Experiment No.1: Title: To Determine The Kinematic Viscosity of Given Fluid by Redwood Viscometer'

FLUID MECHANICS 1
EXPERIMENT NO.1
Date of Conduction:
Date of Submission:
TITLE: TO DETERMINE THE KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF
GIVEN FLUID BY ‘REDWOOD VISCOMETER’.
Marks
Description
Obtained
Attendance
Level of participation in T.W.
Completion of Term Work
Level of understanding
Total
Signature of staff
G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT AHMEDNAGAR

FLUID MECHANICS 1
To determine the kinematic viscosity of given fluid by

'Redwood Viscometer'.

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Theory:
This is an experimental method for determination of kinematic viscosity of the given liquid
when subjected to different temperature. It is based on the principle that when standard volume of
liquid is allowed to flow through orifice of standard dimension through a fixed distance the time of
collection of fixed volume of 50 ml is a measure of viscosity.
The viscosity varies with temperature and is given as follows.
1.8
V  0.0022t 
t
Where,
V = Kinematic viscosity in cm2/sec
t = time for collection in sec.
Experimental setup:
It consists of 88.99 mm in length and 65 mm diameter with blade is on its periphery at the
base of cylinder on orifice 12.6 mm is length and 1.7 mm diameter is provided. This is surrounded
by water bath to heat to oil to control the flow through orifice a tall valve is provided at top.
Procedure:
1) Water is heated by connecting to suitable electrical source heat transfer results in heating
liquid in a cylinder.
2) The liquid is heated up to say 90c and power supply is switched off.
After observing that there is no appreciably change in temperature, ball valve is pulled out
and 50ml of liquid is collected.
3) Time of 50ml collection is noted the temperature of liquid is allow to come down to say
80°C, 70°C, 60°C, 50°C, 40°C and observation are noted down.

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Observation Table
viscosity
Sr. Time to collect
Temp. of liquid  1.8 
No. 50ml liquid in second V   0.002t  
 t 
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Calculations:
1. Temperature of liquid……………c.
2. Time taken by liquid to fill 50ml volume……………sec.
3. Kinematic viscosity at this temp. is given by v = (o.oo22t -1.8/t).
Results:
Kinematic viscosity is equal to ………………………cm2/sec at ………° C
Conclusion:
It is found from the experiment Kinematic Viscosity of given oil. …………

FLUID MECHANICS 1
EXPERIMENT NO.2
Date of Conduction:
Date of Submission:
TITLE: STUDY OF PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES
Description Marks Obtained
Attendance
Total
Signature of staff

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Study of Pressure measuring devices.
Objective:
To study various pressure measuring devices such as,
i) U-tube manometers
ii) Differential Manometers
iii) Micro Manometers
iv) Mechanical Gauges
Theory:
Pressure - It is defined as the force exerted over a unit area. Pressure measurement is
essential according to engineering point of view.
e.g. - Given fluid flowing through pipe, boiler etc. depends upon the pressure and to
measure them accurately at various points, various pressure measuring devices are used.
The various types of pressure -

The pressure on a fluid is measured in two different systems.
a) Absolute pressure.
b) Gauge pressure.

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i) Absolute Pressure -
It is defined as the pressure which is measured with reference to the vacuum pressure.
ii) Gauge Pressure -

It is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a pressure measuring
instrument in which the pressure of atmosphere is taken as datum. The atmospheric
pressure on the scale is measured as zero.
iii) Vacuum Pressure -

It is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure.
Mathematically,
a) Absolute Pressure = atm. pressure + gauge pressure
i.e. Pabs = Patm + Pguage
b) Vacuum Pressure = atm. pressure - absolute pressure.
Note -
i) The atmosphere pressure at sea level at 15°C is 101.13 KN/m2 or 10.13 N/cm2 in S.I.
ii) The atmosphere head is 760 mm of Hg or 10.33 m of water.
Pressure Measuring Devices -

There are two types of pressure measuring devices
a) Manometer
b) Mechanical Pressure Gauge.
Manometer -
Manometers are those pressure measuring devices which are based on principle of
balancing of the column of liquid (whose pressure is to be found) by the same or another column of
liquid.
To measure higher ranges of pressure heavier liquids like mercury (Hg) are used as
manometric liquids.
To measure lower ranges, pressure lighter liquids like water, carbon tetra chloride are used
as manometric liquids.

