CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

STUDY

-Comparison Between Users

When social media rose to be a new way of communication and

entertainment, it convinced the teachers, professors and other

educators in hoping that students will come up to higher grades in

using Twitter. This research analyzes the usage of the students even

the undergraduates in using Twitter. What students do in using twitter

is to gather different information and not for educational purposes.

Social networking sites can be described as a system that provides

information, source of links and also communications. This also can be

used as sharing tool in discoveries and gathering its information and

also there will exchange of ideas.

As the result of this research, it is proved that there are

differences of the usage of academics’ using Twitter compared to the

use of Twitter by the undergraduate youths. It is proved, students use

Twitter more in educational purpose than in using for entertainment

and vice versa for those who didn’t finish their school. Twitter has a

great potential for the youths especially for education. Today, Twitter

is used poorly but in the future it will happen to have an increase in

using this app. This leads to a greater outcome in their education in

effect of their learning skills are enhanced. The outcomes define that

this topic needs more to further research by asking them what are their

reasons about choosing to use Twitter or not.

-Twitter politics is no substitute for ideas and strong campaigns.

The digital economy has disturbed old ways of dealing works in

every sector of the economy, every profession, & every office. Politics

is no exception, although the impact of new telecommunications has

not been as distressing in parliament as it was, example, in the music

& film management, where analogue work dropped.

The Internet creates a new ground where electoral battles can

be lost or won. This thing was observed in the last general election in
2010, it was a rather more established means of television that had a

huge impact on the political agendas.

- Effects of Social Network Use on Happiness, Psychological Well-

being, and Life Satisfaction of High School Students: Case of

Facebook and Twitter

The study’s goal is to determine if social network site (SNS)

usage of high school students can show their levels of psychological

well-being, happiness, and life satisfaction. In order to know the SNS

usage, the question “To what extend to you use Facebook and Twitter

in a day?” was asked, and results were examined and processed.

Four-hundred fifty-nine high school students in the Bolu District of

Turkey was examined. Based on the results, the use of SNS predicted

the students’ happiness, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction.

Based on findings, SNS usage made students happy. It is to note

that having smart phones are essential to teenagers, especially

students. Social network sites are important in their communications.

The higher the number of friends in Facebook and Followers in Twitter,

the more students feel happy. It also reduces depression. It also made

students satisfied with their lives, though there are studies that show

the opposite. SNS use also shows positive results when it comes to

the psychological well-being of students. This is because SNS gives

more social benefit and social control, and improving their mood.

Technology is currently improving quickly, connecting people in any

age, gender and race. Social media helps adolescents feel limitless

freedom of expression. Support from such sites fortifies their

confidence, though they may end up being lost in an imaginary reality

where they control everything. This is why personal communication is

also important, and SNS use should also be limited.

-The Study of Twitter as a Social Media App

This study examine the college student interpretation of

instructor credibility based on instructor’s twitter feed and based on

student opinion about twitter as a communication tool. They apply

qualitative and quantitative methods to research the effect of twitter

feeds on student perception and instructor credibility and investigates

how students perceive twitter as teaching or education tool. Study

proposed that qualitative result suggest that profile with professional

content was most credible. Qualitative conclude that twitter may be

advantage and hindrance for instructors. Twitter is a communication

tool that an individual can use but the advantages and disadvantages

depends on how the user used that media application.

Twitter is a social media tool that allow us to send and receive

messages no more than 140 characters in length, called “tweets”. As

time passed by many individuals use twitter and it continuously

growing.

It continuously grows so that more instructor are began to

examine with Twitter as a communication tool, and many educators

use social media inside and outside of the classroom. A recent survey

found out that 70% use social media for personal use, 55% use Twitter

for professional purposes, and 41% use social media in class. This

study aims were twofold: to qualitatively investigate perceived

differences in based on the content of a hypothetical instructor’s Twitter

feed, and to qualitatively and qualitatively examine perceptions of

credibility and Twitter use to recognize what student think about

instructor who use twitter.

-#WhyWeTweetMH: Understanding Why People Use Twitter to

Discuss Mental Health Problems.

