1

1.0 Introduction

This is the introductory part that introduces the problem and indicates its
importance and validity. It sets forth the context, the hypotheses and highlights
objectives, if any.
 2

2.0 Subjects Related to the Title

Primary level numbering. Primary level numbering. Primary level numbering.

Primary level numbering. Primary level numbering. Primary level numbering.

2.1 Main Heading Number One

Secondary level numbering. There should be a minimum of two sub-headings to

justify having sub-headings. There should be a minimum of two sub-headings to
justify having sub-headings. There should be a minimum of two sub-headings to
justify having sub-headings.

2.1.1 Sub-heading Number One

Secondary level numbering. All first letters of principal words are capitalized and
the sub-heading is left justified.

2.1.2 Sub-heading Number Two

Secondary level numbering. All first letters of principal words are capitalized and
the sub-heading is left justified.

2.1.3 Sub-heading Number Three

Primary level numbering. Primary level numbering. Primary level numbering.

Primary level numbering. Primary level numbering. Primary level numbering.

2.2 Main Heading Number Two

Secondary level numbering. All first letters of principal words are capitalized and
the sub-heading is left justified.
 3

2.2.1 Sub-heading Number One

Sub-heading Number One. There should be at least two tertiary level headings
to justify having tertiary level headings.

2.2.1.1 Tertiary Heading Number One

Under Sub-heading Number One. There should be at least two tertiary level
headings to justify having tertiary level headings.

2.2.1.2 Tertiary Heading Number Two

Under Sub-heading Number One. There should be at least two tertiary level
headings to justify having tertiary level headings. Appendix D
 4

3.0 General Format of Honours Seminar Report

A report generally consists of three main parts: the preliminary pages, the text or
main body, usually divided into sections; and the ending pages.

The preliminary part includes the title page and abstracts, while the ending pages
consist of references and appendices.

The following is an example of how various pages in a report, from preliminary to

ending pages, are arranged. It is recommended that this sequence be used as a
guide, although not every report includes all the items listed below.

TITLE PAGE
BLANK PAGE
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
TEXT OR MAIN BODY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES (if any)

4.0 Paper

The size of the paper used for thesis writing is A4 (210 mm x 297 mm). The
paper should be white simili paper (80 g) or paper of equivalent quality should be
used.

5.0 Cover

Final copy of the report submitted must be comb-bound using soft cover, upon
approval from supervisor.
 5

6.0 Language

The report should be written either in standard American or British English.

There should be consistency in the use of language throughout the report.
Roman alphabets should be used unless otherwise required by the faculty.

7.0 Number of Pages

The number of pages required is between 15 – 20, including figures, captions,

tables and etc.

8.0 Page Number

Pages are numbered consecutively throughout the whole of the report. Page
numbers are placed at the top of right edge of the paper. The exception to this
rule is the title page.
For the following items, the Roman numerals are usually used:

i. Abstract
ii. Table of Content

9.0 Typing

All headings and sub-headings must be written in bold small letters and aligned
against the left margin. Text must be justified. The text of the report must be
typed 1.5 spaced on one side of A4 paper, using Arial font size 12. Margins must
be consistent throughout the thesis.

i. Right-hand margins 25 mm
ii. Left-hand margins 38 mm
iii. Bottom margins 25 mm
 6

iv. Top margins 30 mm

10.0 Tables

Tables are numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals throughout the body of
the thesis. Tables should be placed after their first mentioned in the text.

The number, title and caption are typed single-spaced and placed above or
below the table. There should be consistency in the style used. Table sources
should be placed immediately after the title of the table, while table notes should
be placed directly below the caption. Vertical lines are prohibited.

Table 1: Calculation for goodwill adjustment (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2000)

In Rupiah Exchange rate In Ringgit

Beginning goodwill 1 000 000 1/964.134 1 037.20

Less expense 200 000 1/574.450 348.16

Equity adjustment - - 102.78

Ending goodwill at 800 000 1/1364.59 586.26

31st December 1997
 7

11.0 Figures

Figures include maps, charts, graphs, diagrams, photographs, engineering

drawings and printed images. Each of these categories are numbered
consecutively or according to the headings throughout the report, including those
in appendices.

The figure number, title and caption should be single-spaced and recommended
to be placed below the figure using Arabic numeral and lowercase, except for
proper nouns and first letters of principal words. Figures should be inserted after
their first mention in the text.

Figure 1: The Morus indica plant

 8

12.0 Equations

All equations, mathematical and/or chemical, are considered as text and

numbered according to the headings.

