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Physical constants
Mass of an electron (Me) = 9.1x10-31kg.
Mass of a proton ( Mp) = 1.6725 x 10-27kg.
Mass of a neutron (Mn) = 1.6746 x 10-27kg.
Charge of an electron (e) = -1.6 x 10-19c
Speed of light in vacuum (c) = 3 x108 m/sec.
Planck Constant (h) = 6.6256 x 10-34 J x sec.
Universal Gravitation constant (G) = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/ kg2.
Avogadro Number (NA) = 6.023 x1023 mol-1.
Boltzmann constant (K) = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
Stefan Constant (σ) = 5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4.
Wien Displacement Constant (b) = 2.898 x10-3 m K
Solar Constant (S) = 1.388 x 103 W m-2
Mass of the sun (MS) = 2x 1030kg.
Mass of the earth (ME) = 5.98x 1024kg
Radius of the earth (Re) = 6400 Km. = 6.4x106m.
Density of earth = 5.522x103kg/m3.
Average angular velocity of the earth = 7.29x 10-5rad./sec
Average distance between the sun and earth = 1.5x1011m.
Average distance between moon and the earth =3.84x 108m.
Magnetic Moment of the earth = 6.4x 1021 Amp. X m2.
Conversion Coefficients
1Light year = 9.46x1015m.
1 A.U. = 1.496 x 1011m.
1Å = 10-10m.
1 Pound = 0.4536kg = 453.6 gm
1 Fermi = 10-15m.
1 C.S.L. = 1.4 x Mass of the sun.
1 Shake = 10-8sec
1ev = 1.6 x10-19 Joule.
1 Horse Power = 746 Watt.
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1
Physics
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(Class 11)
Quadratic Equation
An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation.
It is of the form
ax2 + bx + c =0
The roots of a quadratic equation are
X = -b ±(b2 + 4ac)1/2
2a
Binomial Theorem
If n is any integer, positive or negative or a fraction and x is any real number,
then
( 1+x)n = 1 + nx + n(n-1)x2 + .. .
Ị2
If IxI <<1 , then (1+x)n = 1+ nx.
Mensuration
Area of a circle = 𝜋 r2 =π D2/4
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2
Physics
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Fundamental Trigonometric relations
1
Cosec =
Sinθ
1
Sec =
Cosθ
Cosθ 1
Cot = =
Sinθ Tanθ
Sinθ
Tan =
Cosθ
Sin2 + Cos2 =1
1+ tan 2 =Sec2
1+ Cot2 = Cosec2
Sin 2A = 2SinACosA
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Physics
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Logarithms
Logamn = Logam + Logan
𝑚
Loga ( ) = Logam - Logan
𝑛
Logam = Logbm x Logab
Log10103 = Log101000 = 3
Loga1 = 0
Logaa = 1
Average Values
< Sinθ> = 0 , < Cosθ> = 0
< Sin2 >= ½
< Cos2 θ > = ½
Approximate Values
If angle ( ) small then 0
Sinθ
Cos 1
Tan
Differential Formulae
Differentiation of a constant is zero
𝑑𝑐
=0
𝑑𝑥
d(cy)
dx
= cdy
dx
𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 )
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
d[f(x)±g(x)] df(x)
= ± dg(x)
dx
dx dx
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Physics
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𝑑𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
{ ( )} =
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 {𝑔(𝑥)}2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 (𝑎𝑥 )
= 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑(sin 𝑥)
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(cos 𝑥)
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(tan 𝑥)
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(cot 𝑥)
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
= −cosec 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
= sec 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
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Physics
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Integral Formulae
∫dx =x +c Where c = constant
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫xn+1
dx = +𝐶
𝑛+1
∫dx/x = logex +c
∫Sinx dx = - Cosx +c
∫Sin ax dx = -Cos ax
a
∫ Cos x dx = Sin x +c
∫Sec2x dx = tan x +c
∫ Cosec2x dx = -Cot x +c
∫ Sec x tan x dx = Sec x +c
∫Cosec x Cot x dx = - Cosec x + c
∫ ex dx = ex +c
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