Twitter is a microblogging site where you can respond to other

posts by retweeting, replying, or liking. However, Twitter has been

used to release anger, sadness, and problems. As a result, high rates

of Twitter use are likewise apparent by people who encounter mental

health issues. Some disagree to this statement and some said that

there is no relationship between mental health problems and the usage

of social media. There is minimal experimental research looking at

reasons why people use Twitter to examine mental health issues.

Based on J Mad Internet Res. 2017, Twitter was specifically

chosen as the social media platform of interest due to the prevalence

and popularity of discourse surrounding mental health that is evident

on the website. Their study shows that most of the Twitter users
discuss their problems online because of their personal experiences of

having mental health problems.

- A cross-national study of Twitter users’ motivations and continuance

intentions

Twitter is a social media platform that allows people to share

updates to their followers. Some use it for business purposes. They’re

using Twitter to gain access to their customer and to promote brands

and products. Some people just want to use Twitter for entertainment

purposes.

There are many reasons that motivates people to use Twitter.

The most common of these motivations is social interaction and

exchange. Entertainment is also a major motivating factor for Twitter

users.

LITERATURES

(Foreign)
- What Your Teen is Really Doing All Day on Twitter And Instagram

Danah Boyd published a book, titled “It’s Complicated: The

Social Lives of Networked Teens”, explores the relationships between

teenagers and the social media that they use. This includes Twitter.

Teens use Twitter, and other social media in general, because

they have less time, money, and opportunity to hang out with friends

personally. They do not have jobs, and they need help from their

parents to go around their towns/cities. This is why Twitter is a release

valve for them, a something that essential to their socialization.

Twitter, and Instagram in some cases, experiences an increase

in usage because of shifts on how much teens want to be anonymous.

Before Facebook, they want to be anonymous. When Facebook came,

they started sharing their identity since their friends and relatives know

who they are anyway. But then, they lost privacy from their parents or

other people. They started using Twitter, where they, most often, use

aliases instead of using real names. Twitter is an enclave where they

can connect with their friends without parents or similar authority

intruding their privacy.

Twitter users sometimes have multiple accounts; each is a home

for one of their particular interest. They also rarely use links, instead

they use hashtags. They also follow and is being followed by a few

select users, which is the opposite of the majority of adults who follow

as much people as they want for popularity.

-The Real History of Twitter

The history of Twitter began from the idea of the co-founder, Jack

Dorsey in 2006, which is originally imagines this application as an

SMS-based communication. When they are brainstorming, his co-

founders, Evan Williams and Biz Stone, gave Jack the opportunity to

pursue the project. In 2007, Twitter had the biggest growth spurt and

over 60,000 tweets are being sent by the users every day.
 The reason Twitter forces a character limit on tweets is that

Twitter was initially planned as a SMS-based platform and only 140

characters were allowed on mobile carriers with SMS protocol.

Nonetheless, in 2017, Twitter increased the character limit to 280

because of the continuous development of our technology. This helps

twitter users to spend less time on thinking about how to express

themselves and get straight to the point.

-Is Twitter the news outlet for the 21st century?

News spread quickly on Twitter. People are getting more used

on checking twitter for the latest news updates. Some even favored

twitter as source of information rather than news department like CNN.

Despite the rising popularity of Twitter, there is no doubt that

reports from news departments are far more credible than those on

Twitter. Information on twitter spread too fast for it to be confirmed. As

a result, fake news is becoming a common occurrence on twitter.

Almost every day, false reports spread throughout twitter.

- Politweets: The Growing Use of Twitter and Social Media for Politics.

Numbers are significant in Twitter. A content supporting a

candidate, policy or movement could have huge effect. Like when a

person has 500 followers & they have published a post supporting a

candidate or an issue concerning a political discussion, let say at least

100 of his followers may see the content, & 20 of them may have

changed their perception regarding the political issue/discussion.

Whether you like it or not, lawmakers using twitter to further

spread their political agenda is functioning & will remain to be of use

by them. Trump will continue to push his agenda; his

opponents/followers will continually spread their beliefs, & tweet by any

lawmakers will circulate through the world. This is a trend that will

continue to break through the coming elections. It is also a medium

that can either improve or destroy the political world.

