UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO Z3 consisted of separate units
- punch tape reader
COMPUTER
LESSON 1 THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
Computer – originally meant a person capable of
performing basic numerical calculation with the help of
the mechanical computing device.
1930 – is the year the evolution of computer started
in 1642 - History of computer dates back to the
invention of a mechanical adding machine
Abacus (also called a counting frame) – is a
calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for
performing arithmetic processes
- Known as early computing tool
Abacist –is the term called for the user of an abacus
who slides the beads of the abacus by hand
John Napier – was invented the logarithm
William Oughtred – invented the slide rules
First Generation (Vacuum Tubes) 1930-
1954 - Computer in this generation was expensive and
bulky.
- It used machine language for computing and could
solve problem at a time.
- Computers during this phase could not support
multitasking task.
Vacuum tube, electron tube, thermionic valve, or
valve - Is a device used to amplify, switch, otherwise
modify, or create an electrical signal by controlling the
movement of electrons in a low-pressure space.
John V. Atanasoff – devised the first digital electronic
computer in 1937
November 1939 – when Atanasoff and Berry came up
with ABC prototype
Konrad Zuse’s electromechanical “Z machine”
especially the Z3 of 1941 – was a notable
achievement in the evolution of computers.
- It was the first machine to include binary and floating
point numbers
- control unit
- floating-point arithmetic unit
- input/output devices
Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator
(ENIAC) in 1946 – the United States Army’s Ballistic
Research Laboratory came up with this.
- It came to be known as the first general purpose
electronic computer
- It was a turning-complete, digital computer capable of
being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing
problems.
- It was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for
the U.S Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory, but its first
use was in calculations for the hydrogen bomb.
Computer during 1946 – is capable of storing and
saving programs of Vonn Neuman
Second Generation (Punched
card/transistor) 1954-1959 – during this
generation, transistor made computers smaller and
cheaper
- They made computers energy efficient
- transistor were responsible for the emission of large
amount of heat from the computer
Punch card or punched card (or punchcard or
Hollerith card or IBM card) – is a piece of stiff paper
that contains digital information represented by the
presence or absence of holes in predefined positions
- Early digital computers used it as the primary medium
for input of both computer programs and data, with
offline data entry on key punch
Stanford Research Institute – brought about ERMA,
Electronic Recording Machine Accounting project, which
dealt with the automation of the process of
bookkeeping in banking.
In 1959 – the general electric corporation delivered its
ERMA computing system to the Bank of America in
California
ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting)
- was a pioneering computer development project run
at SRI under contract to Bank of America in order to
automate banking bookkeeping
Third Generation (Chip/Integrated Circuit
“IC”) 1959-1971 – semi-conductors increased its
speed and efficiency of the computer
Integrated Circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit,
microchip, silicon chip,or chip) – is a miniaturized
electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor
devices, as well as passive components) that has been
manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of
semiconductor material
- Are used in almost all electronic equipment in use
today and have revolutionized the world of electronics
Hybrid integrated circuit – is a miniaturized
electronic circuit constructed of individual
semiconductor devices, as well as passive components,
bonded to a substrate or circuit board.
PDP-8 – the first minicomputer launched by DEC in
1968
In 1969 – the development of Arpanet began with the
financial banking of the department of defense
Fourth Generation (Microprocessor) 1971-
1991
In 1971 – Intel produced large-scale integration circuits
1972 – Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessor
Microprocessor – incorporates most or all of the
functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC).
Fifth Generation (Under the Development)
1991- beyond – computer system under this
generation are going to be based on principles of
Artificial Intelligence and natural Language recognition
LESSON 2 WHAT IS A COMPUTER
Computer – is a system consisting of two different
components, hardware and software.
- it is also known as a single component that does the
actual computing
- it is a data processor
-it can execute programs written in other language if
they are first translated into machine language
Processor – is a device inside your computer that
follows a program instruction
- it is called as the CPU or the Central processing
Unit
- can follow simple instruction only
Program – is simply a set of instructions meant to be
followed mechanically by a computer
Computer – is built to carry out instructions that are
