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Chemistry 26.

1: Introduction to Quantitative Chemical Analysis Laboratory


2nd Semester AY1819

Name:
Section: Chem 26.1 WFX/WFUV2-1

EXPERIMENT #4
COMMON ION EFFECT AND BUFFERS

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:
1. Account for the differences in color of Solutions 1 and 2 after adding methyl orange
indicator. Explain in terms of the pKa of the indicator and its different colors below and
above its pKa.
In solutions 1 and 2, the indicator used was methyl orange. The pKa value of methyl
orange is 3.46 (1). Because the concentration of acid and base in Solution 2 are equal, pKa
= pH according to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (2).

𝑝𝐻=𝑝𝐾𝑎+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔([𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒]/[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑])

The color of Solution 1 was salmon pink which indicated a pH between 3.1 and 4.5,
however its pH meter reading is 2.74. In turn, the color of solution 2 was yellow which
indicated that its pH is greater than 4.5. Its pH reading was 4.66.

If the pH of the solutions were less than 3.1, the color of the indicator would have been
red.

2. Account for the differences in color of Solutions 3 and 4 after adding phenolphthalein
indicator. Explain in terms of the pKa of the indicator and its different colors below and
above its pKa.

Phenolphthalein was added into Solutions 3 and 4 as an indicator. The mentioned


indicator has a pKa value of 9.5. Solution 3 became red after the addition of the indicator
which meant that it had a pH value greater than 10.0 while the color of Solution 4 was
very light pink which indicated that its pH is between 8.3 and 10.0. Similar to Solution 2,
the concentrations of acid and base in Solution 4 are equal, making pKa = pH.

3. From observations involving visual indicators and the measured pH using a pH meter,
compare buffer solutions from solutions of weak acids and bases in terms of composition,
initial pH values, response to additional acid and base.

Solutions 2 and 4 were the buffer solutions prepared in this experiment. Both solutions
were not significantly affected by additional acid/base because it buffer capacity is
maximized. This is due to the fact that the solution was made with equal concentrations
of acid and base. As stated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the capacity of a
buffer solution to resistance pH change is maximized when –log ([A]/ [HA]) is 1 or near
1 (2)
4. Which causes a larger change in pH, addition of 3 drops of 1.0 M HCl or 3 drops of 1.0 M
NaOH to Solution 1, 2, 3 or 4? Explain.

Out of the four solutions, solutions 1 and 3 showed significant changes in pH.
Solution 3a showed a change in color after the addition of 1.0 M HCl from red to
light pink which indicated that its pH decreased into having a value between 8.3 and
10.0 from having a pH greater than 10. Although most of the readings of solution 1
are out of range, it can still be observed that the addition of 1.0 M NaOH and HCl
resulted in great changes from its original pH 2.74 to pH 1.91 and pH 3.43,
respectively.
NaOAc and NH4Cl were able to supress the ionization of HOAc and NH3 by
reversing the direction of the reaction through the addition of a common ion in
solutions 2 and 4.

5. Compare the different methods of determining pH: visual indicators, pH meter and
calculations. Compare the accuracy of the three methods.
Visual indicators are the least accurate because the estimated pH value would
be reliant on the personal observation of the person performing the experiment. Also,
it only provides a range where the true pH value is most likely to appear in.

The use of a pH meter may give the most accurate results given than the
equipment used is properly calibrated. However in this experiment, the pH meter in
the laboratory was not consistent in delivering stable pH values. In the case of solution
1, the reading was out of the estimated pH range. This may cause errors that can render
the conclusions of the experiment inaccurate.

Calculations are the most reliable in such situations because it uses the actual
reactions that took place in the solution as a basis for finding the pH. However the
values that can be derived from these calculations may be different from the actual pH
of the solution based on a number of factors such as errors in solution preparation or
stoichiometry, which can be minimized by the person doing the experiment.

6. What are the possible sources of error and their effect on the calculated parameters?
Rationalize
 Personal Error: parallax error during solution preparation; incorrect indicator
observation
Affects calculated theoretical pH
 Instrument Error: Acid error in pH meter
Affects accuracy of recorded data
REFERENCES:
(1) Haynes, W. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Fla., 2010.
(2) Po, H.; Senozan, N. The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5275/451edb70a6a86c232cf7605cc251277a829b.pdf (accessed
Feb 28, 2019).

APPENDIX (30 pts):

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