-Twitter as Diary

The social media app Twitter has become a medium where

people can express their thoughts and feelings but they are not always

positive ones. According to a study that analyzed the level of

happiness of 46 billion words of 63 million people on Twitter, positive

moods of the users have been declining. The tweets were examined

by the service called Mechanical Turk.

The most common 10,000 words in English were rated by

volunteers of the site from one to nine for how happy they considered

them. Based on the study, happiness has declined over the last years

and the happiest users have been, was in the beginning of 2011. " It

does skew toward younger people and people with smartphones and

so on - but Twitter is nearly universal now." (Peter Dodds)

- Reasons Why We Should Use Twitter

Twitter is a social networking microblogging service which was

introduced by Jack Dorsey, the founder of the app and the first ever to

tweet in the year 2006(the year which twitter is released to the public).
In the same year, it has been opened publicly which great results to

the increasing number of users each year. In 2007, early users and

tech bloggers were started to use Twitter and the service grow every

year. In over more than 200 million users of Twitter, it is still down

compared to Facebooks 1 billion users but Twitter is now increasing in

numbers closely to Facebook. Those who are the non-users of this

app, missed outs the exciting and intoxicating news every day.

There are many reasons why one should use twitter. First is the

interesting people that you could connect, talk, and share your feelings

with. Twitter is not made just for people to express their thoughts, but

also to connect, to interact, to have friends and to give opportunities to

users for them to communicate with the other people who are far and

not close to them. The next reason is the hottest issues, trends, and

styles that you can get by reading and browsing the latest posts in this

network. Twitter proved to us that they are the center of breaking news

from different parts of the world. It would give us the opportunity to be

oriented about the latest topics and important information online. If you

are a cool, snazzy kid you will also be guided about the latest fashion

brands that you would love to buy or sell. Twitter helps companies
attract customer's attention by promoting certain products or brands. It

is like a domino effect because when something happens like the viral

of a YouTube video or even memes will surely can look in Twitter and

faster when it is used by hashtags. Most of the celebrities are taking

the opportunity of promoting their projects, films, movie or series

online. In this app, you will be able to message and know the latest

events about the celebrities that you love and know. Also, they may

even reply to your comment unlike Facebook for example. If you are

an imaginative and a creative person, you will also love to browse and

use Twitter for it is for it has every information and news that you need.

Many short stories, anecdote, and lame jokes are posted which will

surely entertain everyone. You will surely love twitter because most

contents that are posted are direct or straight to the point because of

the 140-character policy. Users may only use few characters to prevent

readers to be bored and to pare facts down to their core essence. You

will not read anymore articles or statements that has thousands of

words.

Why did I include these reasons? It is because these reasons are

also the factors why people especially the students use Twitter and
also in their psychological aspect. In conclusion, Twitter gives many

benefits that people will surely love and admire. It gives us the latest

issues, facts, fashion trends, and the news about people that we adore.

-Don’t Look Now, But Twitter Has Momentum with the Youth

When Twitter started, it attracted media, show business, and

tech communities, not children. It was like an open forum for them.

Then, sometime in 2014, teens suddenly preferred it over other social

media websites like Facebook and Snapchat as a perfect tool for

natural conversation.

In Facebook, keeping up with conversations can be very difficult.

Comments are linear, and you can easily confuse one conversation to

another. They also use Messenger for communication, but it is private

and is limited to a few people. In Snapchat, comments can only be

seen by the user who made a Story (Snapchat equivalent of a Tweet

or Post), then it disappears afterwards. In Twitter, everyone can

discuss about a certain topic freely, without having difficulty

distinguishing one conversation to another, plus everyone can

contribute to the discussion.

“It looks like the cocktail party of the internet might also be

becoming the high school cafeteria as well,” Gary wrote.

- Teens Don’t Find Twitter Cool Anymore, But Most World Leaders Do

Three-quarters of all world leaders are using twitter. This shows

its ability to directly connect people. On the other hand, according to

anecdotal evidence cited on the blog of Josh Miller, co-founder of

Branch, teens may not be into twitter. “I guess a few kids use it but

they’re all the ones who won’t shut up in class, those who think they

have something to say,” Miller’s sister said.