written in a very simple type of language called
Machine Language
Random Access Memory (RAM) – the computer’s
main memory
Memory – can hold date that is being used or
processed by the program
Main memory – consist of a sequence of locations.
These locations are numbered
Address – is the sequence number of location
- it provides a way of picking out one particular piece of
information from among the millions stored in memory
Machine Language instructions – are expressed as
binary numbers
Binary number – is made up of just two possible digits,
zero and one.
FOUR PARTS OF COMPUTER
1. Hardware – it is the physical parts that make up the
computer
- is the tangible parts of the computer that you can
touch
- it consist of interconnected electronic devices that you
can use to control the computers operation, input and
output
Devices – refer to any piece of hardware (eg: mouse,
CPU, speaker)
2. Software – is the set of instructions that makes the
computer perform tasks.
- it tells the computer what to do
Program – refers to any software
3. Users – people are the computer operator, also
known as users.
4. Data – consist of individual facts or bits of
information, which by themselves may not make sense
to a person
- it is organized into files
Files – is simply a set of data that has been given a
name
Document – is a file that the user can open and use
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER
1. The computer has the ability to perform arithmetic
operation like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division
2. The computer can perform relational and logical
operations
3. A computer has a storage area called memory, the
reason why the computer has the ability to store and
retrieve information
4. The computer has the ability to process information
at a very high speed
5. The computer can direct itself in a predetermine
manner without human intervention
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. Computers do not think for you
2. The computer cannot correct inaccurate data
3. The computer is subject to breakdown
USES OF COMPUTER
1. Personal Computing – at home, these computers
can be used for applications
- in small businesses, computers can be used for:
Word Processing – is a software that allows users to
enter, store, manipulate and print text (letters, reports)
Desktop publishing – is software that allows users to
produce near type-set-quality copy of newsletter,
advertisements, and other publishing jobs.
Electronic spreadsheet – is a software that permits
users to work with numbers formatted in lines and
columns normally used for accounting jobs
Database – permits users to create and maintain
several files and extract in an easy convenient manner
2. Science and Research – engineers ad scientist
use computers as a tool in experimentation and
design.
3. Information System/data Processing –
computers are used to support the administrative
aspects of an organization
4. Education – computers can interact with
students to enhance the learning process
5. Medicine -
6. Artificial Intelligence –
LESSON 3 NUMBER SYSTEM
Number system – is a set of numbers, together with
one or more operations, such as addition or
multiplication
Examples of number system:
Natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, algebraic
numbers, real numbers, complex numbers, p-adic
numbers, surreal numbers, and hyperreal numbers
Bit & Byte
Bit – a binary digit
- there are two possible states, usually expressed as 0
and 1
A series of eight bits strung together makes a byte
In the Binary System – there can be only two choices
for this number – either a “0” or a “1”
In the Octal System – there can be eight possibilities:
“0”, “1”, “2”, “3”, “4”, “5”, “6”, “7”
In the Decimal System – there are ten different
numbers that can enter the digit box: “0”, “1”, “2”, “3”,
“4”, “5”, “6”, “7”, “8”, “9”
In the Hexadecimal System – we allow 16 numbers:
“0”, “1”, “2”, “3”, “4”, “5”, “6”, “7”, “8”, “9”, “A”, “B,
“C”, “D”, “E”, “F”
Binary Numeral System or base-2 Number System
– represents numeric values using two symbols, 0 and 1
- used internally by all modern computers
Decimal (base ten) Number System – used in
mathematics for writing numbers and performing
arithmetic
The Dewey Decimal System – a subject classification
system used in libraries
The Decimal Currency System – where each unit of
currency can be divided into 100 sub-units
LESSON 4 LOOKING INSIDE THE COMPUTER
FOUR PARTS OF HARDWARE
1. Processor – is like the brain of computer
- It organizes and carries out instructions that come
from either the user or the software
Processing – the procedure that transforms raw data
into a useful one
Microprocessors (sometimes called chips) – which
are slivers of silicon or other material etched with many
tiny electronic circuits
- it is plugged into the computers motherboard
Motherboard – is a rigid rectangular card containing
the circuitry that connects the processor to the other
hardware
- is an example of circuit board
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – refers to a
computers processor and people often refer to
computer systems
2. Memory – is like an electronic scratch pad inside the
computer
-is commonly used to mean RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) –is the most common
type of memory
- the more RAM the computer has, the more it can do,
