind
voltage. If the circuit has more capacitance than inductance, current will lead voltage. Considering one full cycle to
be 360 degrees, the amount by which the zero point for the current wave differs from the zero point for the voltage
wave is expressed as the phase angle, 8. The power factor for the circuit equals the cosine of the phase angle. A capacitive
circuit will produce a leading power factor. An inductive circuit will produce a lagging power factor.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D a N E M A SI 24-ENGL 1991 m 6470247 0527283 9TL W
SM 24-1991
Page 87
0 - 0 CURRENT
---360* _I 0 PHASEANGLE
Real power produces light, heat, or mechanical power in the equipment which makes up the load in the electrical
circuit. The real power requirement of the electrical circuit determines the mechanical power which must be produced
by the driver(s) of the generator(s) in the circuit.
Reactive power provides magnetization for motors in the circuit. The need for reactive power increases the current
which must be carried by the electrical conductors in the circuit, but it does not add to the load which must be carried
by the driver(s) of the generator(s) in the circuit.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Authorized Engineering Information 6.12-1985.

S T D O N E M A SM 24-ENGL L991 = 6470247 0527284 838 m
NEMA STANDARDRATION
The pirpoie of NEMA stmdpdr, thep clarifiation md stitus m set f d m catrim clrmra of the NEMAst-
Pdicw pd ProCrdutu manual and rn r e f d bebw:
NEMA stan- which rel.tes to Iproduct, pnicess or pn>codrire commercully r- ' and subject to repetitive
menufacture, which stmdad has been appuved by at least 90 pacent of the members of the Subdivision eligible to vote
thacon;
Suggested Standard for Future Design. which may not have been regularly aipplied to a commacial product but
which suggests a saund engineering upproach to future developnaif which standard has been ipp~ovedby at leasf
two-thid of the m m l b of the subdivisiœl eligible to vote t h e r a m
Adoptive Stmdab which is adapted in whole or in part úwn the standards of another orguiiution. either àomtk.
regi& or mtemationai.
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(Staduràization Poikiu anâ ProCCduru.p p 7 & 16)
Authorized Engrneetkg Infomation consists of explanatory data and other cngindng information of M infmative character
not falling within the classificaticm of NEMA Standard or Suggested Standard for Future Design, which standard has bem
approved by at last two-thirds of the m e m h of the Subdivision eligible to vote on the standard.
(Stanàardizorion PdÙiW anà Procedures, pp. 7 & 16)
An official Standrirds Reposai is M official draft of a poposed standard which is formally recommended to m outsi&
orgrmization(s) f a ConsiMoa comment and/or q p v a i , anci which has beai approved by at least 90 pacent of the members
of the Subdivision eligible to vote thcrum. (Stanàaràizatbn Policies and Procedura. p p 7 & 16)
I d e n t H k a t h of status
Standards m NEMA Standads Publications arc identifkd m the foreword or following each standard as "NEMA Standard"
or "SuggestedStandard for Future Design." niese indicate the status of the standard. niese words are foilowed by a date which
indicates when the rtindard was adopted m its pr-t farm by the Association.
nie material identified as "AuthorizedEngineering Information" aid "Oniiai Standards Proposal" is designated similarly.
July 17, 1990

S T D D N E M A SM 24-ENGL $991 H 6470247 0527285 774
STEAM TURBINE SECTION -

~
- -
OFTHE
~
~~
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
MEMBER COMPANIES
Carling Turbine Blower Company General Electric

Warcester, MA Oi613-0088 Schenectady,NY 12345
Coppus Engineering Copration Munay TurbomachineryCorporation
hfiiibury,MA 01527 Burlington, IA 52601-0967
Dresser-Rand Company Skinner Engine Company
Wellsviíle, NY 14895 Erie,PA 16512
Elliott company Westinghouse Electric Corporaton
Jeanne&. PA 15W-0800 Orlando, FL 328262399
--```,,```,```,,,````,,``,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
._-


Nema SM 24 1991 R2002 PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Nema SM 24 1991 R2002 PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

NEMA Standards Publication No.

SM 24-1991 (R1997, R2002)

Land-Based Steam Turbine Generator Sets 0-33,000 kW

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards and guideline

voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACT

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Land Based Steam Turbine Generator Sets O - 33,000 kW

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Section 5 FACTORY TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Section 7 PREPARATIONFOR SHIPMENT AND STORAGE .................... 55

Section 8 INSTALLATiON ....................................... 57

Section 9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL L993 M 6470247 0527203 Bbb

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

1.1 REFERENCED STANDARDS

American Boiler ManufacturersAssociation

Amencan Gear Manufacturers Association

American National Standards Institute

C37.W1989 Standard for High Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical

Expansion Joint ManufacturersAssociation

The Standard of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (1980)

institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

National Eiectricai ManufacturersAssociation

MG1-1987 Motors and Generators

1.2 DEFINITIONS exceeding its specifíed maximum tempeaature rise limits

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Direct Current (dc)-Aunidirectionalcurrent in which Generator-A machine that converts mechanical

load change. kilovolt amperes times power factor. (SeeAppendix.)

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

S T D - N E M A SM 2'4-ENGL 1771 64702'47 O527207 284

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

STD.NEMA SM 24-ENGL L î î L 61i70247 0527208 IL0 m

2.0 GENERAL 2.1.2.4 MULTIVALVE MULTISTAGE TURBINE

2.1.1 Ciassified by Exhaust Condltbns 2.1.3.2 NO"TROUED EXTRACTION TURBINE

2.2 STEAM TURBINE COMPONENTS

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

steam parts casings shall be axially split,radially split,Oc 227 Diaphragm

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 3993 6470247 0527230 879 M

2.2.10 Bearing Housing 2.2.16 Hand Våhrû(S)

2.2.11 .l RADIALBEARINGS 2.2.17 Protecthre Device

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

For these applications, an alteniate wamhg device or 2.3.1.3 GENERATOR ITEMS

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

S T D * N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 6470247 0527232 641

b. high bearing temperature Authorized E n g M n g Information 130-1991.

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

STD.NEMA Sfl 24-ENGL 3991 6470247 0527233 588

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association

S T D - N E M A SM 24-ENGL 1991 H 6470247 0527234 4 1 4

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association