It is surprising, though it shows that Twitter can still expand. It

has to yet unlock its potential to attract more audience, especially

teenagers.
- The Guardian, Twitter is not for teens, Morgan Stanley told by 15-

year-old expert

Teenagers will would rather not use Twitter, given that using it

costs credit (internet or data), not to mention downloading and

updating it.

They also said no one is viewing their profile, so tweeting is

pointless. Pop-up ads can also be a nuisance. They would rather be

using direct messaging (texting), or read news on TV or the internet.

Money is instead usually used on other media.

- Psychology of Twitter

Twitter is a social media application that allows an individual to

communicate with other people using only 140 characters. Its service

is broadly used by the youth. It is simply a worldwide non-stop

conversation done online. Twitter has an online conversation, called

direct messages, that is effortlessly accessible to anyone.

 This social media application supports other applications and

websites make twittering easy like posting blogs, articles, and videos

from other sites. Twitter allows us to have a public conversion outside

of chat rooms. Humans are engage in conversational talking and most

of us are not authors who write books, articles and blogs so Twitter’s

service gives us permit to imitate our daily conversational talk in an

online medium.

- Twitter and its negative impact on young adults

Twitter has negative effects on its users. According to Michael C.

Burton, there are growing signs that excessive use of direct

messaging, especially Twitter, leads to an erosion of the English

language… teachers are noticing more punctuation errors, spelling

mistakes, and inconsistent capitalization usually found only in text

messages and Twitter posts. More students are failing English exams

due to a lack of basic grammar skills.” This shows that Twitter affects

the grammar and the vocabulary of the application users. They lose
their capability to construct strong sentences due to the lack of space

on a Twitter post.

It influences the daily lives of the students and their works at

school. A few may disapprove to this fact due to their belief that Twitter

benefit teens to become more innovative and concise. Nevertheless,

this application is like a post-it-note which can be an advantage to

some users who post a brief note or updates, though it doesn't

completely get one's finished point over.

-How does Twitter influence how we communicate?

Twitter also influence the way we communicate. The limited

characters power a brisk tone in messages and kills the presence of

subtlety. This can be reduced through "threaded tweets,” however their

viability relies upon how the gathering of people gets the message.

The quickness of Twitter enables individuals to distribute through

more "continuous flow" opinion as opposed to increasingly considered

and sharpened "official" explanations. On Twitter, truth is increasingly

moldable and dinky, taking into consideration further probability of

gathering of people individuals perusing a similar message in totally

unique ways.

- Advantages and disadvantages of Twitter

Twitter has become an essential application to our everyday

lives, specifically the youths because it allows them to efficiently create

a Twitter profile. The genuine uniqueness of Twitter compared with

other social media app like Facebook is its effortlessness and clear

methodology.

Twitter helps students to be more straightforward in a concise

manner which can be an excellent skill for them. Another benefit of this

social media application for students is that it can help them to be

updated with what is happening to our surrounding through tweets that

have news articles, reports and some informative links. With this, it can

expand student’s knowledge and can help them in their education.

 On the negative side, Twitter can likewise divert students who

are engaging in their studies. They can lose control in using Twitter

and be an addict. As a result of this, their grades may suffer. Some

students are not vigilant of what they are posting and sharing on

Twitter. It is essential to really think before you tweet something.

Twitter also has a negative impact on the psychology of students which

turns out to be a depressive effect.

- What Are the Benefits of Twitter?

Twitter let us share information ranging from important news to

funny jokes. This sharing capability gave Twitter users numerous

advantages and benefits.

Twitter enables people to stay connected with their loved ones.

By sharing daily happenings, people let their families and friends in

touch with them.

 By regularly opening Twitter, people can stay updated about

current issues in our society. Since Twitter contains a vast amount of

information, Twitter users can visit it to gain knowledge about things

like product and destinations.

- Reasons You Absolutely Need to Be On Twitter

Many people do not fully understand what Twitter is. This is the

reason why many do not even want to use it. But little do they know,

Twitter does more than what we think.

If you want to keep yourself updated on news about your favorite

pop cultures (music & films), famous personalities, sports, and even

about the latest happenings, Twitter will be very beneficial for you.