and the more faster it can perform a certain task
UNITS OF MEASURE FOR COMPUTER
MEMORY AND STORAGE
-kilobyte (KB)
- Megabyte (MB)
- Gigabyte (GB)
- terabyte (TB)
3 PARTS OF MEMORY
1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) –perform all
arithmetic operations and logical processes required to
solve a computer problem
2. Control Unit – is the little supervisor of the CPU
- It directs and coordinates the Operation of the entire
computer according to the instructions laid out in the
program
3. Memory – this is the storage area of the hardware
which contains the program and data being worked
with by the computer
- It can also called “primary memory” or “main
memory”
THE MAIN MEMORY CONTAINS TWO
TYPES OF MEMORY
1. ROM (Read Only Memory) – contains all system
program that are used for start up operations of the
computer
2. RAM (Random Access Memory) – it is a non-
permanent type of memory
- it is the computer scratch pad
3. Input and Output Devices
Input Devices – accept data and instructions from the
user or from another computer system (such as
computer on internet)
Keyboard – is the most common input device which
accept letters, numbers, and commands from the users
Mouse – is another important type of input device
which lets you select option from on-screen menus
OTHER POPULAR INPUT DEVICES
Mouse, trackball, and touchpad – enable you to
draw or point on the screen
Joystick – is especially well suited for playing fast
moving video games
Scanner – can copy a printed graphic page of text into
the computer’s memory
Digital Cameras – record live images that can be
viewed and edited on the computer
Microphone or CD Player – attached to the computer
enables you to add the sound of a voice or a music
selection
Output Devices – return processed data to the user or
to another computer system
- The function is to present processed data to the user
Monitor and Printer – are the most common output
device
4. Storage – the purpose it to hold data permanently
- as an electronic file cabinet and Ram as an electronic
workable
There are many types of storage device including:
Tape drives, optical drives, and removable hard drives
Magnetic disk – is the most common storage medium
Disk – is a round, flat object that spins around its center
Read/write heads – which are similar to the heads of
a tape recorder or VCR, are used to read data from the
disk or write data onto the disk
Disk drives – is the device that holds a disk
Hard disk – serves as the computers primary filing
cabinet
- It can store for more data than a diskette can contain
Diskette drives – allow you to use removable diskettes
(floppy disks)
Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) drive
– is another common type of storage device
- as the name implies, you cannot change the
information on the disk just as you cannot record over
an audio CD
Compact disk (CD) – are type of optical device,
identical to audio CDs
Digital Video Disk (DVD) – is revolutionizing home
entertainment
UNIT 2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
LESSON 1 WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE
Word Processing Program and Their Uses
Word Processing Software or also called Word
Processor – is an application that provides extensive
tools for creating all kinds of text-based documents
Word Processor – are not limited to working with text
- It enables you to add images to your documents and
design documents that look like a product of
professional print shop
The Word Processors Interface
Document Area or document window – is the place
where you view the document
SEVERAL SETS OF TOOLS:
 Menu Bar – which displays titles of menus (list
of commands and options)
 Toolbars – which displays button of frequently
used commands
 Rulers – which show you the position of text,
tabs, margins, indents, and other elements on
the page
 Scroll Bar – which lets you scroll through a
document that is too large to fit I side the
document area
 Status Bar – which displays information related
to your position in the documents, the page
count, and the status of keyboard keys
Entering and Editing Text
Entering text – is a process which you create a
document by typing on the keyboard
In a new document, the program places a blinking
insertion point (called cursor) in the upper left
corner of the document window.
Word Wrap – when your text reaches the right edge of
the screen, it automatically moves the insertion point to
the next line
End of a paragraph – is the only time you need to
press enter
To start a new paragraph – press enter
Editing the document – is the changing an existing
document
Block – is a contiguous group of characters, words,
lines, sentences or paragraphs in your document that
you mark for editing
Formatting Text
Most formatting features fall into three categories:
1. Character Format – includes setting the control
attributes of individual text such as:
 Fonts – refers to the characteristics of the
letters, symbols, and punctuation marks in your
document
 Type Size – a font is measure in points. A most
common font size in business documents is 12-
point type.
 Type Style –the appearance of the character
can be controlled with the type style. The most
common type style are bold, italic and
underline
2. Paragraph Format – includes setting which are
applied only to one or more entire paragraph such as:
 Line spacing – it is the amount of space
