Topic 1 – Chemical Bonding I

Ionic vs. covalent compounds Electronegativity

 Ionic bonds - consist of chemical bonds that

are formed through transferring electrons
from a metal to a non-metal.
 Covalent bonds – atoms share electrons and
are formed between two non-metals.
 Occurs when atomic orbitals with valence
electrons overlap.
 The number of valence electrons determine
how many covalent bonds the atom forms.
 Chemical bonds – need to achieve noble gas
stability
 The ability of an atom to attract electrons
 Increases from left to right and decreases
from top to bottom on the PT
 Used to calculate the polarity of a bond
 Non-polar covalent – < 0.5 EN
 Polar covalent – O.5 – 1.6 EN *only non-
metals
 Ionic - > 2.0 EN

Polarity Delta notation

 Non – polar covalent bond – electrons  Used to show the unequal sharing of
shared equally electrons in polar covalent bonds
 Polar covalent bond – electrons shared

+δ
unequally
partially positive symbol is placed below
atom with lower electronegativity

-δ partially negative symbol is placed below

atom with higher electronegativity

Intermolecular vs. intramolecular Extra space

 Intramolecular forces – Ionic or covalent

bonds that hold molecules together
 Intermolecular – forces between
molecules/atoms of same kind : hydrogen,
metallic, dipolar
 Hydrogen bonding – forces attract between
molecules – H atoms are covalently bonded
to O, N, F
 Metallic bonding - Forces attract and hold
solid metals together
 Dipolar forces – attraction between positive
end of one polar molecule and the negative
of the other
 *the stronger the force, the hotter it can get
Topic 2 – Chemical Bonding II

Lewis structures

Rules :

1. Count total valence electrons in compound (shows how many covalent bonds there are)
2. Write structure of molecule. If more than one atom, the least electronegative (*except
hydrogen*) will be in the centre
3. Unpaired electrons are used to form covalent bonds between atoms **OCTET RULE**

VSEPR

Valence Shell Electron Repulsion Theory

 Shape of molecule is determined by the number of non-bonding and bonding electron

pairs.
 Arranged to have electron pairs as far apart as they can be
 Linear : 2 bonding pairs, 0 non-bonding, 1 bp, 3 n-bp’s
 Bent: 2 bp’s, 1 n-bp OR 2 bp’s, 2 n-bp’s
 Planar: 3 bp’s, 0 n-bp
 Trigonal Pyramidal: 3 bp’s, 1 n-bp
 Tetrahedral: 4 bp’s, 0 n-bp

Diatomic elements

Seven naturally occurring:

1. Nitrogen
2. Flourine
3. Oxygen
4. Chlorine
5. Hydrogen
6. Bromine
7. Iodine
Topic 3 – Nomenclature

Nomenclature (covalent compounds)

Nomenclature (ionic compounds)

Weights of compounds
Topic 4 – Chemical Reactions I
Types of reactions

Balancing reactions

Endothermic vs. exothermic reactions

Topic 5 – Chemical Reactions II
Defining oxidation and reduction

Assigning oxidation numbers

Writing and classifying redox reactions

Topic 6 – Mole Concept I
Mole concept and Avogadro

A mole is a measure to determine the amount of a chemical substance – MOL

1 mol = 6.022 x 1023. *12 doughnuts in one dozen = 1 mol

*This number is also known as Avogadro’s number*

Provides a way of going from moles to atoms/molecules

Moles to atoms/molecules  multiply moles by Avagadro’s number

Atoms/molecules to moles  divide amount of molecules/atoms by Avogadro’s number

Calculating molar mass

Molar mass is the atomic mass expressed as g/mol

(Atomic mass) + (atomic mass) = MM ***OR** (atomic mass) + 2(atomic mass) = MM

i.e H20 H- 1.01 x 2 + O – 16.00 = 18.02g/mol

*MOLAR MASS IS NOT THE MASS*

Effective way of calculating moles to mass and mass to moles

Writing conversion factors

Calculating moles from mass:

Mass (g) x 1. = mol. *grams cancel each other out

MM (g/mol)

Calculating mass from moles

Mol x MM g/mol = grams *moles cancel each other out

1

N=m
MM
Topic 7 – Mole Concept II
1-step mole calculations

2-step mole calculations

Topic 8 – Mole Concept III
3-step mole calculations

Limiting reactant

Percent yield