If you’re that kind of person who was sense of humor, Twitter is

a perfect way to entertain yourself. Jokes and punchlines circulate

around Twitter.
 Twitter only allows limited number of characters for a post. This

make every shared content shot, concise, and can be easily

understood.

- Why Are Teens So Addicted to Twitter?

Nowadays, teens became so obsessed on using Twitter. A large

percentage of Twitter users are teenagers. This growing Twitter mania

among teens can be explained psychologically.

Social media like Twitter give kids and teens connection with

other people which will be very useful for the development of their

identity. Another reason why teens love Twitter so much is because it

gives them direct connection with their favored celebrities. Twitter is

basically giving teens what they want.

But all of these pleasures brought by social media come at a

price. Teens became so attached to it that they spend most of their

time on it. It deprives teens a chance to improve academic

performance, sleep, and personal interactions. That’s why spending

some time out of the internet is important.

- Politweets: The Growing Use of Twitter and Social Media for Politics.

Numbers are significant in Twitter. A content supporting a

candidate, policy or movement could have huge effect. Like when a

person has 500 followers & they have published a post supporting a

candidate or an issue concerning a political discussion, let say at least

100 of his followers may see the content, & 20 of them may have

changed their perception regarding the political issue/discussion.

Whether you like it or not, lawmakers using twitter to further

spread their political agenda is functioning & will remain to be of use

by them. Trump will continue to push his agenda; his

opponents/followers will continually spread their beliefs, & tweet by any

lawmakers will circulate through the world. This is a trend that will

continue to break through the coming elections. It is also a medium

that can either improve or destroy the political world.

- Why Has Twitter Become So Popular?

Twitter & Facebook are different in some ways, both take

advantage of what they’re good at to gain fame & users. Facebook is

about dealing with users you know, publishing updates, viewing

images & staying in touch. Twitter has this component as well, but it

lets you do it with complete strangers. Users are given the experience

of who they want to follow & who they deal with. Which is more eye

catching? A baby picture from your co-worker or updates from your

favorite sports team & comedian?

The good thing that Twitter has is that when it gets a sense of

who you are & your interests, it will recommend other users for you to

follow that also have the same hobbies you like. Importantly, it is taking

every bits of information from you & turning them into relevant

experiences for you as an individual.

-How Does Twitter Decide What Is Trending?

Twitter’s algorithm on trends is decided by looking through sharp

spikes rather than steady & sustained development, data scientist

Gilad Lotan has said. Trends are decided by a combination of volume

& how much it takes to create that volume.

In Washington, a post article “Why Didn’t #FreddieGray Trend on

Twitter?” is widely talked about. It is because the amount of posts using

this hashtag built up overtime, the size of volume increased at same

speed of traffic. Since there were no spikes in the use of that hashtag,

it didn’t trend, the Twitter conversation simply formed overtime.

- How Twitter has changed the world

All attention is on twitter, after the social networking site revealed

its fourth-quarter profit. After having a revenue of $910M & a net loss

of $90M, shares were down by more than 11%.

Twitter campaigns brought awareness to the 267 Chibok girls

that were kidnapped. After a few weeks, the hashtag had already been

used a million times. The question if this “clicktivism” really does make

a change or are the users just doing this so they may feel that they are
doing something positive. With these millions of hashtags & retweets,

the international attention was caught, otherwise it will just be some

issue that was left hanging, if it were not for the hashtag.

To some skeptics, it may seem like Twitter is just for selfies,

ramblings & food shots. But with these, a person named Virgin had

donated over 300,000 meals through the help of #mealformeal

campaign. And another #NoMakeUpSelfie campaign had raised

millions of cancer study. They’re just one of those online actions that

can turn into a positive change in the real world.

- Positive Effects of Using Twitter

As we can prove the many negative effects of using Twitter, it also

has positive effects to the users. In the present society we are living,

most of the people that are more focus in networking, social media,

communicating and even working through the internet have positive

outcomes and benefits to the people who are using it. One of the

positive effects is the way in how we interact with people including

strangers are developed and improved. With this continuous

interactions and communication, we probably become more

successful in our life. Through this our networking skills enhances as

time passed by so in the future we are able to achieve in having and

accommodating many clients, jobs and especially properties.