13.0 Units of Measure

Use internationally recognized units of measure, preferably SI, such as:

1 litre (1 L)
20 mililitres (20 mL)
5 kilograms (5 kg)
20 kilometres (20 km)
2.5 hectares (2.5 ha)
3.7 metric tonnes (3.7 t)
45 parts per million (45 ppm)
12 grams (12 g)
500 US Dollars (USD500)
1 000 Malaysian Ringgit (RM1 000)
3 000.5 metric tones/hectare (3 000.5 t/ha)

The numbers before the measurement units should not be spelt out, e.g. such as
“5 kg”, not “five kg” even if they are below 100, unless they are the first word of
sentences.

14.0 Numbers

All integers less than ten should be spelt out unless they are to units of measure
(e.g. 5 kg, 10 mL). Use figures for numbers 10 or more than 10. If a sentence
begins with a number, write the numbers in words,
 9

Example:
Three hundred and eighty-five farmers were sampled from the study area.

Use numerals for a series of figures,

Example:
In the room there were 4 chairs, 12 boxes, 13 books and 8 pairs of shoes.

Example:
The number of taxi permits issued during the past six years was 8, 5, 26,
38 and 90 and 97.

15.0 Use of Symbol for Percentage

The symbol % may be used in place of the word percent (e.g. 27.3%) and typed
without a space. If the candidate prefers to write 27.3 percent in full, then
consistency should be maintained throughout. In tables, the abbreviations “Pct”
may be used at the head of the table columns to mean “percent”.

16.0 Citations

Comprehensive reference to relevant work of other authors is an essential part of

research presentation. References are included as evidence relating to or
supporting points, issues, trends and so on. It is important that all references are
directly relevant and pertinent to the research project. It will indicate the author’s
knowledge of the field in which the research is located as well as provide an
appropriate context for matters arising in the research itself.

The author is responsible for choosing a style of citation that is appropriate to the
field and using that style correctly and consistently. Students may consult their
supervisors for guidelines.
 10

There are three systems of citing references in text:

i. Author-date system
ii. Footnote system
iii. Endnote system

However, students are advised to adopt the Author-date system for scientific
writing.

16.1 Author-date System

References cited from texts using the author-date system should consist of the
name of the author and the year of publication.

 If the name of the author is mentioned in the discussion in the text, the
citation shall be written as follows:

Example:
Mayer (1994) suggested that with the use of multiple modes in multimedia
learning environment, the aids for text comprehension could be presented
in textual or visual form or in any combination of these modes.

 The whole citation shall be put in brackets if the name of the author is not
mentioned in the text.

Example:
The usefulness of illustrations or annotations for instructional applications
is also confirmed in other research studies (Eddy & Spaulding, 1996).
 11

 For author with surnames and initials, use only the surnames without the
initials.

Example:
Pinsler, J.M. 1992 is referred to as Pinsler (1992).

 For Malay and Chinese authors, it can also be written by the first name for
Malay authors and the family name for Chinese authors.

Example:
Jalani Sukaimi, 2008 …can also be referred as Jalani (2008)

Chong Jay Mee (2007) …is referred to as Chong (2007)

16.1.1 Books with One Author

 References with a single author should be written as follows:

Example:
This is due to the fact that the multimedia environment can support the
process of selecting information (Chun, 1997).

 If the name of the author is cited in the discussion in the text, it should be
mentioned in the sentence with the year of publication in brackets.

Example:
An influential study by Harith (1999) also raised the same question.

 In instances where the name of the author and the year of publication are
part of the discussion, brackets are not used.
 12

Example:
In 1999, Harith raised the same question in his influential study.

 In a single paragraph, the year of publication does not have to be

repeated in subsequent mentions. This is as long as the materials are
referred to continuously and are not confused with other references that
are referred to in the same text.

Example:
Influential work by Harith (1999) raised the same question. Harith also
pointed out that pictures are more likely to activate both coding systems
upon processing than words.

16.1.2 Books with Two Authors

 For references that consist of two authors, both names need to be

mentioned every time cited in the text.

 The word “and” is to be replaced with the symbol “&”.

Example:
(Eddy & Spaulding, 1996).

16.1.3 Books with More than Two Authors

 For references that consist of three or more authors, the sequence of

mention is as follows:

i. The name of the first author;

ii. The phrase “et al.,”
iii. The year of publication
 13

 The phrase “et al.” is short form for “et alias”, a Latin
phrase meaning “and others”.

Example:
(Othman et al., 2008)

16.1.4 Books with no Author (n.a.) Stated

 References with no author stated should be written as follows:

Example:
(Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi, 2006)

 If the references are produced by an institution or organization (societies,

government agencies and statutory bodies) abbreviations can be used.

