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Statistical Methods for Quality and Productivity Improvement / Statistical Process Control
The Western Electric rules add two-sigma and one-sigma limits, and
four rules for taking action.
Control limits for the x̄ and R charts are then calculated from µ and
σ instead of x̄¯ and R̄; necessary constants are again tabulated.
This can improve the performance of the charts, but only if the
standard values are actually appropriate for the process.
For a normal distribution and control limits constructed from x̄¯ and
R̄ in m = 25 samples of size n = 5, the α-risk is around 0.0048.
The β-risk is the probability of not detecting a shift the process is not
in control.
x̄ chart
Suppose the process mean shifts by kσ:
In control: X ∼ (µ0 , σ 2 ).
√
Control limits are µ0 ± Lσ/ n (typically L = 3).
Out of control: X ∼ N(µ0 + kσ, σ 2 ).
In R:
The qcc package provides a function oc.curves() that makes OC
curves for an x̄ chart made by qcc():
Notes:
The qcc object is used only to extract the values of the
sigma-multiplier L, and the sample size n, which is emphasized
on the graph;
In version 2.6 of the qcc library, oc.curves does not work if you
use the confidence.level option:
oc.curves(qcc(flowDev, type = "xbar", plot = FALSE,
confidence.level = 0.999))
R chart
OC curves for the R chart are constructed similarly, using the
distribution of the range instead of the normal distribution. In version
2.6 of the qcc library, oc.curves() can not make them, but in version
2.8 it can.
In R:
Specify the “confidence level” (1 − α) instead of L:
summary(qcc(flowDev, "R",
confidence.level = pnorm(3) - pnorm(-3)))
If that fails:
install.packages("devtools")
library(devtools)
install_github("luca-scr/qcc")
Then:
library(qcc)
oc.curves(qcc(flowDev, type = "R", plot = FALSE,
confidence.level = pnorm(3) - pnorm(-3)))
I = ARL × n.
13 / 14 Control Charts for Variables Control Charts for x̄ and R
ST 435/535
Statistical Methods for Quality and Productivity Improvement / Statistical Process Control
In R:
The oc.curves() function does not make ARL curves, but it does
return the β values, so the ARL curve can be constructed from them:
flowOc <- oc.curves(qcc(flowDev, type = "xbar", plot = FALSE))
matplot(x = seq(from = 0, to = 5, length = nrow(flowOc)),
y = 1 / (1 - flowOc), type = "l", log = "y")
title("ARL curves for xbar chart")
legend("topright", legend = paste("n =", n),
lty = 1:5, col = 1:6, inset = 0.05)