Caroline Haythornthwaite and Lori Kendall, the two professors

from the University of Illinios who studied computer mediated

communication and the internet. They believe socializing especially on

twitter can cause positive effects to the youth. Haythornthwaite stated

that, “in its earliest incarnation, the online world was considered

separate, and it was not viewed as a serious venue for work or

business. But as more people have come online, the more online

communication has become the norm. So it isn’t thought of as a

separate realm anymore, but one that merges and overlaps with our

daily activities.” What she is trying to tell is before, the real world is

separate from the online world and they thought that it is impossible to

do jobs online. Also, as people explore the online world the more they

interact and communicate with other people and today we believe that

they become one because it is part of our daily activities and more in

our jobs.
- Why Twitter?

In the old days, snapchat is popular because of secret

conversations that parents can’t trace but in the other hand, Twitter is

like an open forum through by tweeting about what is your status right

now or what are you feeling right now and all of the users can see

those. That’s why people chose snapchat than twitter and they only

need on Twitter is to follow the celebrities and other popular people

and not by communication. On the show #AskGaryVee Show of Garry

Vaynerchuck, he had two teen co-host and they talk about how

musical.ly explodes with the teens. So he asked Ariel and Ariana in

what is the most popular app in their High School life. They answered

that it is Twitter and Garry was shocked because he was expecting that

the two co-hosts will answer either Snapchat or Musical.ly.

After the show, he searched for information and he concluded that

there is a rising happens in the growth of the Twitter users. So Garry

made an early thesis of “Twitter has momentum with teenagers

because it provides a platform for natural communication.” On other

social media like Snapchat and Facebook, most of the conversations

there is one-on-one or in private messages. For example when you

post a story in Snapchat and someone commented in your post, only

you can see it and it will disappear after some time. While in Facebook,

it is hard to follow the conversation in the comment section in what you

have posted or shared. There is also in Facebook’s Messenger of the

people sharing their status privately. So if there will be a scenario in

High School of a gossip about the biggest break-up of the popular

students in your school, there will be too many news about this in all of

the social media apps, but Twitter will be the largest source of their

news. What is good in Twitter, is they allow all of the users to open up

conversations they want, to post a status that all of the members of the

community can see and they can share their thoughts, feelings and

even pictures and videos.

- Suicide Will Never Be an Option

Social media, especially Twitter, somehow is the cause of an

individual to commit suicide. There is an incident of a student at

Rosenberg’s BF Terry High School in the USA who committed suicide

because no one believes and listen to her. Her name is Ashley

Billasano. Six hours before she took her life, she posted 144 tweets

that there are 500 people who can see these tweets. She is trying to

reach out and to get someone who will listen to her but no one did. For

the sake of her, policemen removed all of her tweets and made her

death unclear to all. The main reason why she comes up in this

situation because before, she experienced to be molested or sexually

harassed and she has been forced to be a prostitute. She also

experienced that police who are in authority who didn’t believe in what

she said about the misdeed things that happened to her by other

people and didn’t take any actions to this. This is very disappointing.

We cannot blame all of her 500 followers for taking an action in

what is happening in the 6 hours of her tweeting. Some are just

scrolling down and ignoring it and there are innocent users who do not

understand what is happening. Also, not all of her followers are her

friends and not all the time the users are online. But it is disappointing

to the users who saw her tweets that didn’t take a move to help her,

cheer her up and making her feel that she is not alone.
 In this incident we learned that we are more focusing on cyber-

bullying than “cyber-helping”, due to this we are not fully educated in

this. For this to attain we need to let our parents, teachers or other

adults who already have experiences for to help us when we cannot

take our struggles and problems so that we will not come up to this

kind of incident.

-Advantages & Disadvantages of Twitter

In an article published online by Wagner (2018) entitled

Twitter is wondering whether Twitter is bad for society, he argued that

we have seen and experienced troll armies, misinformation

campaigns, abuse, and harassment on the contents being posted and

shared on Twitter. Hence, Twitter had a plan of measuring health

conversations just what like Facebook is trying to do.