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TYPES OF MANOMETER
Manometer
Simple Manometer Differential Manometer
Piezometer Two Piezometer
U-tube manometer Inverted U-tube
Single column micrometer U-tube differential micrometer
Vertical single Inclined single
column manometer column manometer
Simple Manometer -
A simple manometer consists of a glass tube having one of its ends connected to a point
where pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to atmosphere.
Types of simple manometer -
i) Piezometer
ii) U tube manometer
iii) Single Column Manometer

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i) Piezometer
 Simplest form of manometer used for measuring gauge pressure.
 One end of this connected to the point where pressure is to measured and other end is open
to the atmosphere.
 The rise of liquid gives the pressure head at that point.
 If at a point, the height of liquid is say (h) for water in piezometer tube, then pressure at that
point is given by P x g x h (N/m2)
ii) U-tube manometer
 It consist of glass tube bent in U-shape one end of which is connected to a point at which
pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to the atmosphere.
 The tube generally contains mercury and any other liquid whose specific gravity is greater
than mercury whose pressure is to be measured.
a) For gauge pressure -
Let B = point of which pressure is to be measured whose value is P.
The datum line is A-A.
Let,
b = Height of liquid above datum line.
h2 = Height of heavy liquid above datum
s1 = Specific gravity of lighter liquid
s2 = Specific gravity of heavy liquid
ρ1 = Density of light liquid
ρ2 = Density of heavy liquid = 1000 x s2

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As the pressure is the same for the horizontal surface, hence pressure above the horizontal
datum line, A-A in the left column and in the right column of U-tube manometer must be
same.
Hence by equating them,
(pressure above A-A in the left column) = (pressure above A-A in the right column)
P   1 XgXh1  =[ ρ2 x g x h2 ]
P = [ ρ2 x g x h2 ] - [ ρ1 x g x h1 ]
b) For vacuum pressure -
For this, the level of the heavy liquid in the manometer will be as shown in figure.
i.e. pressure above A-A in the left column
= [ ρ2 x g x h2 ] + [ ρ1 x g x h1 ] + P
(pressure head in the right column above A-A = 0)
[ ρ2 x g x h2 ] + [ ρ1 x g x h1 ] + P = 0
P = - [ ρ2 x g x h2 ] + [ ρ1 x g x h1 ]
iii) Single column manometer
It is the modified form of U-tube manometer in which reservoir having a large cross
section area as compare to area of tube is connected to one of the limb of the manometer.
(left limb)
Since, c/s area of the reservoir is large for any variation in pressure, the change in
liquid level in the reservoir will be very small, which may be neglected and hence the
pressure is given by the height of the liquid in other limb.
The other limb may be vertical or inclined. Thus, there are two types of it.

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1) Vertical Single Column Manometer
2) Inclined Single Column Manometer
1) Vertical Single Column Manometer
From figure, let x-x be the datum line in the reservoir and right limb of manometer, when it
is not connected to the pipe.
When the manometer is connected to the reservoir, it will be pushed downward and will
rise in right limb.
Let,
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ΔH = fall of heavy liquid in reservoir
h2 = Rise of heavy liquid in right limb
h1 = Height of centre of pipe above x-x
PA = Pressure at A which is to be measured
A = C/S area of reservoir
a = C/S area of right limb
S1 = Specific gravity of liquid in pipe
S2 = Specific gravity of heavy liquid in reservoir & right limb
ρ1 = Density of liquid in pipe.
ρ2 = Density of liquid in reservoir
Fall of heavy liquid in reservoir will cause a rise of heavy liquid level in right limb
A x ΔH = a x h2
ΔH = (a x h2) / A
Now, consider the datum line as Y-Y
Then, pressure in right limb above Y-Y
= ρ2 x g (ΔH + h2)- - - - - - -(2)
Equating the above two equation
ρ2 x g (ΔH+h2) = ρ1 x g (ΔH+h1) +PA
PA = ρ2 x g (ΔH+h2) - ρ1 x g (ΔH+h1)
PA = ΔH ( ρ2 x g - ρ1 x g ) + (h2 x ρ2 x g - h1 x ρ2 x g )
From equation (1)
H
 axh2 
A
PA = (a x h2) / A x ( ρ2 x g - ρ1 x g ) + (h2 x ρ2 x g - h1 x ρ2 x g)

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Since A is very large as compared to (a/A) ratio can be neglected.
PA = (h2 x ρ2 x g - h1 x ρ2 x g) - - - - - - - (2)
From above equation it is clear that as h1 is known then, by knowing h2 or rise of heavy
liquid in right limb, pressure at A can be calculated.
2) Inclined single column manometer –
 This manometer is more sensitive.