between each line of text in a paragraph. It can
be single-spaced, double-spaced, or set for an
amount of spacing between the lines that you
select
 Paragraph Spacing - it is the amount of space
between each paragraph
 Indents – determine how close each line of a
paragraph comes to the margins
 Alignment – refers to the orientation of the
lines of a paragraph with respect to the
margins. There are four alignment: left, right,
center and justified
 Tab Stops – the keyboard tab key moves the
insertion point forward until it encounters a tab
stop (or just a tab), inserting a fix number of
space in the line
 Borders and Shading – paragraph can be
formatted with borders and shading. Border is
a line that is drawn on one or more side of
paragraph. Shading consists of pattern or color
that is displayed as a background of the text in a
paragraph. Drop Shadow is a partial shadow
around a bordered paragraph, which create the
illusion that the paragraph is “floating” above
the page
3. Document Format – include the size of the
page, its orientation, and headers and footers.
standard document format include:
 Margins – are the white borders around
the edge of the page. Every document has
top, bottom, left, and right margins
 Page Size – documents are set up to fit 8 ½
by 11 inch paper, a standard known as
letter size paper. Legal size (8 ½ by 14 inch
paper)
 Orientation – document dimension is also
determined by the orientation of the paper.
Portrait orientation (or tall orientation)
where the document is taller than its wide.
Landscape orientation (or wide
orientation) in which the paper is turned
on its side
 Header and footers – are line of text that
run along the top and bottom of every page
 Columns – are effective formats for certain
types of document
 Section – word processor allow you to
divide a document into sections and apply
different format to each section
Special Features of word Processing
Software
Language Tools – these tools include the following:
 Spell checker – catch spelling mistakes as you
type or use it to review an entire document for
spelling error. A spell checker matches each
word in a document against a built in dictionary
containing standard spelling
 Grammar checkers – these compare each
sentence to a set of standard grammatical rules,
notifies you if it finds a potential problems and
providing grammatical correct options
 Thesaurus – an electronic thesaurus is just like
a printed one-a source of alternatives words
Tables – are also useful in arranging images (such as
clip art or photographs) on a page and for arranging
images and text in interesting ways.
Mail merge – is the process of combining a form letter
with the contents of database usually name and
address. List-so that each copy of the letter has one
entry form the database printed on it.
Adding Graphics and Sound – with a word processor,
you can easily add graphic, images-photos, drawings, or
clip-art-to your documents
Templates – are per-designed documents that are
blank except for present margins, fonts, paragraphs
formats, headings, rulers, graphics, header, footers.
LESSON 2 SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE
Spreadsheet Program and Their Uses
Spreadsheet Program – is a software tool for
entering, calculating, manipulating and analyzing sets of
numbers.
The Spreadsheet Interface
Worksheet (or a sheet) – it is a document you
actually work in a spreadsheet program
Workbook (which is called notebook) – where you
can collect related worksheet
A typical spreadsheet also interface also provides a:
 Main menu bar, toolbars, a special formula
bar – where you can create or edit data and
formulas in the worksheet
 Scroll Bar – help you navigate a large
worksheet
 Status bar – at the bottom of the window, tells
you specific information about the worksheet
Empty worksheet (one without any data) – looks
like a grid of rows and columns
Cell – is the intersection of any column and row
Entering Data in a Worksheet – a worksheet
can hold several types of data including labels(ordinary
text), values (numbers), dates, and formulas
(statements that perform a calculation).
Cell pointer – is a rectangular that makes the active
cells borders look bold
 Labels – worksheet can contain text-called
labels (name for data values)- as well as values
and formulas. In spreadsheet, text usually is
used to identify a value or series of values (as in
row or column heading), or to describe the
content of a specific cell (such as total). Labels
help you make sense of a worksheet contents.
 Value – is any number you enter or number
that results from a computation
 Dates – are necessary part of most worksheets,
and spreadsheet programs can work with date
information in many ways.
 Formulas – which calculate numbers based on
values or formulas in other cells
 Functions – spreadsheet come with many built
in formula called functions that perform
specialized calculations automatically. Count
Function which counts many values in a range
of cells. Arguments are the values (often called
cell reference) that the function uses in its
operation
Analyzing data in a Spreadsheet
 Analysis – is the process of using spreadsheet
to test how alternative scenario affect numeric
results
  Goal Seeking – finds values for one or more
cells that make the results of a formula equal to
a value you specify