 Moreover, he stated that there are indicators that Twitter

could use in measuring the health conversations of its users: (a)

Shared attention; (b) Shared reality; (c) Variety; (d) Receptivity. Twitter

also sought help by issuing a request for proposal (RFP) to cast the

widest net possible for great ideas and implementations of the said

indicators.

-Twitter as an Education Instrument

We are very familiar with different social networking sites,

particularly Twitter. Some views Twitter as a cliché social media

platform before, but now, it is considered as a medium of educating

today’s generation. We use Twitter to express what we feel or even

what we think. But as time passes by, they innovate it and use it as a

way of engaging with students. One of its example is the poll questions,

wherein everybody may engage and answer it. There are also

instances where one will ask a question by simply tweeting it and you

can answer by just replying on his tweet.

 Some teachers use these techniques to improve their

engagement with their students. In actuality, one of Twitter’s feature

force students to summarize their thoughts because of the limited 140-

characters. Since it is limited, students tend to wrap up all their ideas

and just point out important details. Twitter also creates young

journalists, students engage and participate on current issues and

news. Somehow, it also became a way of communicating with some

professional people. Students interact with working individual which

may be their mentor on their future path. Undeniably, Twitter influences

students by expanding and nurturing them with information and

knowledge.

- The Effects & Use of Twitter

Chris Buddle discussed the effects of Twitter in the learning

process and participation of students in his article for the Arthropod

Ecology in 2015. According to him, there are many positive stories

about Twitter being used in education. In his field biology class, they

tried to discuss the effects and usefulness of Twitter. In their survey,

they have found out the following: a) The students tweeted 200% more
than what was being asked as part of their school work; b) They use

Twitter in many ways from casual conversation to topics involving their

courses; c) They use the 56% of the time in communicating with their

instructors, 27% with their peers, and 17% with people not involved in

their courses; d) The 94 % (either ‘yes’ or ‘somewhat’) felt that

communication among their groups is useful to their learning, and 78%

felt that because of Twitter, they were able to communicate more;

e)The 67% (either ‘yes’ or ‘somewhat’) of them answered that Twitter

created an effect on how they participate with their courses; f) The 78%

(either ‘yes’ or ‘somewhat’) answered that Twitter is a good instrument

in helping them learn in the classroom.

Buddle and his group also found that most of the students

claimed that after the class, they prefer to use other social media tools

like Facebook; however, they also said that Twitter is still useful despite

them having their own personal opinions. The results of their research

are great and suggested that there are positive reasons to use Twitter

and other social media tools in an undergraduate class. Buddle also

reminded that Twitter is not a tool for all, and that it might not be useful

in all contexts, but the results of their survey says something about the
important role of Twitter in helping to develop more engagement

among students. It also helps create a new form of learning society

which can include good audiences from around the world.

-Twitter’s Negative Effects

a. Do you go through over two hours of the day via web-based

networking media? Spending too much time on long range informal
communication locales could be antagonistically influencing your
temperament. Indeed, you're bound to report poor emotional well-
being, including indications of tension and sadness.

So how to utilize web based life without causing yourself mental

pain? On the off chance that you swing to a similar research (and
presence of mind), the prescribed measure of time you ought to
spend on informal organizations is 30 minutes out of each day. Along
these lines, as with such a large number of things throughout
everyday life, it's about balance.

b. Prior to internet based life, harassing was something just

done eye to eye. Nonetheless, presently, somebody can be harassed
online secretly. Today everybody comprehends what cyberbullying is,
and a large portion of us have seen what it can do to an individual.
Also, since screens shroud our faces, you can even be a yank on
destinations like Reddit without acknowledging it.

While web based life made making companions simpler, it

additionally made it less demanding for predators to discover
unfortunate casualties. The obscurity that informal communities give
can be utilized by the culprits to pick up individuals' trust and after
that threaten them before their companions.

c. These online assaults regularly leave profound mental scars

and even drive individuals to suicide sometimes. You'll be astounded
to discover that cyberbullying isn't simply influencing children, yet in
addition full developed grown-ups.