 Due to inclination the distance moved by the heavy liquid in the right limb will be
more
 Let L = Length of heavy liquid moved in right limb from X-X
θ = Inclination of right limb with horizontal
h2 = Vertical rise heavy liquid in right limb X-X
= L sinθ
From equation (2) pressure at A is
PA = (h2 x ρ2 x g - h1 x ρ2 x g)
= (L sinθ) x ρ2 x g - h1 x ρ2 x g
by substituting the above values
Differential manometer-
The objective of measuring pressure between two points in same tube at two
different tube, with the help of differential manometer.
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A differential manometer consist of a U-tube containing a heavy liquid whose two

ends are connected to the points, whose two ends are connected to the points, whose
difference of pressure is to be measured.
Types of manometer -
i) U-tube differential manometer
ii) Inverted U-tube differential manometer
i) U-tube differential manometer
From fig. (A), let the two point A & B are at different level and also contain liquid of
different specific gravity. These points are connected to the U-tube differential manometer.
PA = Pressure at A
PB = Pressure at B
Let,
h= Difference of mercury level in U-tube.
y= Distance of center of B from the mercury level in the right limb.
x= Distance of center of A from the mercury level in the right limb.
ρ1 = Density of liquid at A
ρ2 = Density of liquid at B
ρg = Density of heavy liquid i.e. mercury.
Taking datum line at x-x
Pressure above x-x in the left limb = ρ1 g (h + x) + PA
Pressure above x-x in the right limb = (ρHg x g x h) + (ρ2 g y) + PB

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Equating the two pressures, we have,
ρ1 g (h + x) + PA = (ρHg g h) + ρ2 g y + PB
hence
PA - PB = (ρHg g h) + ρ2 g y - ρ1 g (h + x)
= hg (ρHg - ρ1) + ρ2 g y - ρ1 g x
PA - PB = hg (ρHg - ρ1) + ρ2 g y - ρ1 g x
From fig. B
A & B are at the same level and contain the same liquid at density ρ1
Then, pressure above x-x in right limb =
(ρHg g h) + (ρ1 g x) + PB
Pressure above x-x in left limb
ρ1 g (h + x) + PA
Equating then above two equations
ρHg g h + ρ1 g x + PB = ρ1 g (h + x) + PA
[ (PA - PB) = gh (ρHg - ρ1) ]
ii) Inverted U-tube differential manometer

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It consists of an inverted U-tube, containing light liquid. The two ends of same tube are
connected to the points whose difference of pressure is to be measured.
It is used for measuring difference of low pressure.
From fig.
PA = Pressure at A
PB = Pressure at B
Let,
h1 = Height of liquid in left limb below datum line x-x.
h2 = Height of liquid in right limb.
h= Difference of liquid level
ρ1 = Density of liquid at A
ρ2 = Density of liquid at B
ρs = Density of light liquid
x-x = Datum line
Pressure in the left limb below x-x = P A - ρ 1 g h1
Pressure in the right limb below y-y = PB - ρ2 g h2 - ρS g h
Equating above two equations.

FLUID MECHANICS 1
P A - ρ1 g h = PB - ρ2 g h2 - ρS g h
PA - PB = ρ1 g h1 - ρ2 g h2 - ρS g h
MECHANICAL PRESSURE GAUGE
Mechanical gauges are those pressure measuring devices which defect under the action of
the applied pressure and this movement mechanically magnified operates a pointer moving against
a graduated circumferential scale.
Generally, these gauges are used for measuring high pressure and where high precision is
not required. Some, commonly used mechanical gauges are -
i) Bourdon tube pressure gauge
ii) Diaphragm pressure gauge
iii) Bellows pressure gauge
iv) Dead-weight pressure gauge
i) Bourdon tube pressure gauge
It is the most common type of pressure gauge which was invented by 'E-Bourdon' (1804-84)
The pressure responsive element in this gauge is a tube of steel or bronze which is elliptical c/s and
curved into a circular area.
The tube is closed at its outer end and this end of the tube is free to move.
The other end of the tube, through which liquid or fluid enters is rigidly fixed to the frame. When
the gauge is connected to the gauge point fluid under pressure enters the tube.
Due to increase, the internal pressure the elliptical c/s of tube ends to become circular. This,
causing the tube to straighten out slightly. The small outward movement of free end of liquid is
transmitted through a link. Quadrant and pinion to pointer which by moving clockwise. On the
graduated circular dial indicates the pressure intensity of the liquid (fluid) the dial gauge is so
calibrated that is read zero when the pressure inside the tube equal the local atmospheric pressure
and elastic deformation of the tube causes the pointer to be displaced on the dial in proportion to
the pressure intensity of the fluid by using tubes of approximate stiffness gauge for wide range of