 Sorting – you arrange it in a specific manner
based on certain criteria, such as by date, dollar
amount, or alphabetically
LESSON 3 PRESENTAION PROGRAMS
Presentation Programs Basics
Presentation Programs – provides powerful design
tools that make it easy to anyone to outline, create,
edit, arrange, and display complex slides presentations
Creating Presentation
Presentation template – is a pre-designed document
that already has coordinating fonts, a layout, and a
background
Formatting Slides
 Formatting text – text in slide is usually in the
form of tiles, headings, and lists. To format text,
you select it, and then apply formats by using
the toolbars or menu options
 Resizing Formats – Resizing is easy by using
frames that surround most of the elements in a
slide. To resize, click it; several handles will
appear around it. Handles are small boxes
(usually white or black in color) that you can
drag to resize the frame
 Adding Colors – it enables you to create a
wide range of moods for your presentation
 Adding Background or Shading – you can
add depth to a plain presentation by giving it a
shaded background and by placing borders
around certain elements. Borders separate
different elements and help hold the viewer
attention or individual parts of the slide.
Shaded background provide depth and can
make static information appear dynamic.
Gradient fill changes color as it moves from
one part of the slides to another
Special Features of Presentation Programs
 Outlining – outlining tools enable you to
organize your slides content as you create them
by rearranging and viewing them in order
 Annotation – speaker often prepares a set of
notes (called annotation) to accompany his
slides
 Animation – you can use animation tools to
make text pop up or crawl into the screen, or to
make your slides ‘build’ themselves by adding
individual pieces of text that appear as you
introduce them to the audience. Animated
transitions a special effect that causes slide to
blend together when you switch from one slide
to the next
 Sound and Video – slide presentation can be
full-fledge multimedia events. You can embed a
sound or video object into a slide, then, play the
object by double clicking its icon during
presentation
 Other Embedded Objects – you can embed
different types of objects, such as links to Web
page or other applications, in a slide in a
presentation
Presenting Slides Shows
 On the PCs Screen
 On a large Format Monitor
 On a Television Screen
 From a Digital Projector
Basic Design Principles
 Keep it short and simple
 Be consistent
 Do not go overhead
 Practice, practice, practice
 Remember: Timing is everything
 Allow for audience reaction and interaction
LESSON 4 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Databases and Database Management
Systems
Database – is a collection of related data or facts
-contains a collection of related items or facts arranged
in a specific structure
Three of the most common terms to know about
database are:
 Fields – each piece of information
 Records – one full set of fields, that is, all the
related information about one person or object-
is called a record
 Tables – a complete collection of records
makes a table
Flat file ad Relational Database Structure
Flat file (or sequential file) – consist of a single data
table
- are useful for single-use or small group situations,
especially for maintaining lists such as an address lists
or inventories
Relational Database – a database made up of set of
tables-a common field existing in any two tables creates
a relationship between tables
Relational database Structure – is easily the most
prevalent in today’s business organization
A typical relational database likely would contain data,
such as:
 Customer information
 Employee information
 Vendor information
 Other Information
 Inventory Information
Database Management System (DBMS) – is a
software tool that allows people to store, access, and
process data or facts into useful information
- also provides tools that enable users to construct
special requests (called queries) to find a specific record
in the database
 Specify the field type
 Specify the field size
Understanding Field Types
 Text fields (also called character fields or
alphanumeric field) – accepts any string of
alphanumeric characters that are not used in
calculations
 Numeric fields – store purely numeric data.
The numbers in a numeric fields might
represent currency, percentages, statistics,
quantities, or any other values that can be used
in calculations
 Data field or time field – stores data dates or
time entries. This field type converts a date or
time into a numeric value, just as dates and
time as stored internally as serial number in
spreadsheet cells.
 Logical field (also called Boolean field) –
stores one of two possible values
Entering Data in a Table – entering data in a
database table is much like entering data in a
spreadsheet program.
Viewing Records – is the way data appears on
screen contributes to how well users can work with it.
 Filters – are database management feature for
displaying all selected list of subset of records
from a table
Sorting Records – one of the most powerful
features of a DBMS is its ability to sort a table of data,
either for a printed report or for display on the screen.
- sorting arranges records according to the
contents of one or more fields