On the off chance that you are being bothered on the web,
realize that you're not the only one, and that you can make strides so
as to get back your respect.

d. Dread of Passing up a major opportunity (FOMO) is a marvel

that was conceived in the meantime as Facebook—and it's a
standout amongst the most widely recognized negative impacts of
internet based life. FOMO is fundamentally a type of uneasiness that
you get when you're frightened of passing up a positive ordeal or
feelings that another person is getting.

This dread is continually filled by your online networking

commitment. The more you utilize informal communities, the almost
certain you are to see that somebody is having some good times that
you are at the present time. Also, that is actually what causes FOMO.

e. This one likely does not shock anyone, yet online life causes
you to shape unreasonable desires forever and fellowships. The
systems that do it most are Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat.
Those are the web based life stages that extremely need online
credibility.
 One basic way out of this is for everybody to stop lying via web-
based networking media. However, in the period of Instagram famous
people and YouTubers who procure millions, that won't occur at any
point in the near future.

f. Over expanded rates of tension and discouragement,

investing excessively energy in web based life can prompt poor rest.
Various investigations have appeared expanded utilization of internet
based life negatively affects your rest quality. If you have an
inclination that your rest designs have turned out to be sporadic and
this is influencing your profitability, attempt and abstain from investing
a lot of energy in web based life. On the off chance that despite
everything you experience difficulty resting, here are some more
traps to assist you with sleeping calmly.

g. Online life is frequently depicted as being more addictive

than cigarettes and liquor. With the most noticeably bad online
networking applications being Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat
with regards to enslavement.

Don't know whether you're dependent on your informal

organizations? Think when was the last time you went an entire day
without checking your online life accounts? Imagine a scenario in
which your most loved informal organizations totally vanished
tomorrow; would it make you feel vacant and discouraged.

h. On the off chance that you simply acknowledged you're

dependent via web-based networking media, don't stress, as the
greater part of us are there with you in fluctuating degrees. What's
more, it's not really motivation to go and clear yourself off each one of
those interpersonal interaction stages.
 Be that as it may, on the off chance that you think stopping is
the best answer for you, we won't stop you. Actually, one of our
authors took a stab at stopping online life once, and it was a
fascinating background.

(Local)

- Philippines has 9.5M Twitter users, ranks 10th

Seven years ago, the Philippines became the top ten among the

list of countries with the highest number of Twitter users. More than

nine million people in the Philippines are Twitter users. This

achievement show how active Filipinos are when it comes to social

networking sites.
 Filipinos’ active engagement on social media was observed

during calamities like floods. Filipino internet users spread crucial

information about the situation through Twitter and helped a lot of

affected citizens as a result.

-#WhatsHappening: Here's how Pinoys use hashtags.

Today marks the 11th birth of hashtag in the Philippines. Since

then, Filipinos have created record-breaking hashtags that have been

popular not only in the Philippines but also around the world.

Twitter has been a place for brand campaigns. Discussion about

these brands are driven by hashtags. These hashtags are also used in

expressing one’s love & support for an idol. It keeps a huge role in

updating people on national news & stories, government agencies also

use this. Filipinos also make use of hashtags to have their sentiment

about a competition, national celebration or advocacies.

- Twitter in The Philippines

Twitter, one of the social media app in the world is on ongoing

growth in numbers of users in South East Asia. Arvinder Gujral,

Twitter’s managing director and senior business director in the

Philippines, informed the journalist in the manila that the population

growth of twitter users increased by 12% and the fact is in South East

Asian Region especially the Philippines are the big contributors of this

growth. Twitter was established in 2006 and in this year they

experienced the struggle in their profit because they were just starting.

But in 2017 the effect in the increase of the twitter users, they have their

first ever big profit. Gujral also stated that twitter is in continues growth

in the past 5 quarters of the year and over 330 million are active users

in the world.

According to Gurjal, most of the users in the Philippines are

millennials and there is an equal user between males and females which

is unusual because, in other social media, males are more to be the

users. Entertainment such as television shows and competition, sports,

news and announcements for the government are the areas where the
users are interested. Due to the enjoyment in tweeting and reading

series of tweets, Twitter changed their policies of 140-character

limitation in composing a tweet to 280 characters for the users to stay

and to continue in tweeting.