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Functional Programming with Clojure

CONTENTS INCLUDE:
n
Motivations
n
Language Foundations
REPLs
Simple Concurrency on the JVM
n

n
Function Catalog
n
Interoperability
n
The Clojure Ecosystem and more... By Tim Berglund and Matthew McCullough

MOTIVATIONS LANGUAGE FOUNDATIONS

It all started with John McCarthy, the year 1958, and a
small language named Lisp. Why are we, five decades later,
discussing a sudden springing-to-life of incarnations of this
programming language predated only by Fortran? It turns
out that Lisp never really died. It was merely in hibernation all
those years, “pining for the fjords” of the Java Virtual Machine,
powerful CPUs, and abundant RAM. That
day has arrived. In fact, the multi-core
architecture and ever-harder concurrency
problems computer science is currently
aiming to solve are a perfect fit for a Lisp
dialect. Rich Hickey realized this and
www.dzone.com
Code Is Data
The fact that Clojure’s unconventional syntax asks you to type
in the AST directly has a surprising implication: namely, that
all Clojure code is data. In fact, there is no formal distinction
between code and data in Clojure. When code is represented
in text files, it exists as a set of nested forms (or S-expressions).
When these forms are parsed by the
reader (which is like a part of the
compiler), they become Clojure data
structures, no different in kind than the
data structures you create yourself in
Clojure code.

began work on a language we now know

We call this property homoiconicity. In
as Clojure (pronounced: \klö-zhər\).
a homoiconic language, code and data
In just a few short years, the Java Virtual are the same kind of thing. This is very
Machine (JVM) has gone from a platform different from a language like Java,
solely running the Java language, to in which variables and the code that
becoming the preferred platform for the manipulates them live in two separate
execution of hundreds of cutting edge conceptual spaces.
programming languages. Some of these
languages, such as Groovy, Scala and As a result of Clojure’s homoiconicity,
Clojure are vying for the community’s every Clojure program is a data structure,
respect as the most innovative language   and every Clojure data structure can
Figure 1: Parsing of a Clojure syntax tree potentially be interpreted as a program.
on the Java Virtual Machine. Let’s
explore why Clojure is one of those frontrunners and why it The data structure that is the program is available for the
deserves a place in the tool belt of any leading edge JVM program to modify at run time. This arguably allows for the
Getting Started with Clojure

developer. most powerful metaprogramming possible in any language.

Don’t let yourself think Clojure is only for the elite, or for Data Types…?
solving a narrow class of programming problems. It is a Since all Clojure code is a Clojure data structure, we don’t
general-purpose dynamic language of the JVM, appropriate
for a broad variety of tasks by any developer willing to learn a
few potentially unfamiliar—but accessible—concepts.

Why the strange syntax? Get over 90 DZone Refcardz

Lisps are often ridiculed as having a plethora of parenthesis,
but they serve a very useful purpose. They reduce all ambiguity
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and require no lengthy set of evaluation precedence rules;
deepest parens execute first. For the benefit of the developer,
the frequency of parentheses in Clojure were engineered down
to the barest minimum Lisp has ever seen.

Clojure’s simple syntax rules are a direct benefit of the code

being a direct version of the abstract syntax tree (AST).
Following the execution of the code becomes a matter of
traversing that tree, which is often a simple recursion to the
deepest pair of parentheses, then proceeds outward. For
example, Figure 1 shows a basic math problem’s Clojure syntax
and evaluation.

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 2 Getting Started with Clojure

speak of data types and data structures the way we do in a from the imperative languages you are used to. Conceptually,
conventional language. Instead, we speak of forms. Forms are Clojure separates identity from value. An identity is a logical
text strings processed by the Clojure Reader. entity that has a stable definition over time, and can be
represented by one of the reference types (ref, agent, and
Form Name Description Examples atom). An identity “points to” a value, which by contrast
String A string of characters, “angry monkey”, is always immutable. We could bind a name to a value as
implemented by “Mutable state follows—this is analogous to assignment in Java—but there is
java.lang.String. considered harmful” no idiomatic way to change the value had by that name:
Number A numeric literal that 6.023E23, 42
=> (def universal-answer 42)
evaluates to itself. #’user/universal-answer
=> universal-answer
Ratio A rational number. 22/7, 1/3, 24/601 42
=> ; Doing it wrong
=> (def universal-answer 43)
Boolean A boolean literal form. False true, false #’user/universal-answer
and nil evaluate to false; true
and everything else evaluate
to true. In the example above, 42 is the value bound to the name
universal-answer. If we wanted the universal answer to be able
Also returned by predicate
to change, we might use an atom:
functions.