FLUID MECHANICS 1
pressure may be marked. Further suitable modifying the graduation of dial and adjusting the
pointer. Bourdon tube vacuum gauge is connect to a partial vacuum the tube tends to close, there
by moving the pointer in anticlockwise direction indicating negative or vacuum pressure.
The gauges dials are usually calibrated to read N/M2 or Pa. however other units of pressure such as
meters of water or cm of mercury are also frequently used.
Conclusion:
Thus, we studied the different type of pressure measuring devices -

FLUID MECHANICS 1
EXPERIMENT NO.3
Date of Conduction:
Date of Submission:
Title : TO DETERMINE METACENTRIC HEIGHT OF FLOATING

BODY .
Attendance
Total
Signature of staff

FLUID MECHANICS 1
To determine the metacentric height of floating body.
Theory:
When a body is immersed partially or fully it experiences the downward force due to
weight of body (W) acting through the center of force of gravity. If the body and vertical upward
force (FB) acting through the center of buoyancy, known as buoyant force 'FB'.
Depending upon the relative magnitude of above two forces, the body sinks when W > FB
and W < FB. The body sinks when the weight of the body (W) equal to the buoyant force, the body
is in equilibrium.
A body is said to be stable if any change from the initial position, however small is
accompanied by introduction of forces if moments tending to return to its original position for a
body to be in equilibrium in the liquid, the forces due to the buoyancy and weight of the body
acting through its center of gravity should lie in the same vertical line as shown in fig. 1.
If the floating body is tilted as shown in fig. 2, through and angle 'θ' the center of gravity of
the body is usually unchanged but the center of buoyancy will generally change its position. This
W and FB form a couple. A vertical line drawn through the new position of FB cuts the axis of
body at M, called as the metacentric and the distance MG is known as the 'Metacentric height'.
A body is said to be stable when the metacentric lies above the center of gravity of the
body. The metacentric height is determined experimentally by moving load along the deck through
a distance (x) this causes the center of buoyancy to shift to its new position 'B' thus equating the
moment caused due to shifting of load 'W' to the righting couple we have
W GM tan θ = wx
GM = wx
W tanθ
Where,
W= height of floating body (ship model) including the balancing weights, loads placed on the
ship to make a cargo ship or warship.
w= Weight of moving load or hanging load.
x = distance moving load from center cross bar

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Experimental setup:
A ship model is used as floating body. It is placed in small sufficiently full of water. The
ship model is approximately 0.30 m x 0.20 m in plan and about 0.075 m in height. The ship model
is fitted with trolley for moving a small weight at the level of deck of the ship. To note the angle of
tilt of plane is provided which means over a graduated all of circle and arrangement is made to loud
the ship as cargo of warship.

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Procedure:
1. Weight of ship model to fluid out Ws
2. Put the ship model in the tank filled with water and displace movable mass is as to tilt model
through angle θ
3. Note the distance X1 and X2 of the masses from the centre of the cross section
4. Read the angle θ on graduated scale.
5. Repeat the step 1 to 4 for distance wt of ship model.

Formula:-GM = Wm(X1-X2)/ Ws Sinθ
Observation Table
FLUID MECHANICS 1
Wt of X2-X1 θ Sinθ GM = Avg.

ship (gm) X1(mm) X2(mm) (mm) degree Wm(X2-X1)
/WsSinθ
Calculation
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Result:-

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1. The avg. metacentric ht . ship A =
2. The avg. metacentric ht . ship B =
3. The avg. metacentric ht . ship C =
4. The avg. metacentric ht . ship D =
5. The avg. metacentric ht . ship E =
6. The avg. metacentric ht . ship F =
Conclusion:-
The metacentric height of ship increases with increase wt of ship. The bottom is kept
heavy so as to increase the metacentric wt in to equilibrium. They also get lowered the error due to
defective point only.