Example:
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) 2007 can be written as (MPOB, 2007)

16.1.5 Authors with Same Name

 If the referred references consist of two or more authors with the same
name, full names or their initials should be mentioned when cited to avoid
confusions.

Examples:
Mahmud Helmi (2005) and Mahmud Saedon (2007)

Faujan Ahmad (2004) and Salmiah Ahmad (2006)

 14

16.1.6 Multiple References

 If multiple references are made on a particular matter, semicolon must be

used.

Example:
The lipase from Candida sp. has good esterification ability without
positional specificity for triglycerides (Tan et al., 2003; Pires & Dejan,
2006; Reis et al., 2007; Salleh, 2008)

16.1.7 An Author with Multiple Works in a Year

 If an author has more than one publication in a year, the citataion is as

follows:

Example:
Harith’s ground-breaking first study (1999a) was soon followed by a
second (1999b).

16.1.8 Private Interviews

 Information gathered which is published, for example through private

interviews or telephone conversations, should be cited as follows:

Example:
One mid-level computer programmer estimated that she spends 25 – 30%
of time writing reports and memos for her clients (Jerz, 2001).
 15

16.1.9 References from Internet

 References cited from the Internet should consist of the page author, title
of the article or information, website/web-page and the access date.

Examples:
(Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2002, 26 September 2004)

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 November 2006)

17.0 Printing

Text should only be printed on one side of A4 paper. When binding, the printed
text should be on the right page and the left page must be left blank. For
subsequent copies, writer is allowed to use high quality photocopy product.
Copies made using carbon papers or low quality copies are not acceptable.

18.0 Binding

Final copies of the report that have been approved are to be bound using soft
cover and plastic sheets, for submission. Candidates shall submit two (2) copies
of bound report (one each for the supervisor and the evaluator). Candidates
should make their own copies for self-keeping. The colour of the cover for report
should be Blue.

19.0 Conclusion

Conclusion includes summary which highlights the findings of the report upon
which a conclusion is drawn in line with the title of the report.
 16

20.0 References

Herlina, S. and Tan, F.H. 1992. Molecular aspects of typhoid fever. Kuala References
from
Lumpur: Protea Press. Monographs

Ho, Y.W. and A. Nawawi. 1991. Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on
growth of Ganoderma boninense from oil palm. Journal of Plant
Protection in the Tropics 8: 37-43. References
from
Journals
Karim, F., Hainsworth, R., Sofola, O.A. and Wood, L.M. 1980 Responses
of the heart to stimulation of aortic body chemoreceptors in dogs.
Circulation Research 46: 77-83.

Malaysia, 1991. Laporan Pembangunan dalam Rancangan Malaysia References

from
Keenam 1991-1995. Reports

Othman, S.S. 2004. Immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa onto References
selected matrices for use in enantioselective preparation of (-)- from
menthyl butyrate. Ph.D Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Theses/
Dissertation
Rahman, M.B.A., Yunus, N.M.M., Othman, S.S., Salleh A.B. and Basri, M. References
2006. Immobilized Enzymes. In New Lipases and Proteases (Ed. from Book
A.B. Salleh, R.N.Z. Rahman and M. Basri) Pp. 111-125. New York: Chapters
Nova Science Publishers.

Vice President, 1999. University of Calgary Research Policies and References

Procedures Handbook. http://www.ovpr.uga.edu/rph.misn.html. from
Accessed on 23th August 2000. Webpages

*** All references shall be typed single-spaced and arranged in

alphabetical order.
17
 18

Table 2: Properties and characteristics of hydroxynitrile lyases currently applied in organic syntheses
(Fessner et al., 2005)

Molecular weight
Natural substrate R/S (kDa) Kinetics
Enzyme Source (cyanogenic glycosides) specificity Km (mM)
Native Subunit

Prunus sp. (Rosaceae) (R)-mandelonitrile R 55-80 55-80 0.093

(amygdalin prunasin)

Sorghum bicolor (S)-Hydroxymandelonitrile S 105 33 and 22 0.550

(Gramineae) (dhurrin)

Manihot esculenta Acetone cyanohidrin, S 92-124 28-30 105.000

(Euphorbiaceae) (S)-butan-2-one cyanohidrin

Linum usitatissimum Acetone cyanohidrin R 82 42 2.500

(Linaceae) (linamarin)
 19

Crude plasma

Mixed 12 partition

Less-abundant
proteins

Digestion Hydrazide resin

Glycoproteins
Tryptic peptides

Thiol-affinity resin On-bead digestion

Cys-peptides Glycopeptides

DTT
PNGase F
Alkylation

Cys-peptides Non-Cys-peptides Non-glycopeptide N-glycopeptides

Figure 2: Chemical fractionation strategy applied to the plasma proteome characterization

20
21