Character A single character literal, \z, \3, \space, \tab, \ => (def universal-answer (atom “what do you get when you multiply six
implemented by newline, \return by nine”))
#’user/universal-answer
java.lang.Character. => (deref universal-answer)
“what do you get when you multiply six by nine”
Nil The null value in Clojure. nil
Note that we access the value of an atom using the deref
Keyword A form beginning with a colon :deposed, :royalty
that evaluates to itself. Also a function. To change the value pointed to by an atom, we must
function that looks itself up in be explicit. For example, to change the universal answer to
a map. be a function instead of a number or a string, we use the
reset! function:
Symbol A name that refers to str-join, java.lang.
something. Symbols may be Thread, clojure.core, +,
function names, data, Java *source-path* => (reset! universal-answer (fn [] (* 6 9)))
#<user$eval11$fn__12 user$eval11$fn__12@d5e92d7>
class names, and namespaces. => ((deref universal-answer))
54

Set A collection of unique
elements. Also a function that
looks up its own elements.
Map A collection of key/value
pairs. Note that commas are
optional. Also a function that
looks up its own keys.
Vector An ordered collection with
high-performance indexing
semantics. Also a function
that looks up an element by
its position.
List An ordered collection, also
known as an S-expression, or
sexp. The fundamental data
structure of Clojure. When
the list is not quoted, the first
element is interpreted as a
function name, and is invoked.
#{:bright :copper The double parentheses around the deref call are necessary
:kettles},
#{1 3 5 7 13} because the value of universal-answer is a function. Wrapping
that function in parentheses causes Clojure to evaluate it,
{:species “monkey” returning the value 54.
:emotion “angry”},
{“A” 23, “B” 83} Note that the number, the string, and the function above are
values, and do not change. The symbol universal-answer is an
identity, and changes its value over time.
[1 1 2 3 5 8]
In traditional concurrent programming, synchronizing access
to shared variables is the limiting factor in creating correct
programs, and is an intellectually daunting task besides.
Clojure provides an elegant solution in its reference types. In
‘(13 17 19 23), addition to refs, we have atoms and agents for concurrently
(map str [13 17 19 23])
managing mutable state. Together these three types
form a significantly improved abstraction over traditional
threading and synchronization. You can read more about
them here: http://clojure.org/refs, http://clojure.org/atoms,
http://clojure.org/agents.

Note that all Clojure data structures are immutable, even things
like maps and lists that we normally think of as mutable. Any
time you perform an operation on a data structure to change
it, you are actually creating a whole new structure in memory
that has the modification. If this seems horribly inefficient, don’t
worry; Clojure represents data structures internally such that
it can create modified views of immutable data structures in a
performant way.
Sequences
Clojure’s Aggregate forms (i.e., String, Map, Vector, List, and
Set) can all be interpreted as sequences, or simply “seqs”
(pronounced seeks). A seq is an immutable collection on which
we can perform three basic operations:
• first: returns the first item in the sequence
=> (first [2 7 1 8 2 8 1 8 2 8 4 5 9 0])
2

Mutability in Clojure • r est: returns a new sequence containing all elements

Clojure invites you to take a slightly different view of variables except the first

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 3 Getting Started with Clojure

=> (rest [2 7 1 8 2 8 1 8 2 8 4 5 9 0]) After obtaining the prerequisites:

(7 1 8 2 8 1 8 2 8 4 5 9 0) • Unzip the clojure.zip archive.
• c ons: returns a new sequence containing a new element • Run java -cp clojure.jar clojure.main
added to the beginning A Web REPL
=> (cons 2 [7 1 8 2 8 1 8 2 8 4 5 9 0]) If getting a REPL up and running seems like too much effort
(2 7 1 8 2 8 1 8 2 8 4 5 9 0)
for a first encounter with Clojure, try “Lord of the REPLs”, a
These three functions form the backbone of seq Google App Engine Web application that immediately lets you
functionality, but there is a rich library of additional seq try out snippets of syntax. (http://lotrepls.appspot.com/)
functions in clojure.core.