FLUID MECHANICS 1
EXPERIMENT NO.4
Date of Conduction:
Date of Submission:
Title : To draw the flow net by using electrical analogy method.
Attendance
Total
Signature of staff

FLUID MECHANICS 1
To draw the flow net by using electrical analogy method.
Theory:
A flow net diagram is a pattern of mutually perpendicular stream lines, equipotential lines.
In a flow net stream lines shows the direction of flow and equipotential lines joins the point of
equal velocity potential.
In irrotational flow both velocity potential function defined as a scalar function such that its
derivative with respect to any direction gives the velocity in direction.
-μ = δФ & -v = δФ
δx δy
& stream line function Ф defined as a function such that
μ = δψ & -v = δψ
δx δy
… Satisfy the laplace equation
hence
δ2Ф + δ2Ф = 0 … (i)

δx2 δy2
δ2ψ + δ2ψ = 0 … (ii)

δx2 δy2
Irrotational flow problems are analyzed by solving above equation. Electrical analogy
method is used in drawing flow nets for comparatively complicated forms of bound geometry in
which horizontal irrotational flows occurs according to this method, electrical is analogy to
streamlines and electrical potential is analogous to velocity potential.
Experimental setup:
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It consists of transparent tank of 400 m x 450 m cross sectional area and 90 mm depth. In
this tank, the model under study made up of copper and bakelite plate is installed probe mounded
on the trolley travel in x and y direction to locate the co-ordinates of equipotential lines. x and y
co-ordinates of the probe at each point is located on scale fitted on the cross slide. The analogy
field plotter is a second part of the set up arrangement on the copper and the Bakelite plate to apply
certain voltage is made thus one plate positive voltage is applied and on other plate negative
voltage is applied. In this potential difference of 10 volt can be maintain between two plates, a
voltmeter is provided giving the electrical potential at any point in the flow field.
Procedure:
1) Electrical connections are made by connecting the larger copper plate to positive channel
and smaller copper plate to negative channel.
2) Water is filled in the model.
3) The large copper plate is applied to +10 volt and smaller copper plate is put to 0 volt. Thus,
current flows from large cross section of the model to smaller cross section. The plate is
connected to I/P unit, which indicate electrical potential at any point in the flow field.
4) With the help of trolley fitted with the scale x - y co-ordinate along 90% , 80% , 70% , 60%
, 50% , 40% , 30% , 20% and 10% potential are located.
5) For one potential at least four values of x and y co-ordinates are located.
6) The flow nets are then drawn by using these value of x and y co-ordinates.
Precautions:
1. It is checked that when plate is brought in contact with large copper plate, it should indicate
+10 volt. When the plate is brought in contact with small copper plate, it should indicate 0
volt.
2. Connections of electrical wires should not be loose.
3. Water should not leak out of the model.
Observation Table:
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S.No. Potential Co-ordinate Point
Conclusion:

FLUID MECHANICS 1
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Date of Conduction:
Date of Submission:
Title: To calibrate the given Venturimeter and to draw and to obtain the
variation coefficient of discharge will Reynolds Number.
Attendance
Total
Signature of staff

FLUID MECHANICS 1
To calibrate the given Venturimeter and to draw and to obtain the variation
coefficient of discharge will Reynolds Number.
Theory:
The Venturimeter is a device used to measure the discharge through pipes. It works on the
principle that by reducing c/s and of flow passes a pressure difference (w) created and this pressure
difference allow the determination of discharge through the pipes, the Venturimeter consist of -
1. An inlet section of same size of pipe generally called main.
2. Converging cone.
3. A cylindrical throat and
4. A gradually diverging cone.
The flow occurs from converging cone to the diverging cone accompanied by fall in
pressure at throat section. Thus, the measurement of pressure difference between the inlet and
throat enables determination of discharge through pipes.
By applying Bernoulli's equation for section an inlet and throat a relation for a discharge
can be derived as,
Qth = A1xA2X√2gh / √A12-A22
Where
h = Difference of piezometer head between inlet and throat section
A1 = area of main pipe line
A2 = C/s of throat section
g = acceleration due to gravity

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Above equation can also be written
cd = Qact/ Qth
Where,
Qact - The actual discharge flowing in pipe considering all losses.
Qth - The discharge with considering the various losses, as fluid flows from inlet to outlet.
It value varies between 0.96 to 0.99 and depends upon ratio A1 / A2, velocity, viscosity. Reynold's
number is given by
Re = VD
υ
Experimental Setup:
Its consist of a horizontal pipe in which a Venturimeter is fitted the diameter of pipe (main)
and throat is 25 mm and 16 mm respectively passes tapping is provided at the inlet and throat
section. A MS collecting tank and stopwatch is used to measure discharge.