Working with a database Querying a Database – in a manner similar to

entering sort condition, you can enter expressions or
Data management functions: criteria that:
 Creating table  Allow the DBMS to locate records
 Sorting records  Establish the relationship or links between
 Generating reports tables to update records
 Viewing records  Lists subset of records
 Perform calculations
 Creating queries
 Database obsolete records
 Perform other data management
Creating Database Tables
 Name the field
  Query/Queries – are user-constructed
statements that set conditions for selecting and
manipulating data
- it is a more powerful type of filter that
can gather information from multiple tables in a
relational database
Generating Reports
 Reports – is printed information that, like a
query result, is assembled by gathering data
based on ser-supplied criteria
- can arrange from simple lists of records to
customized formats for specific purposes, such as
invoices
- are user-generated sets of data usually printed
as document
UNIT 3 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET
Lesson 1 The Internet Then and Now
The Beginning of “Network of Networks”
1969 – the seeds of internet was planted
ARPA – Advance Research Projects Agency
ARPANET – is the resulting network
- was basically a large network serving only a handful or
users, but it expanded rapidly.
Host – is like a network, providing services to other
computer that connect to it
ARPANET Host Computers – provide file transfer and
communications services and connected systems access
to the networks high speed data lines
1973 – the network jumped across the Atlantic to
Norway and England and it never stop growing
National Science Foundation (NSF) – is another
federal agency in the mid of 980, joined the projects
after the Department of Defense drop its funding
- established five supercomputing centers that
were available to anyone who wanted to use them for
academic purposes
- created a new higher capacity network called
NSFNET
Internet – is other network and the link between the
ARPANET and NSFNET
- was created for the US Department of Defense
as a tool of communications
- is a global network of interconnected
networks
- carries messages, documents, programs and
data files that contain every imaginable kind of
information for business, educational institutions,
government agencies and individuals
One half billion of people – have access to the
internet, and the number of users continue to grow
A collection of networked network is described as
being inter-networked, which is where the internet
world wide network gets its name
Network backbone – is the central structure that
connects other elements of the network
1990 – the original ARPANET was shutdown
1995 – the ARPANET discontinued
Mid of 1990 – interest in the internet expands
dramatically
Using your Web Browser and the World
Wide Web
Web Browser – it is a special software program you
need to access the web
Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape
Navigator – are most popular Web Browser
Navigating the Web – means moving from one
web page to another or from one web site to another
 Web Page – is a document formatted with
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) tags
 Web Site – is a collection of related web pages
World Wide Web (WWW) – is one of the services
available through the internet
Using URL
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) – is a unique
address which every web page has
Using Hyperlinks
Hyperlink – is simply a part of the web page that is link
to the URL
Many web pages provide hyperlinked pictures or
graphical buttons- called Navigator tools- that direct
you to different pages, making it easier to find the
information you need
Searching the Web
 Directories – it enables you to search for
information by selecting categories of subject
matter
 Search Engine – lets you search for
information by typing one or more words
- this type of look-up is called keyword
 Meta search engine – is helpful if you are not
certain which keywords to use if you want to
get a very long list of website that meets your
criteria
Lesson 2 Getting Started in HTML Program
What do you need to begin designing a
home page? – you need a folder (also called a
directory)
- you should set up a folder or directory to hold
only your HTML files (also called documents) for the
web pages you are designing. Work in that folder only
You Don’t Need to be Connected to the
Internet
- you can write and design your HTML pages
(that is, your web pages) off-line.
- if all you are doing is designing and creating
web pages, you do not need to go to the internet
You Need a Browser
Internet Explorer and Firefox – are among today’s
most popular browsers for viewing web pages and for
surfing the Internet.
Netscape Navigator (also called Netscape
Communication) – is still being used by many surfers
In addition: today, web pages are being viewed in
browsers through cell/mobile phones, cars, televisions,
plus a host of hand-held wireless devices and
communicators
You Need a Word Processor
- you need a simple word processor such as
NotePad or WordPad.
-These simple word processors are also called
text editors and are ideal for creating web pages
- you can also use word processors such as
WordPerfect or Microsoft Word or Works but they
are not simple text editors. They include a lot of
formatting which we do not want
NotePad – many webmasters using this kind of word
processor which can be found in the Accessories (also
known as the Accessories “Group”)
Start Programs Accessories NotePad
WordPad – it allows for much larger files and is also
located in the Accessories folder
You Need to Have Both Your Browser and
Notepad Actively Running
- while you are working with one, the other is
sitting there in the background. This way you can
quickly switch back and forth between them.
Naming Your Web Page
- when you save your web page for the first
time, you need to give it a name and you also need to
add a suffix (an extension) to the name
The Name
- if you are not running at least Windows 95,
your file name is limited to a maximum of 8 characters
- it is strongly recommended that you do not
use spaces in the file name, the browser will replace the
space with a coding such as %20 so that the name “my
web page” will look like “my%20web%20page” which is
confusing and does not look good
The Suffix
- is an extension to the name and declares the
kind of document that it is.
 - In HTML, the suffix is either “.htm” or
“.html”
- you must use “.htm” if you are not running
Windows 95 or higher
Lesson 3 Introducing HTML Basic Tags
HTML – is a special kind of text document that is used
by web browser to present text and graphics.
<p> tag – defines a paragraph and using this tag places
a blank line above and below the text of the paragraph
Paragraph Justification
- paragraph can be formatted in HTML much
the same as you would expect to find in a word
processor.
justify – is the align attribute