See here for more details: http://clojure.org/sequences and

http://clojuredocs.org/quickref/Clojure%20Core#Collections+-
+SequencesSequences.

Clojure sequences can be infinite, like the set of all

positive integers:
=> (def positive-integers (iterate inc 1))

Since this sequence would take infinite memory to

realize, Clojure provides the concept of a lazy sequence.
Lazy sequences are only evaluated when they are needed at
run time. If we tried to print the sequence of all primes, we Figure 3: Web Based REPL
 
would need infinite memory and time:

=> (use ‘[clojure.contrib.lazy-seqs :only (primes)]) Simply hit CTRL + Space and choose Clojure from the
=> primes
=> ; requires extreme patience language drop-down.

However, we can efficiently reach into that lazy sequence A similar Clojure-only Web REPL can be found at
and grab the members we need without constructing the http://tryclj.licenser.net/
whole thing:
Documentation
=> (use ‘[clojure.contrib.lazy-seqs :only (primes)]) Docstrings
=> (take 10 (drop 10000 primes))
=> (104743 104759 104761 104773 104779 104789 104801 104803 104827 Clojure encourages every function to have a docstring. This
104831) is similar to JavaDoc comments in Java. A docstring for a
function is enclosed by double quotes and precedes the name
Of course, lazy sequences are not magical. They will
of the function.
require enough memory and computation to generate the
values we request, but they defer that computation until (defn sayhello
“Introduce a friend by name.”
needed, and usually don’t attempt eager computation of the [friendsname]
entire sequence. (str “Let me introduce you to my friend “ friendsname))

REPLs The docstring can be viewed with the doc function:

(doc sayhello)
Running a REPL
A standard tool for experimenting with Clojure is a Read Eval Which outputs:
Print Loop, or REPL. It is an interactive prompt that remembers user/sayhello
the results of previous operations and allows you to use those ([friendsname])
Say hello to a friend by name.
results in future statements. nil

The simple prerequisites are:

If you can’t recall what a function’s name is, but you can
• Java 1.5 or greater JDK
remember some keywords from the docstring, you can search
•A download of the clojure.zip language archive from
for those words in all functions with the find-doc function:
http://clojure.org/downloads
(find-doc “friend by name”)

Which outputs:
user/sayhello
([friendsname])
Say hello to a friend by name.
nil

Source code
If the source for a function is available, it can be shown with a
Figure 2: Clojure’s basic REPL
  straightforward call to source like so:

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 4 Getting Started with Clojure

(source sayhello) Testing (Predicates)

Function Description
which outputs:
nil? True if the parameter is nil.
(defn sayhello
“Introduce a friend by name.”
[friendsname] identical? True if the parameters are the same object.
(str “Let me introduce you to my friend “ friendsname))
nil zero? True if zero, false otherwise.

Note that in some execution environments, it is necessary pos? True if positive, false otherwise.
to first import the repl-utils functions before calling source.
Leiningen and the standard Clojure 1.2 repl have the source neg? True if negative, false otherwise.
function available automatically.
even? True if even, false otherwise.
(use ‘clojure.contrib.repl-utils)
odd? True if odd, false otherwise.
Tooling
min Smallest of the provided numbers.
All the major development tools have Clojure plug-ins bringing
both syntax highlighting and a REPL to the table. max Greatest of the provided numbers.
Emacs
Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs
http://github.com/nablaone/slime An easily-navigable set of core function
Hot documentation can be found at:
Highlighting and Indentation Tip
http://github.com/technomancy/clojure-mode http://clojuredocs.org/quickref/Clojure%20Core
TextMate
Clojure-TMBundle INTEROPERABILITY
http://github.com/stephenroller/clojure-tmbundle

Eclipse Many new languages are being developed and hosted on the
Counterclockwise JVM for its robust deployment model, excellent performance
http://code.google.com/p/counterclockwise/ characteristics, and rich ecosystem. These languages take
IntelliJ different approaches to interoperating with and embracing
La-Clojure the Java tradition they inherit. For its otherwise alien syntax,
http://plugins.intellij.net/plugin/?id=4050 Clojure has surprisingly clean Java interop, and this is no
accident. The decision to host Clojure on the JVM was not
NetBeans
merely an implementation detail; rather, the JVM is a first-
Enclojure
class part of Clojure’s world. Significant language features
http://www.enclojure.org/
were added to cooperate cleanly with the JVM. Clojure’s Java
interop is implemented without intrusive and abstraction-
FUNCTION CATALOG
leaking wrappers, but instead by direct programming of Java
objects in Clojure code.
The sheer volume of functions available in Clojure can be
overwhelming. However, a combination of ClojureDocs.org and Calling a static method on a class is easy:
docstring referencing can aid in finding one that fits a specific
=> (System/nanoTime)
need. Here are a few excerpts of frequently used functions: 1286079871663966000
=> (Math/E)
Arithmetic 2.718281828459045