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Procedure:
1) The regulating valve is opened and flow is allow to stabilize.
2) Piezometer reading h1 and h2 are noted down.
3) The volume of water collected during the time of 30 sec is noted.
4) The discharge is changed using regulating valve and above steps 2 & 3 are repeated and ten
readings are taken.
5) The reading are written in tabular form as shown
Observations:
Diameter of main pipe line D = _________ mm
Diameter of throat section d = _________ mm
Area of water collecting water tank = _________ cm2
Area of main pipe line = cm2
Area throat section= cm2

Sr. Discharge Time Qact Piezometric Reading √Δh Qth = cd =
No. t vol/t K √h Qact
IR FR Diff. VOL h1 h2 Δh =
sec cm3/ Qth
x1 cm x2 cm Δx h1-h2
sec
Observation Table:

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Results:
The actual discharge
Qact = __________________ of h = ______________
= __________________ of h = ______________
Conclusion:
A graph of √h Vs. Qact gives the calibration curve from which the discharge is seen as H.

FLUID MECHANICS 1
EXPERIMENT NO.6
Date of Conduction:
Date of Submission:
Title: Calibration of Notch
Attendance
Total
Signature of staff

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Calibration of Notches.
Objective:
To calculate coefficient of discharge for the triangular notch.
Theory:
Notch:
It is an opening provided in the side of tank or vessel such that the liquid surface in the tank
is below made of metallic plates are also provided in the narrow channels in order to measure the
rate of flow of liquids. As such in general notches are used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid
from a tank.
Classification:
Notches are classified according to shape of opening
1) Triangular notch (V-notch)
2) Rectangular notch
3) Trapezoidal notch
4) Parabolic notch
5) Stepped notch
The edges of all these notches are belevelled on the d/s so as to have sharp edged sides and
creast since the liquid surface is always below the top edge of notch.
Notches may be classified according to effect of sides on the emerging from notch.
1) Notch with end contraction

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If the sides of notch cause the contraction of nappe. Then it's said to be notch with end
contraction.
2) Notch without end contraction and supported notch.
If the sides of notch causes no contraction of nappe or the end contraction are suppressed.
Then it is known as notch without end contraction.
 However, in the channel if the creast length of the notch than width of the channel, then it is
notch with end contraction.
 But if creast width of notch is equal to width of channel then it is notch with
Some terms collected to notches and weirs
1) Nappe
The sheet of liquid flowing over to notch or weir is called as Nappe.
2) Creast
The bottom edge of notch or top of weir over which liquid flow is called as creast.
3) Head over weir

The height of liquid surface above the creast of the notch is called as head acting over weir.
4) Height of creast
The height of creast above the bottom of tank or bed of channel is called as height of creast.

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A triangular weir is an ordinary weir which is having a triangular or V-shaped opening or

notch provided in its body so that water is discharged through this opening weir and triangular
notch are same and discharge of water over triangular weir or notch expression derived below.
Generally triangular weir or notch is preferred. A rectangular weir or notch for measuring
the low discharge. This is so because with low discharge, if the triangular weir or notch are used
for measuring the discharge that head over creast or weir or notch may be small that it may not be
possible to measure it accurately.
Let
H = head of water above the V notch.
θ = Angle of notch
Consider h2 strip of water of thickness dh of depth 'h' from free surface of water.
A hydraulic engine notches are commonly used to regulate the flow in river and other
channels. The relation between water level c/s of notch end the discharge over it is generally
known as that discharge at any time may be found by observing u/s water level. Notches usually
have sharp edge so that the water strip clear of the plate as it passes through the notches.
Experimental setup:
Triangular notches fixed in a small flume (1.5 m long, 0.4 to 0.3 m deep). Supply to this
flume is made through pipe in which a valve is fitted to regulate the supply. To dampen the
fluctuations in a water level in flume to CV max. screen are considered are placed just c/s of flow
entrance over equipment needed is the pointer gauge (to measure head H and strip of water)

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Procedure:
1) Open the supply valve, so that water flows over the weir. Let the flow stabilized.
2) Note the water surface level with pointer gauge should be at 3.6 times likely more head
over weir.
3) Observe the discharge.
4) Repeat steps for different values of discharge. Take at least 8 sets of observations.
OBSERVATIONS:
1) Area of tank =
2) Initial level of pointer gauge =
3) Angle of triangular weir =
Discharge Time Qact Head Qth = Cd = Avg.