The text includes mark-up tags such as: Example:

<p> to indicate the start of paragraph and </p> to <html>
indicate the end of paragraph <p align=”justify”>For instance, let’s say you had a
HUGE school or work.</p>
Start with a Title </html>
- Every HTML document needs a title and it
should be placed at the beginning of your document Paragraph Centering

Example: <title>My first HTML document</title> Example:

<html>
Add headings and Paragraphs <p align=”center”>For instance, let’s say you had a
HUGE school or work.</p>
- there are 6 levels of headings: H1 is the most
</html>
important, H2 is slightly less important, and so on down
to H6 the least important
Paragraph Align Right
Heading – is a title or subtitle
Example:
<html>
Example:
<p align=”right”>For instance, let’s say you had a HUGE
<html>
school or work.</p>
<title>My first HTML document</title>
</html>
<body>
<h1>Headings</h1>
<h2>are</h2> Line Breaks
<h3>great</h3> - are different than most of the tags we have
<h4>for</h4> seen so far.
<h5>titles</h5> - it ends the line you are currently on and
<h6>and subtitles</h6> resumes on the next line
</body> -placing <br> within the code is the same as
</html> pressing the return key in a word processor
-use the <br> tag within the <p> tag
Paragraph Tag <p>
- each paragraph you write should start with a Example:
<p> tag. </p> is optional, unlike the end tags for <html>
elements like headings <p>
Will Mateson<br>
Example: Box61<br>
<html> Cleveland, Ohio</br>
<p>This is the first paragraph.</p> </p>
</html>
<p>This is the second paragraph.</p>
</html>
HTML Horizontal Rule 3. Silver
- use the <hr> tag to display lines across the 4. White
screen 5. Yellow
6. Lime
Note: the horizontal rule tag has no ending tag like the 7. Aqua
line break tag 8. Fuchsia
9. Red
10. Green
Example:
11. Blue
<html>
12. Purple
<hr>
13. Maroon
Use
14. Olive
<hr>
15. Navy
Them
16. Teal
<hr>
Sparingly
</hr> HTML Coloring System-Hexadecimal
</html>
Hexadecimal – is a 6 digit representation of a color.
Formatting Elements with Tags The first 2 digits (RR) represent a red value, the next
- several tags exist to further amplify text two are green value (GG), and the last are blue value
elements. These formatting tags can make text: (BB)
 Bold <b>
Here’s a hexadecimal you might see in an HTML
 Italic <i>
document.
 Subscripted <sub> My First Hexadecimal: bgcolor=”#RRGGBB”
 Superscripted <sup>
 Emphasized <em>
Font and Basefont
 Small <small>
 Important <strong> <font> tag – is used to add style, size, and color to the
 Inserted <ins> text on your site.
 Deleted <del> - use the size, color, and face attributes to
 Marked /highlighted <mark> customize your fonts

