Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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The exam is closed book and closed notes.

1. Steady, laminar flow occurs in the space between two fixed parallel, circular disks separated by
a small gap 2𝑏𝑏. The fluid is Newtonian with density ρ and viscosity μ and flows radially (𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 0) outward owing to a pressure difference (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) between the inner and the outer
radii 𝑟𝑟1 and 𝑟𝑟2 , respectively. Neglect end effects and consider the region 𝑟𝑟1 ≤ 𝑟𝑟 ≤ 𝑟𝑟2 only. Assume
that gravity is negligible and the flow is circumferentially symmetric. (a) Simplify the equation of
continuity to show that 𝑟𝑟𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧), where 𝑓𝑓 is a function of 𝑧𝑧 only. (b) Simplify the r-momentum
equation by using appropriate assumptions (Don’t solve the momentum equation). (c) Assuming
that inertial terms are negligible compared to other terms (which can be true for creeping flow)
and substitute 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)/𝑟𝑟 to get the velocity profile using appropriate boundary conditions.

2. A reducing pipe bend is held in place by a pedestal as shown, there are expansion joints at
sections 1 and 2, so no force is transmitted through the pipe pas these sections. The pressure at
section 1 is 20 lbf/in2 gage and the rate of flow of water is 2 ft3/s. Find the moment that must be
applied at section 3 to hold the bend stationary (Hint: you will need to calculate moment of
momentum about y and z). Assume the flow is steady and frictionless and neglect the influence
of gravity. (𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 1.94 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 )
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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3. For the horizontal series-parallel system of the Figure below, all pipes are 8-cm-diameter
asphalted cast iron (ε = 0.12 mm) filled with water at 20°C (ρ = 998 kg/m3, μ = 0.001 kg/ms). The
total flow rate is Q = 0.0269 m3/s, the lengths of segments A and C are LA = 250 m and LC = 150
m, and velocity in segment A is VA = 2.06 m/s. Neglect minor losses and find (a) the length of
segment B (LB), and (b) the total pressure drop (𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2).
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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Solution 1

Assumptions:
𝜕𝜕
1. Steady flow (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0)
2. Purely radial flow (𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 = 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 0)
𝜕𝜕
3. circumferentially symmetric (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
4. Constant radial pressure gradient (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
5. Negligible gravity
(a) Continuity:
1 𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
(𝑟𝑟𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 ) + (𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 ) + (𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝜕𝜕
(𝑟𝑟𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 ) + 0(2,3) + 0(2) = 0
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕
(𝑟𝑟𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 ) = 0 → 𝑟𝑟𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) → 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)/𝑟𝑟 +3
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

(b) r-momentum:
𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃2
𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 − �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 1 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 2 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃
= 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟 − + 𝜇𝜇 � �𝑟𝑟 �+ 2 + − − �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃 2 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑟𝑟 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟
𝜌𝜌 �0(1) + 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + 0(2,3) + 0(2) + 0(2)�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟
= 0(5) − (4) + 𝜇𝜇 � �𝑟𝑟 � + 0(3) + − + 0(2,3)�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2 𝑟𝑟 2

𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟

𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 =− + 𝜇𝜇 � �𝑟𝑟 �+ − � +3
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2 𝑟𝑟 2

(c) Assume the inertial term is negligible:

1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

�𝑟𝑟 �+ − = +1
�� �����
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 �� �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2 𝑟𝑟⏟2 𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 2 3
Substitute 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)/𝑟𝑟 for each term:

1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 1 𝜕𝜕 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 1 𝜕𝜕 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)

(1): �𝑟𝑟 �= �𝑟𝑟 � �� = �𝑟𝑟 �− 2 �� = − � �
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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1 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)
= − �− 2 � = 3
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟

𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 1 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)

(2): = 2� �=
𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2
𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 1 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)
(3): 2
= 2 = 3
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
Substitute:
𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 1 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ − 3 = → = 𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟 3 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2 𝑟𝑟 𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2 𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Integrate in 𝑧𝑧 to get 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧):

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑧𝑧) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1
= 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝐶𝐶1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜇𝜇
Integrate again:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑟𝑟𝑧𝑧 + 𝐶𝐶1 𝑧𝑧 + 𝐶𝐶2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2𝜇𝜇
Substitute into 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)/𝑟𝑟:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 2 𝑧𝑧 𝐶𝐶2
𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 𝑧𝑧 + 𝐶𝐶1 + +1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2𝜇𝜇 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟

B.C.:

1) At z = b, vr = 0

2) At z = -b, vr = 0

Replace:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 2 𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶2
1) 0 = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝐶𝐶1 +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2𝜇𝜇 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 2 𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶2
2) 0 = 𝑏𝑏 − 𝐶𝐶1 +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2𝜇𝜇 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
And find:
𝐶𝐶1 = 0 +1

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 2
𝐶𝐶2 = − 𝑏𝑏 𝑟𝑟 +1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2𝜇𝜇
Substitute into the expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 :