Measurement m3/s Measurement a1a2 √2gh Qact value
IR FR Diff. I.R. on H = √a12 - a22 Qth of Cd
pointer GF-G 1
gauge
GF

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Calculations -

FLUID MECHANICS 1

FLUID MECHANICS 1

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Result -
Coefficient of Discharge -
i) Practically Cd =
ii) Graphically Cd =
Conclusion -

FLUID MECHANICS 1
EXPERIMENT NO.7
Date of Conduction:
Date of Submission:
Title : To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally.
Attendance
Total
Signature of staff

FLUID MECHANICS 1
To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally.
Theory:
Bernoulli's equation is based on the law of conservation of energy at any section in steady
irrotational flow of an ideal fluid. Total energy is known as sum of pressure energy, potential
energy and kinetic energy, according to this equation total energy at section of fluid flow remains
same provided there is no loss or gain of energy between two sections energy is usually expressed
as energy per unit length weight of fluid and is termed as energy load head. Thus, total energy is
expressed as head loss.
Bernoulli's equation is generally expressed as
(P2/ ρg ) + (V2 / 2g )+Z = Constant

Where,
P2/ ρg = Pressure head in 'm' or 'cm'
V2 / 2g = velocity or kinetic energy head in 'm' or 'cm'
Z = Datum or elevation or potential energy head in 'm' or 'cm'.
Each term of above equation has units of J/N and has dimensions of length. The above
equation valid subjected to following assumptions.
i) fluid is non-visions (ideal fluid)
ii) fluid is incompressible i.e. - density is constant.
iii) flow is steady i.e. there is no change in velocity pressure at any point in flow w.r.t.
to time and in except gravity and pressure forces no other forces or energy is
involved.
Experimental setup:
The experiment consists of conduct of varying cross sections which converges for certain
length and diverges for remaining length size of conduit at inlet and outlet is 4.5 cm x 2.5 cm water
flows from supply tank and is collected in delivery tank. Piezometer are connected at equal interval
along the length of conduit to measure pressure head at different sections. A regulating valve is
fixed at d/s end of pipe to regulate delivery through conduit. AN MS collecting tank stopwatch
used for measuring discharge.
Procedure:
1) Supply valve is opened and flow is allowed to stabilize.
FLUID MECHANICS 1
2) Height of water column in the piezometer above an assumed datum is measured.

3) A certain volume of water is collected in known time 't' see.
4) Discharge flow through conduit is changed using regulating valve.
5) Steps 2 to 4 are respected for different discharges and reading are tabulated.
Observations
Sr. Discharge Measurement Area of V=Q/A V2/2g P/V P/V +

No. Rise in Time Q= conduit cm/s cm cm V2/2g
water sec vol/time cm
level
Calculation:-

FLUID MECHANICS 1

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Conclusion

FLUID MECHANICS 1
The hydraulic gradient line has fallen and have used with a minimum valve of area equal to
which is minimum however Total Energy Line (TEL) is continuously falling indicating the
Bernoulli's equation applicable i.e.
P1 + V12 + Z = P2 + V2 + Z2
V 2g V 2g

FLUID MECHANICS 1
EXPERIMENT NO.8
Date of Conduction:
Date of Submission:
Title: Study of flow through pipes
Attendance
Total
Signature of staff

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Study of flow through pipes
Objective:
Study the verification of 'f' for laminar and turbulent flow through pipe.
Theory:
A pipe is commonly circular in section. As pipe carries fluid under pressure, the fluid
flowing through pipe is always subjected to resistance due to shear forces between fluid particles
and boundary walls, as themselves resulting from viscosity of fluid.
The resistance of flow of fluid is generally known as frictional resistance since certain
amount of energy possessed by the flowing fluid wall be consumed in overcoming this resistance
to flow, there will be always some energy losses in the distance of flow which however depends on
the types of flow. The flow of fluid in the pipe may be either laminar or turbulent. Pipes are widely
used for water supply or may other purpose.
hf = (fl / d) . (v2 / 2g)
l
d N
Where
hf = Darcy's Weisbach Friction Factor
Thus, for pipe of given diameter and the length, the friction factor can be obtained in case
by actually measuring the loss of head. Friction can be expressed by the general formulae.
hf = k v2
2g
By plotting values of v perpendicular to ε0 cover value of hf and k. And thereby the value of
head and discharge further loss of head due to friction can be expressed by general formula.
F = θ
(Re.μ/n)
1) For laminar flow
The friction factor is a function of Reynold's number and can be given by

f = σμ (0 < Re < 200)