HTML Formatting Tag Usage <basefont> tag – is used to set all of your text to the
- these tags should be used sparingly same size, face, and color
- you should only use them to bold or italicize
one or two words in your elements at a time Font Size
- if you wish to bold an entire paragraph a - set the size of your font with size
better solution would involve Cascading Style Sheets - the range of accepted values is from 1
(smallest) to 7 (largets)
HTML Color Coding System-Color Names - the default size of a font is 3
- there are 3 different methods to set color
- the simplest being the Generic terms of Example:
colors <html>
<p>
Generic Colors – are preset HTML coded colors where <font size=”5”>Here is a size 5 font</font>
the value is simply the name of each color </p>
</html>
The 16 basic Colors
1. Black
2. Gray
Font Color alt attribute – is used to give the short description
- set the color of your font with color
Example:
Example: <html>
<html> <head>
<font color=”#990000”>This text is hexcolor</font> <img scr=”C:/Documents and
</br> Settings/fcc/Desktop/Water lilies.jpg” width=”200”
</html> height=”150” alt=”My Favorite Flower”>
</head>
Font Face </html>
- choose a different font face using any font you
have installed JPEG – is best for photographs and other smoothly
- be aware that if the user viewing the page varying images
doesn’t have the font installed, they will not be able to
see it. GIF and PNG – are good for graphics art involving flat
-instead they will default to Times New Roman areas of color, lines and text
-an option is to choose a few that are similar in
appearance Adding Links to Other Pages
- links are defined with the <a> tag.
Example: - the text between the <a> and the </a> is
<html> used as the caption for the link. It is common for the
<p> caption to be in blue underlined text
<font face=”Bookman Old Style, Book Antiqua,
Garamond”> If the file you are linking to is in a parent
This paragraph folder/directory, you need to put “../”
has had its font…</font>
</p> Example:
</html> <a href=”../mary.html”>Mary’s page</a>

LESSON 4 HTML Special Tags If the file you are linking to is in a subdirectory, you
need to put the name of the subdirectory followed by a
Adding Interest to Your Pages with Images “/” in front of it
- images can be used to make your Web pages
distinctive and greatly help to get your message across. Example:
<a href=”friends/sue.html”>Sue’s page</a>
<img> tag – using this tag is the simple way to add an
image To link to a page on another Web site you need to give
the full Web address (commonly called URL)
Example:
<html> Example:
<head> < a href=http://www.w3.org/>W3C</a>
<img scr=”C:/Documents and
Settings/fcc/Desktop/Water lilies.jpg” width=”200” You can turn an image into a hyperlink text
height=”150”>
</head> Example:
</html> <a href=”/”><img scr=”logo.gif” alt=”home page”></a>

src attribute – names the image file (This uses “/” to refer to the root of the directory tree,
i.e home page)
width and height – are not strictly necessary but help
to speed the display of your Web page
Three Kinds of Lists
- use the type and start attributes to fine tune
your lists accordingly
 <ul> -unordered list; bullets

Example:
<html>
<ul>
<li>the first list item>
<li>the second list item>
>li>the third list item>
</ul>
</html>

NOTE: you always need to end the list with the

</ul> end tag but that the </li> is optional and can be
left out

 <ol> - ordered list; numbers

Example:
<html>
<ol>
<li>the first list item>
<li>the second list item>
>li>the third list item>
</ol>
</html>

 <dl> - definition list; dictionary

- this kind of list starts with a <dl> tag and ends with
</dl>. Each terms start with a <dt> tag and each
definition starts with a <dd>

Example:
<html>
<dl>
<dt>the first term</dt>
<dd>its definition</dd>

<dt>the second term</dt>

<dd>its definition</dd>

<dt>the third term</dt>

<dd>its definition</dd>
</dl>
</html>

NOTE: - the end tags </dt> and </dd> are optional and
can be left off.