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 2
𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = (𝑧𝑧 − 𝑏𝑏 2 )
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2𝜇𝜇
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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Solution 2
Continuity:
𝑄𝑄 2.0
𝑉𝑉1 = = = 10.19 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠 +1
𝐴𝐴1 𝜋𝜋 6 2
4 �12�
𝑄𝑄 2.0
𝑉𝑉2 = = = 22.92 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠 +1
𝐴𝐴2 𝜋𝜋 4 2
� �
4 12
Bernoulli:
𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑝𝑝2 𝑉𝑉22
+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔
Since 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑧𝑧2
𝜌𝜌
𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑝1 + (𝑉𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑉22 )
2
Where
𝑝𝑝1 = 20 ∗ 122 = 2880 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 2
1.94
∴ 𝑝𝑝2 = 2880 + (10.192 − 22.922 ) = 2471 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 2 +3
2
Moment of momentum:
𝜕𝜕
∑𝑀𝑀0 = �� �𝑟𝑟 × 𝑉𝑉�𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 � + � �𝑟𝑟 × 𝑉𝑉�𝜌𝜌(𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∑𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 = �𝑟𝑟 × 𝑉𝑉�𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
̇ − �𝑟𝑟 × 𝑉𝑉�𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝚤𝚤𝚤𝚤
̇ +3
z-moment of momentum:
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 − Δ𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 + Δ𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝2 𝐴𝐴2 = −Δ𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉2 + Δ𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉1

𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = Δ𝑦𝑦[𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 − 𝑝𝑝2 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝑚𝑚̇(𝑉𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑉1 )]

Where
24
Δ𝑦𝑦 =
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑚𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 1.94 ∗ 2 = 3.88 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠/𝑠𝑠
2
2
𝜋𝜋 6 𝜋𝜋 4 2 +1
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = (1) �288 � � � � − 2471 � � � � − 3.88(22.92 − 10.19)� = 300.46 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ⋅ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
4 12 4 12

y-moment of momentum:
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 + Δ𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 + Δ𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝2 𝐴𝐴2 = −Δ𝑧𝑧𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉2 − Δ𝑧𝑧𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉1

𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = −Δ𝑧𝑧[𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝑝𝑝2 𝐴𝐴2 + 𝑚𝑚̇(𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑉1 )]

24 𝜋𝜋 6 2 𝜋𝜋 4 2
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = − � � �288 ∗ � � � � + 2471 � � � � + 3.88(22.92 + 10.19)� +1
12 4 12 4 12
= −1819.18 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ⋅ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

∴ 𝑀𝑀 = −1819𝑗𝑗 + 300𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ⋅ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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Solution 3
(a) Continuity:
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 + 𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 � 𝑑𝑑2 � + 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 � 𝑑𝑑2 �
4 4

𝑄𝑄 (0.0269)
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 𝜋𝜋 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋 − (2.06) = 3.29 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑 2 (0.08)2
4 4

𝑄𝑄 (0.0269)
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝜋𝜋 = 𝜋𝜋 = 5.35 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 +1
𝑑𝑑 2 (0.08)2
4 4

For segment A, B and C:

0.12
𝜀𝜀 �1000�
= = 0.0015 +1
𝑑𝑑 ( 0.08 )
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑 (998)(2.06)(0.08)
(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑 )𝐴𝐴 = = = 164,470 → 𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 = 0.0229
𝜇𝜇 (0.001)
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑 (998)(3.29)(0.08)
(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑 )𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 = = 262,674 → 𝑓𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 0.0225
𝜇𝜇 (0.001)
+1 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑 (998)(5.35)(0.08) +1
(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑 )𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶 = = 427,144 → 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶 = 0.0222
𝜇𝜇 (0.001)

For parallel segments A and B the head loss is the same:

𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉 2 𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉 2
�ℎ𝑓𝑓 � = �ℎ𝑓𝑓 � → �𝑓𝑓 � = �𝑓𝑓 �
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑 2𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑 2𝑔𝑔 𝐵𝐵
2
𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 2 (0.0229) (2.06)
𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵 = 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴 � � = (250) � � = 99.76 𝑚𝑚 +3
𝑓𝑓𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 (0.0225) (3.29)

(b) The energy equation between points (1) and (2) through segment A yields:

𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉 2 𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉 2
� + + 𝑧𝑧� = � + + 𝑧𝑧� + �ℎ𝑓𝑓 � + �ℎ𝑓𝑓 �
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 1
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 2
𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶

Since 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉2 ; 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑧𝑧2

𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉 2 𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉 2
(𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ) = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 ��ℎ𝑓𝑓 � + �ℎ𝑓𝑓 � � = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 ��𝑓𝑓 � + �𝑓𝑓 � �
𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑 2𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑 2𝑔𝑔 𝐶𝐶
(250) (2.06)2 (150) (5.35)2
(𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ) = (998)(9.81) �(0.0229) + (0.0222) � = 746,052 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 +3
(0.08) 2(9.81) (0.08) 2(9.81)
Alternatively, through segment B:
(99.76) (3.29)2 (150) (5.35)2
(𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ) = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 ��ℎ𝑓𝑓 � + �ℎ𝑓𝑓 � � = (998)(9.81) �(0.0225) + (0.0222) � = 746,059 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 (0.08) 2(9.81) (0.08) 2(9.81)