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Exp. 3: Diodes
3.5 Measuring the diode characteristic
The maximum current capable of passing through the 100Ω resistor is 0.05A
Using RI2 as power, this ends up dissipating (100)(0.05)2=0.25W, so a ¼ W rating would be
safe.
Increasing the voltage from 0 to 1.0V in 100mV steps results in the following currents:
V (V) I (A)
0.1 0
0.2 0
0.3 0
0.4 0
0.5 0.07
0.6 0.34
0.7 1.78
0.8 9.84
0.82* 19.4
* this is the maximum voltage that was attainable using the breadboard
I vs V
25
20
Current (A)
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Voltage (V)
𝑒𝑉
This curve appears similar to the exponential curve of the equation 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑠 (𝑒 𝑛𝐾𝑇 − 1)
When V is plotted against lnI, the following values are given:
V (V) lnI (A)
0.1 N/A
0.2 N/A
0.3 N/A
0.4 N/A
0.5 -2.66
0.6 -1.08
0.7 0.58
0.8 2.29
0.82 2.97
lnI vs V
4
3
y = 17.2x - 11.347
2
1
Natural Log of Current (I)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-1
-2
-3
-4
Voltage (V)
This gives somewhat linear values for lnI vs V.
When the diode is reversed, 4.9μA of reverse current is measured. It is extremely low
because a diode is not meant to allow current through when reversed.
When the oscilloscope is removed, the current becomes immeasurably low. This is
because the multimeter’s impedance is so low that it cannot measure the current.
When the diode is disconnected, I=4.9μA, and Zscope=1.0MΩ
3.6 Exploring Rectification
The amplitude of voltage is 28V, and the VRMS=19.6V. This is close to the expected
relationship of 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 √2 = 𝑉0
The waveform appears to be an ordinary sine wave that does not have a negative voltage,
it simply stays at zero when it otherwise would have gone negative.
V0=21.2 V
ΔV=28-21.2=6.8V. This is unexpected, as ΔV after a rectifier is added should be about
half the original amplitude, not a quarter.
The measured average voltage VAV=12.7V. This is far from the predicted value of 6.7V*
*If the peak to peak voltage were taken earlier and not the amplitude, the value for VAV
would make sense as well as the value for ΔV.
The capacitor’s rating is 50V, good enough for the voltages being used.
The peak-to-peak voltage is equal to 670mV
The output voltage drop is calculated using the following equation:
−𝑡 1
𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑉0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = (42.4)𝑒 −60 = 41.70
42.4-41.7=0.7V, similar to what was measured earlier
The voltage across RL=10kΩ was 41.6mV, with a waveform similar to the sine squared
function
When a capacitor is applied, the voltage equaled 33.6mV.
2 (41.6)2⁄
Using 𝑃 = 𝑉 ⁄𝑅 = 1000 = 1.73𝑊, we find that ¼ W resistors will not work in
this circuit. It would be wise to use 2W resistors instead.
For a 1.0kΩ resistor, the ripple voltage is 272mV.
3.7 Input and output impedance
Using Vout and RL, we get the following data:
RL Vout Iout
1000 40.0 0.04
10000 41.6 0.00416
−(41.6−40.0)
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (0.0046−0.04) = 44.6𝛺