Function Return Value

Calling an instance method on a Java object has a special
+ Sum of numbers.
syntax (note that the Clojure String is also a Java object):
- Subtraction of numbers.
=> (.toUpperCase “angry monkey”)
“ANGRY MONKEY”
* Multiplication of numbers. => (.getClass :monkey)
clojure.lang.Keyword
/ Division of numbers.
Creating an OBJECT can be done with the familiar new
mod Modulus of numbers.
function, or with the special dot syntax:
inc Input number incremented by one.
=> (new String “monkey”)
“monkey”
dec Input number decremented by one. => (String. “monkey”)
“monkey”
min Smallest of the provided numbers.
Here is some code illustrating how to import classes and
max Greatest of the provided numbers.
interact with the Swing API:

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 5 Getting Started with Clojure

(ns swing-example power of Lisp and a corresponding DSL to flex their muscles to
(:use [clojure.contrib.swing-utils] produce HTML content with minimal effort.
[clojure.contrib.lazy-seqs :only (fibs)])
(:import [javax.swing JFrame JLabel JButton JTextField http://github.com/weavejester/compojure
SwingConstants]
[java.awt GridLayout]))
Cascalog
; Define a function that builds a JFrame that runs the supplied The Hadoop MapReduce framework has garnered enough
function
; on a button click, then displays the result in the frame attention for Internet-scale data processing to warrant a tool
(defn function-frame [window-title button-text func]
(let [text-field (JTextField.) called Cascalog. It provides a Clojure language interface to
result-label (JLabel. “—” SwingConstants/CENTER) query Hadoop NoSQL datastores.
button (doto (JButton. button-text)
(add-action-listener http://github.com/nathanmarz/cascalog
(fn [_]
(.setText result-label
(str (func (Integer. (.getText text-
field))))))))] THE CLOJURE ECOSYSTEM
(doto (JFrame. window-title)
(.setLayout (GridLayout. 3 1))
(doto (.getContentPane)
(.add button) Clojure is more than just an experiment to bring Lisp to the
(.add text-field)
(.add result-label) JVM. It is a growing component of production applications,
) often focusing on exciting new frontiers of parallel, graph
(.pack))))
navigation, and scalable computing.
; Customize function-frame to calculate Fibonacci numbers
(def fib-frame (function-frame “Fibonacci” Stories abound of Clojure in use at telecommunications firms,
“Fib”
#(nth (fibs) %))) analytics agencies, and social media companies. The following
; Display the JFrame short list can be of use in convincing colleagues that the
(.setVisible fib-frame true) language is worth investigating for applicability to challenging
Important Java Interop Functions and Macros problem domains.

Name Description Example Revelytix: Semantic Emergent Analytics(TM) with semantic

doto Allows many Java =>(def user (doto (User.) technologies and query federation capabilities.
method calls in (.setFirstName “Tim”) http://www.revelytix.com/
(.setLastname “Berglund”)))
succession on a
single object. Akamai: Live Transcoding of Mobile Content
bean Creates an immutable =>(bean user) http://www.mail-archive.com/clojure@googlegroups.com/
map out of the {:firstName “Tim”, :lastName msg29948.html
“Berglund”}
properties of a JavaBean.
FlightCaster: Commercial Plane Delay Predictions
class Returns the Java class of =>(class (Date.))
http://www.infoq.com/articles/flightcaster-clojure-rails
a Clojure expression. java.util.Date

SoniAn: Cloud Powered Email Archiving http://sonian.com

supers Returns a List of the => (supers (class
superclasses and (Calendar/getInstance)))
#{java.lang.Cloneable java.
implemented interfaces
util.Calendar java.lang. GOING FURTHER
of a Clojure expression. Comparable java.lang.Object
java.io.Serializable}