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Re
2) For smooth turbulent flow
Also the friction factor is a function of Reynold's number and only can be obtained by
different ranges of Re by using the formula.
f = 0.134 (4000 < Re < 105)
Re¼
1/√R = 2 log10 (Re √R) - 0.8 (105 < Re < 107)
f = 0.0032 + 0.227
Re0.237
ii) For rough turbulent flow the friction factor is partially independent of Re & is a function of
a relative roughness relative smoothness only.
It can be obtained by the formula.
1_ = 2 log10 (R/H) + 1.14
√f
By using appropriate formula, value of friction factor can be obtained.
Equipments :
 Pipe,
 friction apparatus consisting of inlet tank valve,
 pipe of three different diameters mounted on a stand and each provided with 2 pressure
tapping weight of suitable distance apart,
 a valve of d/s side and
 U-tube Mercury Differential Manometer
 Measuring tank
 Stopwatch etc.
Procedure:
1) Open the inlet valve of supply and allow the moderate discharge to flow through the pipe.

FLUID MECHANICS 1
2) Remove all the bubbles and air bubbles from U-tube manometer with the help of pinch
work etc.
3) Open the inlet valve completely and allow more discharge to flow through the pipe.
4) Measure the discharge in measuring tank
5) Measure the deflection of U-tube differential manometer.
6) Repeat the procedure for the pipes of different diameter.
Experimental Data:
 Length of pipe (l) = mm
 Diameter of pipe (d) = mm
 Average height of roughness =
 Area of measurement tank = mm2
 Specific Gravity of liquid flowing through pipe =
 Kinematic Viscosity of fluid at room temperature = m2/s
 Water tank side = mm2

Sr. Manometric reading hp = Discharge Manometer Vol. Time Qact v=Q Fexp = Re = Ftheo
No. 12.6 A.h (t) Vol/ /A 2gdhf vd
x1 x2 Diff. I.R. F.R. Diff.
x cm3 T lv2

FLUID MECHANICS 1
FLUID MECHANICS 1
Calculation -

FLUID MECHANICS 1

FLUID MECHANICS 1
Conclusion -
Friction factor (f)
1) F graphically =
2) F theoretically =

Experiment No.1: Title: To Determine The Kinematic Viscosity of Given Fluid by Redwood Viscometer'

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Level of participation in T.W.

Completion of Term Work

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT AHMEDNAGAR

To determine the kinematic viscosity of given fluid by

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G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT AHMEDNAGAR

TITLE: STUDY OF PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

Description Marks Obtained

Level of participation in T.W.

Completion of Term Work

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT AHMEDNAGAR

Study of Pressure measuring devices.

The various types of pressure -

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ii) Gauge Pressure -

iii) Vacuum Pressure -

Pressure Measuring Devices -

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Types of simple manometer -

ii) U tube manometer

iii) Single Column Manometer

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G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT AHMEDNAGAR

 Simplest form of manometer used for measuring gauge pressure.

 The rise of liquid gives the pressure head at that point.

ii) U-tube manometer

a) For gauge pressure -

Let B = point of which pressure is to be measured whose value is P.

The datum line is A-A.

b = Height of liquid above datum line.

h2 = Height of heavy liquid above datum

s1 = Specific gravity of lighter liquid

s2 = Specific gravity of heavy liquid

ρ1 = Density of light liquid

ρ2 = Density of heavy liquid = 1000 x s2

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Hence by equating them,

b) For vacuum pressure -

i.e. pressure above A-A in the left column

(pressure head in the right column above A-A = 0)

iii) Single column manometer

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1) Vertical Single Column Manometer

2) Inclined Single Column Manometer

1) Vertical Single Column Manometer

ΔH = fall of heavy liquid in reservoir

h2 = Rise of heavy liquid in right limb

h1 = Height of centre of pipe above x-x

PA = Pressure at A which is to be measured

A = C/S area of reservoir

a = C/S area of right limb

S1 = Specific gravity of liquid in pipe

S2 = Specific gravity of heavy liquid in reservoir & right limb

ρ1 = Density of liquid in pipe.

ρ2 = Density of liquid in reservoir

Now, consider the datum line as Y-Y

Then, pressure in right limb above Y-Y

= ρ2 x g (ΔH + h2)- - - - - - -(2)

Equating the above two equation

ρ2 x g (ΔH+h2) = ρ1 x g (ΔH+h1) +PA

From equation (1)