Deep Learning and It’s Application

Dr. D. Arun Kumar

March 8, 2019

Abstract

Key Words: Tunnel, Design of underground structures, Bridges

1 Introduction
1.1 India
1.1.1 A.P
Kadapa

1.1.2 Karnataka

1.2 America
1.2.1 Texas

2 Outline of General Approaches

2.1 General Procedure in Designing a Tunnel
Planning a tunnelling project requires the interdependent partic-
ipation of the following disciplines, at a minimum:

• Geology

• Geotechnical engineering

• Excavation technology, e.g. machine tunnelling.

1
• Design of the supporting structural elements, including long-term be-
havior of materials.

• Contract principles and law

• Although the experts in each of these disciplines may be responsible

only for their specific area of knowledge, the decision on the main design
features should be the outcome of the cooperative integration of all
the disciplines. Only thus can it be ensured that the project, in all its
details, has been developed in unity, and not as the consecutive addition
of the separate work of each of the experts. The basics documents for
tunnel design should include or cover:

• The geological report presenting the results of the geological and geo-
physical survey.

• The hydrogeological report.

• The geotechnical report on site investigations, including the interpre-

tation of the results of site and laboratory tests with respect to the
tunnelling process, soil and rock classification, etc.,

• Information on line, cross-section, drainage, and structural elements

affecting later use of the tunnel.

• Plans for and a description of the projected excavation or driving pro-

cedure, including the different cross-sections related to different ground
conditions.

• Design documents for the types of excavation methods and tunnel sup-
ports likely to be applied, considering, e.g. excavation advance and
face support (types and number of anchors, shotcrete strength, closure
length, etc. ).

• The program for the in-situ monitoring of the tunnel by field measure-
ments.

• The analysis of stresses and deformations (for unlined tunnels as well as

for single-or double-lined tunnels), and the dimensioning of the tunnel
support for intermediate phases and final linings

• The design for waterproofing or drainage.

• Structural documents for the final design of the tunnel project, includ-
ing the detailing.

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 Table 1: Details of place, Lat and Long. of Russia
Place Lat Long
kadapa 77 73

• During and after the excavation, reports on the field measurements

and interpretation of their results with respect to the response of the
ground and the structural safety of the tunnel.

• Documentation of the problems encountered during the excavation and

measures applied, e.g. strengthening the ground or changing the pro-
jected type of support, based on monitoring results.

• The above sequence of these basic documents also provides the general
outline of the design procedure.

The details of Lat. and Long. are given in Table 1. The pictorial represen-
tation is given in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: Tunnel

1+2=3 (1)
β
γ= (2)
α

 z 2 + cos z for |z| < 3
f (z) = 0 for 3 ≤ |z| ≤ 5 (3)
sin z for |z| > 5


3
 
 e− x for 0 ≤ |x| < a
f (x) = 0 for 0therwise (4)
 x
{e x fora ≤ |x| ≤ b
 
P1 = f 1 f 2 . . . . f n . (5)
 
f1 f2 . . . . fn
P1 = . (6)
fn1 fn2 . . . . fnm

1. First thing

2. Second thing

• A sub-thing
• Another sub-thing

3. Third thing

This was cited in [2].

References
[1] F. Melgani, B. A. R. Al Hashemy, and S. M. R. Taha, “An explicit
fuzzy supervised classification method for multispectral remote sensing
images,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 38, pp. 287–295,
2000.

[2] R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern classification. John

Wiley & Sons, 2012.