Community
Open Source Tools & Frameworks Clojure has a vibrant community that happily fields questions
Leiningen and offers up a plethora of code examples.
The JVM has many build tools such as Maven, Gradle and Ant
that are compatible with Clojure. However, Clojure has its own Official Sites
build tool that is “designed to not set your hair on fire.” Setting Homepage
it up proves that this goal has been achieved. http://clojure.org/
Source Code
On a *nix platform:
http://github.com/clojure/clojure/
wget ‘http://github.com/technomancy/leiningen/raw/stable/bin/lein’
Blog
On Windows, download the binary distribution: http://clojure.blogspot.com/
http://github.com/technomancy/leiningen
Support, Development, Mentoring
Then get help: http://clojure.com/
lein Documentation, Tutorials
Or create a new Clojure project: Community-authored code examples
http://clojuredocs.org
lein new myfirstproj
http://www.gettingclojure.com/cookbook:clojure-cookbook
Or run a REPL: Community-authored book
lein repl http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Clojure_Programming

Compojure Relevance Clojure Studio Training Materials

Clojure has a lightweight Web framework that allows for the http://github.com/relevance/labrepl

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 6 Getting Started with Clojure

Videos Joy of Clojure by Michael Fogus and Chris Houser

Rich Hickey on Clojure Concepts http://joyofclojure.com/
http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Are-We-There-Yet-Rich- Lisp in small pieces by Christian Queinnec
Hickey http://pagesperso-systeme.lip6.fr/Christian.Queinnec/WWW/
Stu Halloway on Clojure Protocols LiSP.html
http://vimeo.com/11236603 SICP In Clojure
Rich Hickey on Clojure at W. Mass Developers’ Group http://sicpinclojure.com/
http://blip.tv/file/812787 Practical Clojure
http://apress.com/book/view/1430272317
Libraries
Build Tool Clojure in Action
http://github.com/technomancy/leiningen http://www.manning.com/rathore/
Statistical Computing Bookmarks
http://incanter.org/ Clojure is still in its formative stages and new resources are
Supplementary Libs popping up all the time. One of the best ways to keep up with
http://github.com/clojure/clojure-contrib/ the additions to its ecosystem is through a hand-crafted list of
bookmarks about this new JVM language.
Web Framework
http://github.com/weavejester/compojure/wiki http://delicious.com/matthew.mccullough/clojure
http://delicious.com/tlberglund/clojure
Books http://delicious.com/tag/clojure
Programming Clojure by Stu Halloway
http://pragprog.com/titles/shcloj/programming-clojure

ABOUT THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDED BOOK

Tim Berglund combines a broad perspective on software architecture and If you’re a Java programmer, if you care about concurrency, or
team dynamics with a passion for hands-on development. He specializes in web if you enjoy working in low-ceremony language such as Ruby or
development using the Grails framework, bringing expertise in the browser, database Python, Programming Clojure is for you. Clojure is a general-
design, and enterprise integration to bear on browser-based solutions. His skill as purpose language with direct support for Java, a modern Lisp
a teacher and his integrative approach to technology, team, and organizational dialect, and support in both the language and data structures for
problem-solving makes him an ideal partner during periods of disruptive technology functional programming. Programming Clojure shows you how to
change in your organization. write applications that have the beauty and elegance of a good
scripting language, the power and reach of the JVM, and a modern,
Tim embraces the Java platform, including both the Java language and its high-
concurrency-safe functional style. Now you can write beautiful code
productivity cousin, Groovy. He also helps clients bring agility to their database development using
that runs fast and scales well.
the Liquibase database refactoring tool, having applied, coached, and lectured on it extensively. He is
committed to applying and helping teams excel with agile methods in all of his engagements.
Through his partnership with ThirstyHead.com, Tim offers public and private classroom training in BUY NOW
Groovy, Grails, and Liquibase, and is available to develop custom courseware by private engagement. books.dzone.com/books/programming-clojure
Tim is a frequent speaker at domestic and international conferences, including the Scandinavian
Developer Conference, JavaZone, Strange Loop, and the No Fluff Just Stuff tour.

Matthew McCullough is an energetic 15 year veteran of enterprise software

development, open source education, and co-founder of Ambient Ideas, LLC, a
Denver, Colorado, USA consultancy. Matthew is a published author, open source
creator, speaker at over 100 conferences, and author of three of the top 10 Refcardz
of all time. He writes frequently on software and presenting at his blog:
http://ambientideas.com/blog.

#82

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